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Sousa AIDJ, Galvão CC, Pires PS, Salvarani FM. Blackleg: A Review of the Agent and Management of the Disease in Brazil. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:638. [PMID: 38396606 PMCID: PMC10886055 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The genus Clostridium is an important group of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria with a sporulation capacity and wide distribution in different environments, including the gastrointestinal tracts of healthy and diseased animals and humans. Among the pathogenic species of the genus, Clostridium chauvoei stands out as a histotoxic agent. It causes significant myonecrosis such as blackleg, a disease with high lethality, especially in young cattle, and is responsible for significant livestock losses worldwide. The pathogenicity of the disease is complex and has not yet been fully elucidated. Current hypotheses cover processes from the initial absorption to the transport and deposition of the agent in the affected tissues. The virulence factors of C. chauvoei have been divided into somatic and flagellar antigens and soluble antigens/toxins, which are the main antigens used in vaccines against blackleg in Brazil and worldwide. This review provides important information on the first and current approaches to the agent C. chauvoei and its virulence factors as well as a compilation of data on Brazilian studies related to blackleg.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cleideanny Cancela Galvão
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil;
| | | | - Felipe Masiero Salvarani
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal 68740-970, PA, Brazil;
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2
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Blau K, Gallert C. Prophage Carriage and Genetic Diversity within Environmental Isolates of Clostridioides difficile. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:2. [PMID: 38203173 PMCID: PMC10778935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is an important human pathogen causing antibiotic-associated diarrhoea worldwide. Besides using antibiotics for treatment, the interest in bacteriophages as an alternative therapeutic option has increased. Prophage abundance and genetic diversity are well-documented in clinical strains, but the carriage of prophages in environmental strains of C. difficile has not yet been explored. Thus, the prevalence and genetic diversity of integrated prophages in the genomes of 166 environmental C. difficile isolates were identified. In addition, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas systems were determined in the genomes of prophage regions. Predicted prophages and CRISPR-Cas systems were identified by using the PHASTER web server and CRISPRCasFinder, respectively. Phylogenetic relationships among predicated prophages were also constructed based on phage-related genes, terminase large (TerL) subunits and LysM. Among 372 intact prophages, the predominant prophages were phiCDHM1, phiCDHM19, phiMMP01, phiCD506, phiCD27, phiCD211, phiMMP03, and phiC2, followed by phiMMP02, phiCDKM9, phiCD6356, phiCDKM15, and phiCD505. Two newly discovered siphoviruses, phiSM101- and phivB_CpeS-CP51-like Clostridium phages, were identified in two C. difficile genomes. Most prophages were found in sequence types (STs) ST11, ST3, ST8, ST109, and ST2, followed by ST6, ST17, ST4, ST5, ST44, and ST58. An obvious correlation was found between prophage types and STs/ribotypes. Most predicated prophages carry CRISPR arrays. Some prophages carry several gene products, such as accessory gene regulator (Agr), putative spore protease, and abortive infection (Abi) systems. This study shows that prophage carriage, along with genetic diversity and their CRISPR arrays, may play a role in the biology, lifestyle, and fitness of their host strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Gallert
- Department of Microbiology–Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, University of Applied Sciences Emden/Leer, 26723 Emden, Germany;
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3
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Ko MS, Gulholm T, Yastrebov K. Human Clostridium chauvoei necrotising enterocolitis. Med J Aust 2023; 219:348-349. [PMID: 37587611 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.52078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Myung Seo Ko
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW
- Prince of Wales Hospital and Community Health Services, Sydney, NSW
| | - Trine Gulholm
- Prince of Wales Hospital and Community Health Services, Sydney, NSW
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW
| | - Konstantin Yastrebov
- Prince of Wales Hospital and Community Health Services, Sydney, NSW
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
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4
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Adib N, Zahmatkesh A, Esmaeilnejad-Ahranjani P, Paradise A, Abdolmohammadi Khiav L, Bagheri M, Abdoli M, Adib A. Effect of formalin percentage, incubation time and temperature on Clostridium chauvoei culture inactivation and immunogenicity. Anaerobe 2023; 83:102781. [PMID: 37660749 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In order to find the optimal inactivation conditions for Clostridium chauvoei culture, different factors were investigated and the immunogenicity of inactivated cultures was studied. METHODS C. chauvoei was cultured with different formalin percentages (0.3, 0.5 or 0.7% V/V), inactivation temperatures (37 °C or room temperature) and incubation times (one or two weeks). Sterility tests were performed and residual formaldehyde and pH were measured. Rabbits were immunized twice with inactivated cultures and sera were used for detection of immune response. RESULTS In the one-week experiment, 0.5 and 0.7% formalin inactivated the bacteria after one week, and the percentage of 0.3 inactivated after three weeks. The residual formaldehyde at weeks 1 and 8 was not significantly different. In the two-week experiment, cultures treated with 0.3 and 0.5% formalin were inactivated after four weeks, and those with 0.7% formalin were inactivated after three weeks. Residual formaldehyde at week 8 differed significantly from that of week 1. Residual formaldehyde was affected by incubation temperature since it was lower at 37 °C than in room temperature. Also, a significant effect was observed for formalin on pH, as higher formalin contents led to lower pH values of the cultures. ELISA showed the lowest antibody titer achieved by 0.7% formalin group. Antibody titer was not different between 0.3 and 0.5% formalin. CONCLUSIONS The best condition for inactivation of C. chauvoei was considered as one-week incubation with 0.5% formalin at 37 °C, leading to a high antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niusha Adib
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Converging Sciences and Technologies, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Zahmatkesh
- Department of Anaerobic Bacterial Vaccine Research and Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Parvaneh Esmaeilnejad-Ahranjani
- Department of Anaerobic Bacterial Vaccine Research and Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Alireza Paradise
- Department of Anaerobic Bacterial Vaccine Research and Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Lida Abdolmohammadi Khiav
- Department of Anaerobic Bacterial Vaccine Research and Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Bagheri
- Department of Honeybee, Silk Worm and Wildlife Diseases, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdoli
- Department of Anaerobic Bacterial Vaccine Research and Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Atoosa Adib
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
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Cui H, Zhu D, Ding L, Wang Y, Su J, Duan G, Zhu Y. Co-occurrence of genes for antibiotic resistance and arsenic biotransformation in paddy soils. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 125:701-711. [PMID: 36375951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Paddy soils are potential hotspots of combined contamination with arsenic (As) and antibiotics, which may induce co-selection of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and As biotransformation genes (ABGs), resulting in dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and modification in As biogeochemical cycling. So far, little information is available for these co-selection processes and specific patterns between ABGs and ARGs in paddy soils. Here, the 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and high-throughput quantitative PCR and network analysis were employed to investigate the dynamic response of ABGs and ARGs to As stress and manure application. The results showed that As stress increased the abundance of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs), resulting in dissemination risk of antimicrobial resistance. Manure amendment increased the abundance of ABGs, enhanced As mobilization and methylation in paddy soil, posing risk to food safety. The frequency of the co-occurrence between ABGs and ARGs, the host bacteria carrying both ARGs and ABGs were increased by As or manure treatment, and remarkably boosted in soils amended with both As and manure. Multidrug resistance genes were found to have the preference to be co-selected with ABGs, which was one of the dominant co-occurring ARGs in all treatments, and manure amendment increased the frequency of Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin B resistance (MLSB) to co-occur with ABGs. Bacillus and Clostridium of Firmicutes are the dominant host bacteria carrying both ABGs and ARGs in paddy soils. This study would extend our understanding on the co-selection between genes for antibiotics and metals, also unveil the hidden environmental effects of combined pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Longjun Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianqiang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Guilan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yongguan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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Morrell EL, Odriozola E, Dorsch MA, Fiorentino MA, Rivera ME, Poppenga R, Navarro MA, Uzal FA, Cantón G. A review of cardiac blackleg in cattle, and report of 2 cases without skeletal muscle involvement in Argentina. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:929-936. [PMID: 36039784 PMCID: PMC9597342 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221120816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blackleg is an infectious disease caused by Clostridium chauvoei. Cardiac blackleg has been reported in ruminants as an uncommon presentation of the disease; its pathogenesis is not understood completely. We include here a literature review of cardiac blackleg and a description of 2 cases in 12-15-mo-old feedlot steers in Argentina. Fourteen of 1,190 steers died suddenly over a period of 10 d. Postmortem examinations were performed on 5 of these animals. Grossly, severe, diffuse, fibrinous pericarditis and pleuritis, multifocal necrohemorrhagic myocarditis, diffuse pulmonary congestion, mild splenomegaly, and moderate congestion of meningeal vessels were observed. No significant gross lesions were observed in the skeletal muscles of any animal. Histology was performed on 2 of the steers. The main microscopic features were necrotizing myocarditis with myriad intralesional gram-positive rods with subterminal spores plus fibrinosuppurative pericarditis and pleuritis. C. chauvoei was detected by immunohistochemistry and PCR in the myocardium of both animals. These findings confirm a diagnosis of cardiac blackleg in these 2 steers and presumptively in the other affected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matías A. Dorsch
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences,
National University of Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Argentina
- Animal Health Research Platform,
National Institute of Agricultural Research, La Estanzuela,
Colonia, Uruguay
| | - María A. Fiorentino
- National Institute of Agricultural
Technology, Balcarce, Argentina
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences,
National University of Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - María E. Rivera
- National Institute of Agricultural
Technology, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Robert Poppenga
- Davis Laboratories, School of
Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, CA,
USA
| | - Mauricio A. Navarro
- California Animal Health and Food
Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino, CA, USA
- Instituto de Patología Animal,
Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile,
Valdivia, Chile
| | - Francisco A. Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food
Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino, CA, USA
| | - Germán Cantón
- National Institute of Agricultural
Technology, Balcarce, Argentina
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7
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Cáceres CS, Gallo GL, Colocho FA, Silva JE, Garay JA, Mattar Domínguez MA. Vegetative forms of Clostridium chauvoei trigger apoptotic and inflammatory responses on macrophages. Anaerobe 2022; 77:102616. [PMID: 35931287 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium chauvoei is a gram-positive, spore-forming, strictly anaerobic bacterium that causes blackleg, a disease that affects cattle by inducing fulminant myonecrosis, thereby leading to high and constant losses of cattle. Macrophages (Mɸs) are depleted in tissues infected with the vegetative form of C. chauvoei, but the mechanism remains partially known. Consequently, Mɸs may be a critical target in the pathogenicity of C. chauvoei. AIM The objective of this work was to study the mechanism of death of mouse-primary Mɸs infected in vitro for 24 h with the vegetative form of C. chauvoei. METHODS Mouse peritoneal Mɸs were infected in vitro with different multiplicities of infection (MOIs) of C. chauvoei (i.e., 5:1, 20:1, and 100:1). After 24 h post-infection, cell viability (MTT reduction assay), apoptosis (apoptotic bodies, DNA ladder, and Annexin V assays), and inflammatory cell response (iNOS and TNF-α expression) were assessed. RESULTS All the MOIs investigated decreased cell viability. An MOI of 20:1 caused the highest production of apoptotic bodies and an electrophoretic DNA-ladder pattern typical of an apoptosis cell death process. These results were corroborated using the Annexin V-flow cytometry assay. Concurrently with apoptotic cell death, Mϕs expressed iNOS and TNF-α. CONCLUSION Inflammation-mediated apoptosis of Mϕs can be a potential mechanism of evasion of the immune response used by C. chauvoei in tissues for depleting phagocytic cells at the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia S Cáceres
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Química Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, 5700, San Luis, Argentina.
| | - Giovanna L Gallo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Química Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, 5700, San Luis, Argentina; Centro de Virología Animal, CEVAN-CONICET, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Ciudad, Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 1405 CABA, Argentina.
| | - Florencia A Colocho
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Química Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, 5700, San Luis, Argentina.
| | - Juan E Silva
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Química Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, 5700, San Luis, Argentina; Laboratorio de Inmunopatología y Citometría de Flujo, IMIBIO-CONICET, San Luis, 5700, San Luis, Argentina.
| | - Juan A Garay
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Química Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, 5700, San Luis, Argentina.
| | - María A Mattar Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Química Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, 5700, San Luis, Argentina.
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Prajapati A, Yogisharadhya R, Mohanty NN, Mendem SK, Nizamuddin A, Chanda MM, Shivachandra SB. Whole-genome sequence analysis of Clostridium chauvoei isolated from clinical case of black quarter (BQ) from India. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:328. [PMID: 35576020 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02924-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Black quarter (BQ) is an infectious disease affecting cattle and small ruminants worldwide caused by Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium Clostridium chauvoei. In this study, a draft genome sequence of C. chauvoei NIVEDIBQ1 strain isolated from clinical case of black quarter was analyzed. Sequence analysis indicated that genome had 2653 predicted coding DNA sequences, harbored numerous genes, mobile genetic elements for pathogenesis, and virulence factors. Computational analysis revealed that strain contained 30 virulence-associated genes. An intact genomic region highly similar to the Clostridium phage was present in the genome. Presence of CRISPR systems and the transposon components likely contribute to the genome plasticity. Strain encode diverse spectrum of degradative carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). Comparative SNP analysis revealed that the genomes of the C. chauvoei strains analyzed were highly conserved. Phylogenetic analysis of strains and available genome (n = 21) based on whole-genome multi-locus sequence typing (wgMLST) and core orthologous genes showed the clustering of strains into two different clusters suggesting geographical links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awadhesh Prajapati
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Karnataka, 560064, Bengaluru, India
| | - Revanaiah Yogisharadhya
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Karnataka, 560064, Bengaluru, India
| | - Nihar Nalini Mohanty
- CCS-National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh, 250609, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Mendem
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Karnataka, 560064, Bengaluru, India
| | - Azharuddin Nizamuddin
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, State Semen Collection Centre, Hessarghatta, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560089, India
| | - Mohammed Mudassar Chanda
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Karnataka, 560064, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sathish Bhadravati Shivachandra
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Karnataka, 560064, Bengaluru, India.
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9
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Blokhin AA, Toropova NN, Burova OA, Iashin IV, Zakharova OI. Blackleg in Cattle in the Irkutsk Region. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:872386. [PMID: 35647103 PMCID: PMC9133737 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.872386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blackleg is an acute, toxic, infectious, non-contagious disease of domestic and wild ruminants that occurs while the animals are pastured. This article describes an outbreak of blackleg on a farm in Siberia (Russia) in 2019. We provide a detailed description of the cases based on the results of comprehensive diagnostic and epidemiological investigations. For description of case and evaluation, we used the following methods: owner observations, descriptive epidemiology, clinical diagnostics, pathological examination and bacteriology. The distinctive features (in addition to the characteristic features) were as follows: the outbreak of the disease occurred in early spring when there was abundant snow cover and under unfavorable living conditions of animals and traumas; the disease appeared in both vaccinated and unvaccinated cattle; the characteristic clinical signs were low-grade fever, the absence of crepitus, and the presence of haematomas containing erythrocytes with basophilic granularity; thrombs in vessel and vacuolization in tissue of the adrenal gland. This paper aimed to present classical and new clinical and pathology changes in cattle with blackleg in winter conditions of Russian Siberia.
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Thomas P, Abdel-Glil MY, Subbaiyan A, Busch A, Eichhorn I, Wieler LH, Neubauer H, Pletz M, Seyboldt C. First Comparative Analysis of Clostridium septicum Genomes Provides Insights Into the Taxonomy, Species Genetic Diversity, and Virulence Related to Gas Gangrene. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:771945. [PMID: 34956133 PMCID: PMC8696124 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.771945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium septicum is a Gram-positive, toxin-producing, and spore-forming bacterium that is recognized, together with C. perfringens, as the most important etiologic agent of progressive gas gangrene. Clostridium septicum infections are almost always fatal in humans and animals. Despite its clinical and agricultural relevance, there is currently limited knowledge of the diversity and genome structure of C. septicum. This study presents the complete genome sequence of C. septicum DSM 7534T type strain as well as the first comparative analysis of five C. septicum genomes. The taxonomy of C. septicum, as revealed by 16S rRNA analysis as well as by genomic wide indices such as protein-based phylogeny, average nucleotide identity, and digital DNA–DNA hybridization indicates a stable clade. The composition and presence of prophages, CRISPR elements and accessory genetic material was variable in the investigated genomes. This is in contrast to the limited genetic variability described for the phylogenetically and phenotypically related species Clostridium chauvoei. The restriction-modification (RM) systems between two C. septicum genomes were heterogeneous for the RM types they encoded. C. septicum has an open pangenome with 2,311 genes representing the core genes and 1,429 accessory genes. The core genome SNP divergence between genome pairs varied up to 4,886 pairwise SNPs. A vast arsenal of potential virulence genes was detected in the genomes studied. Sequence analysis of these genes revealed that sialidase, hemolysin, and collagenase genes are conserved compared to the α-toxin and hyaluronidase genes. In addition, a conserved gene found in all C. septicum genomes was predicted to encode a leucocidin homolog (beta-channel forming cytolysin) similar (71.10% protein identity) to Clostridium chauvoei toxin A (CctA), which is a potent toxin. In conclusion, our results provide first, valuable insights into strain relatedness and genomic plasticity of C. septicum and contribute to our understanding of the virulence mechanisms of this important human and animal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Thomas
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Mostafa Y. Abdel-Glil
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital – Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Mostafa Y. Abdel-Glil,
| | - Anbazhagan Subbaiyan
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Anne Busch
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Inga Eichhorn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lothar H. Wieler
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Mathias Pletz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital – Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Seyboldt
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
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11
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Thomas P, Abdel-Glil MY, Eichhorn I, Semmler T, Werckenthin C, Baumbach C, Murmann W, Bodenthin-Drauschke A, Zimmermann P, Schotte U, Galante D, Slavic D, Wagner M, Wieler LH, Neubauer H, Seyboldt C. Genome Sequence Analysis of Clostridium chauvoei Strains of European Origin and Evaluation of Typing Options for Outbreak Investigations. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:732106. [PMID: 34659160 PMCID: PMC8513740 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.732106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Black quarter caused by Clostridium (C.) chauvoei is an important bacterial disease that affects cattle and sheep with high mortality. A comparative genomics analysis of 64 C. chauvoei strains, most of European origin and a few of non-European and unknown origin, was performed. The pangenome analysis showed limited new gene acquisition for the species. The accessory genome involved prophages and genomic islands, with variations in gene composition observed in a few strains. This limited accessory genome may indicate that the species replicates only in the host or that an active CRISPR/Cas system provides immunity to foreign genetic elements. All strains contained a CRISPR type I-B system and it was confirmed that the unique spacer sequences therein can be used to differentiate strains. Homologous recombination events, which may have contributed to the evolution of this pathogen, were less frequent compared to other related species from the genus. Pangenome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based phylogeny and clustering indicate diverse clusters related to geographical origin. Interestingly the identified SNPs were mostly non-synonymous. The study demonstrates the possibility of the existence of polymorphic populations in one host, based on strain variability observed for strains from the same animal and strains from different animals of one outbreak. The study also demonstrates that new outbreak strains are mostly related to earlier outbreak strains from the same farm/region. This indicates the last common ancestor strain from one farm can be crucial to understand the genetic changes and epidemiology occurring at farm level. Known virulence factors for the species were highly conserved among the strains. Genetic elements involved in Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) precursor synthesis (via nadA, nadB, and nadC metabolic pathway) which are known as potential anti-virulence loci are completely absent in C. chauvoei compared to the partial inactivation in C. septicum. A novel core-genome MLST based typing method was compared to sequence typing based on CRISPR spacers to evaluate the usefulness of the methods for outbreak investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Thomas
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Mostafa Y Abdel-Glil
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Inga Eichhorn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christiane Werckenthin
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Food and Veterinary Institute Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christina Baumbach
- State Office for Agriculture, Food Safety and Fisheries Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wybke Murmann
- Chemical and Veterinary Investigations Office, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Pia Zimmermann
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schotte
- Department A-Veterinary Medicine, Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Kiel, Kronshagen, Germany
| | - Domenico Galante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Durda Slavic
- Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Wagner
- Unit for Food Microbiology, Institute for Food Safety, Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University for Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Seyboldt
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
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12
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Abstract
Whole-genome sequences are now available for all the clinically important clostridia and many of the lesser or opportunistically pathogenic clostridia. The complex clade structures of C. difficile, C. perfringens, and the species that produce botulinum toxins have been delineated by whole-genome sequence analysis. The true clostridia of cluster I show relatively low levels of gross genomic rearrangements within species, in contrast to the species of cluster XI, notably C. difficile, which have been found to have very plastic genomes with significant levels of chromosomal rearrangement. Throughout the clostridial phylotypes, a large proportion of the strain diversity is driven by the acquisition and loss of mobile elements, including phages, plasmids, insertion sequences, and transposons. Genomic analysis has been used to investigate the diversity and spread of C. difficile within hospital settings, the zoonotic transfer of isolates, and the emergence, origins, and geographic spread of epidemic ribotypes. In C. perfringens the clades defined by chromosomal sequence analysis show no indications of clustering based on host species or geographical location. Whole-genome sequence analysis helps to define the different survival and pathogenesis strategies that the clostridia use. Some, such as C. botulinum, produce toxins which rapidly act to kill the host, whereas others, such as C. perfringens and C. difficile, produce less lethal toxins which can damage tissue but do not rapidly kill the host. The genomes provide a resource that can be mined to identify potential vaccine antigens and targets for other forms of therapeutic intervention.
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13
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Nimmanapalli R, Gupta V. Vaccines the tugboat for prevention-based animal production. Genomics and Biotechnological Advances in Veterinary, Poultry, and Fisheries 2020. [PMCID: PMC7149732 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816352-8.00020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The world population is growing at a faster rate day-by-day and the demands for animal products are also increasing to meet the food security worldwide. For sustained production of animals products, healthy livestock and poultry farming are the major concerns as animals are susceptible to various infectious agents viz. bacteria, virus, and parasites leading to huge economical losses in the form of livestock’s morbidity and mortality. Besides, zoonotic nature of some infectious pathogens of animals is also raising concern for human safety. Vaccination of animals against various diseases present in different geographical regions is a best known strategy for prevention of different disease outbreaks both in organized and unorganized livestock and poultry sectors. Vaccines had played a major role in eradication of different dreaded diseases of livestock sectors globally. In this article we have discussed different vaccine types, various vaccine strategies used for the development of more efficacious and safe vaccines and commercially available vaccines for livestock and poultry.
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14
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Ghimire TR, Regmi GR, Huettmann F. When Micro Drives the Macro: A Fresh Look at Disease and its Massive Contributions in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya. Hindu Kush-Himalaya Watersheds Downhill: Landscape Ecology and Conservation Perspectives 2020. [PMCID: PMC7197387 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36275-1_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The outbreaks of emerging and reemerging diseases have a high impact on the human and animal health because they are the underlying causes of disability, death, and long-term illness. For many regions those details are not, or just poorly known. Here we present on the morbidity and mortality in faunal diversities including domestic and wild species caused by various viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal diseases prevalent in Nepal and relevant for the wider Hindu Kush Himalaya. In addition, we provide details how antibiotic resistivity, vectors, and zoonosis have resulted on a landscape-scale in the huge public and veterinary health problem has been dealt with in the context of Nepal and the wider region.
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15
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Archambault M, Rubin JE. Antimicrobial Resistance in Clostridium and Brachyspira spp. and Other Anaerobes. Microbiol Spectr 2020; 8:10.1128/microbiolspec.arba-0020-2017. [PMID: 31971162 PMCID: PMC10773235 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.arba-0020-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This article describes the antimicrobial resistance to date of the most frequently encountered anaerobic bacterial pathogens of animals. The different sections show that antimicrobial resistance can vary depending on the antimicrobial, the anaerobe, and the resistance mechanism. The variability in antimicrobial resistance patterns is also associated with other factors such as geographic region and local antimicrobial usage. On occasion, the same resistance gene was observed in many anaerobes, whereas some were limited to certain anaerobes. This article focuses on antimicrobial resistance data of veterinary origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Archambault
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Joseph E Rubin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
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16
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Ziech RE, Siqueira FM, Cibulski S, De Carli S, Dos Santos HF, Fighera RA, Frey J, de Vargas AC. Genomic comparison of Clostridium chauvoei isolates from classical and visceral clinical manifestation. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1327-32. [PMID: 31650466 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium chauvoei is the etiological agent of blackleg, an infectious disease affecting cattle and small ruminants worldwide. This disease can manifest as classical blackleg, a condition in which skeletal muscles are affected and visceral blackleg, which affects the heart, sublingual muscles, and the diaphragm. The pathogenesis of the visceral form of the disease is poorly understood. The objective of this study is to determine and analyze complete genomic sequences of six C. chauvoei strains, five isolates from skeletal muscle and one isolate from a visceral case of blackleg in Brazil, to provide insights into the differences in pathogenic profiles of strains causing the different forms of disease. The full genomes of the six C. chauvoei strains were sequenced and comparative analyses were performed among these genomes and the C. chauvoei reference strain JF4335. The results of this study revealed that the genomes of the C. chauvoei strains analyzed are highly conserved; no particular differences were noted that could be associated with the two different clinical manifestations of the disease.
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17
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Zaragoza NE, Orellana CA, Moonen GA, Moutafis G, Marcellin E. Vaccine Production to Protect Animals Against Pathogenic Clostridia. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E525. [PMID: 31514424 PMCID: PMC6783934 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium is a broad genus of anaerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria that can be found in different environments all around the world. The genus includes human and animal pathogens that produce potent exotoxins that cause rapid and potentially fatal diseases responsible for countless human casualties and billion-dollar annual loss to the agricultural sector. Diseases include botulism, tetanus, enterotoxemia, gas gangrene, necrotic enteritis, pseudomembranous colitis, blackleg, and black disease, which are caused by pathogenic Clostridium. Due to their ability to sporulate, they cannot be eradicated from the environment. As such, immunization with toxoid or bacterin-toxoid vaccines is the only protective method against infection. Toxins recovered from Clostridium cultures are inactivated to form toxoids, which are then formulated into multivalent vaccines. This review discusses the toxins, diseases, and toxoid production processes of the most common pathogenic Clostridium species, including Clostridiumbotulinum, Clostridiumtetani, Clostridiumperfringens, Clostridiumchauvoei, Clostridiumsepticum, Clostridiumnovyi and Clostridiumhemolyticum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas E. Zaragoza
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (N.E.Z.); (C.A.O.)
| | - Camila A. Orellana
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (N.E.Z.); (C.A.O.)
| | - Glenn A. Moonen
- Zoetis, 45 Poplar Road, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia; (G.A.M.); (G.M.)
| | - George Moutafis
- Zoetis, 45 Poplar Road, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia; (G.A.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Esteban Marcellin
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (N.E.Z.); (C.A.O.)
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18
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Nampanya S, Khounsy S, Dhand NK, Bush RD, Windsor PA. Financial impact of an outbreak of clinically diagnosed blackleg - a case study from Lao PDR. Vet Med Sci 2019; 5:118-128. [PMID: 30779313 PMCID: PMC6498524 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Blackleg (BL) is an acute to peracute highly fatal infectious disease of mainly large ruminants characterised by lesions of myonecrosis caused by Clostridium chauvoei, usually presenting as a sudden onset of sporadic mortalities. In Southeast Asia, ‘BL’ is considered a cause of occasional outbreaks of a subacute febrile illness, although there are few published reports available. Investigation of a major outbreak of clinically diagnosed BL occurring in large ruminants (cattle and buffalo) in three neighbouring villages in central Laos in mid‐2017, was conducted to determine the financial impacts of BL on smallholder livelihoods. Owners of BL‐infected large ruminants in the three affected villages were interviewed (n = 27) and financial losses including losses due to mortality, morbidity and costs of treatments, were determined. The reports of clinical signs of subcutaneous swelling with palpable crepitus in febrile animals were considered consistent with a diagnosis of BL. The outbreak occurred in 47 of a total 449 households with large ruminants across the three villages, affecting 147 of a total population of 3505 ‘at risk’ large ruminants with 71 deaths reported. At the household level, the mean morbidity and mortality rates were 5 ± 4(95% CI: 3–6) and 3 ± 2(95% CI: 1–4) heads per household, respectively. The estimated financial losses due to BL per affected household was USD 822 ± 692(95% CI: 518–1125), being 122% of their annual household income from large ruminant sales. The comparison between the estimated losses due to BL per village and cost of annual BL vaccination programmes, indicated a potential economic benefit of USD3.09 and USD12.37 for every dollar invested in the vaccination programme, if BL outbreaks occur every 20 and 5 years, respectively. This study indicates that clinically diagnosed BL can cause significant losses to smallholder households, and requires Lao animal health authorities to consider vaccination interventions to prevent losses from re‐emergence of BL in the known endemically affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonevilay Nampanya
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Camden, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Syseng Khounsy
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Navneet K Dhand
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Russell D Bush
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter A Windsor
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
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19
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Nicholson P, Furrer J, Hässig M, Strauss C, Heller M, Braga-Lagache S, Frey J. Production of neutralizing antibodies against the secreted Clostridium chauvoei toxin A (CctA) upon blackleg vaccination. Anaerobe 2019; 56:78-87. [PMID: 30771460 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium chauvoei is the etiologic agent of blackleg in cattle, inducing fever, severe myonecrosis, oedemic lesions and ultimately death of infected animals. The pathogen often results in such rapid death that antibiotic therapy is futile and thus vaccination is the only efficient strategy in order to control the disease. The β-barrel pore forming leucocidin Clostridium chauvoei toxin A (CctA) is one of the best characterised toxins of C. chauvoei and has been shown to be an important virulence factor. It has been reported to induce protective immunity and is conserved across C. chauvoei strains collected from diverse geographical locations for more than 50 years. The aim of this study was to identify the location of the CctA toxin during liquid culture fermentation and to use CctA to develop an in vitro assay to replace the current guinea pig challenge assay for vaccine potency in standard batch release procedures. We report that CctA is fully secreted in C. chauvoei culture and show that it is found abundantly in the supernatant of liquid cultures. Sera from cattle vaccinated with a commercial blackleg vaccine revealed strong haemolysin-neutralizing activity against recombinant CctA which reached titres of 1000 times 28 days post-vaccination. Similarly, guinea pig sera from an official potency control test reached titres of 600 times 14 days post-vaccination. In contrast, ELISA was not able to specifically measure anti-CctA antibodies in cattle serum due to strong cross-reactions with antibodies against other proteins present pre-vaccination. We conclude that haemolysin-neutralizing antibodies are a valuable measurement for protective immunity against blackleg and have the potential to be a suitable replacement of the guinea pig challenge potency test, which would forego the unnecessary challenge of laboratory animals.
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20
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Abreu CC, Blanchard PC, Adaska JM, Moeller RB, Anderson M, Navarro MA, Diab SS, Uzal FA. Pathology of blackleg in cattle in California, 1991-2015. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:894-901. [PMID: 30358517 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718808567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blackleg is an infectious disease of cattle and rarely other ruminants, produced by Clostridium chauvoei and characterized by necrotizing myositis. In most cases of blackleg, the large muscles of the pectoral and pelvic girdles are affected, with other skeletal muscles and the heart involved less frequently. We studied 29 blackleg cases selected from the archives of the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, 1991-2015. Immunohistochemistry was also evaluated to detect C. chauvoei in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues of cattle. Nineteen animals had gross and/or microscopic lesions in both skeletal muscle and heart, 9 had lesions in the skeletal musculature alone, and 1 in the heart alone. Gross lesions in the skeletal musculature involved the following muscle groups: hindquarters ( n = 8), forequarters ( n = 5), neck ( n = 5), lumbar area ( n = 3), brisket ( n = 2), diaphragm ( n = 2), abdominal wall ( n = 1), thoracic wall ( n = 1), and tongue ( n = 1). Of the 20 animals that had lesions in the heart, 11 had pericarditis and myocarditis; 7 had pericarditis, myocarditis, and endocarditis; and 1 each had pericarditis and myocarditis. Immunohistochemistry was 100% sensitive to detect C. chauvoei in FFPE skeletal muscle and/or heart of cattle with blackleg. Simultaneous lesions in skeletal musculature and heart were relatively common in blackleg cases in California; the most affected skeletal muscles were those of the hindlimbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila C Abreu
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare (Blanchard, Adaska, Moeller).,Davis (Anderson, Diab).,San Bernardino (Abreu, Navarro, Uzal) Branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Patricia C Blanchard
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare (Blanchard, Adaska, Moeller).,Davis (Anderson, Diab).,San Bernardino (Abreu, Navarro, Uzal) Branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - John M Adaska
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare (Blanchard, Adaska, Moeller).,Davis (Anderson, Diab).,San Bernardino (Abreu, Navarro, Uzal) Branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Robert B Moeller
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare (Blanchard, Adaska, Moeller).,Davis (Anderson, Diab).,San Bernardino (Abreu, Navarro, Uzal) Branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Mark Anderson
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare (Blanchard, Adaska, Moeller).,Davis (Anderson, Diab).,San Bernardino (Abreu, Navarro, Uzal) Branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Mauricio A Navarro
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare (Blanchard, Adaska, Moeller).,Davis (Anderson, Diab).,San Bernardino (Abreu, Navarro, Uzal) Branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Santiago S Diab
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare (Blanchard, Adaska, Moeller).,Davis (Anderson, Diab).,San Bernardino (Abreu, Navarro, Uzal) Branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare (Blanchard, Adaska, Moeller).,Davis (Anderson, Diab).,San Bernardino (Abreu, Navarro, Uzal) Branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
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21
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Kumar S, Mashooq M, Gandham RK, Alavandi SV, Nagaleekar VK. Characterization of quorum sensing system in Clostridium chauvoei. Anaerobe 2018; 52:92-9. [PMID: 29928976 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium chauvoei causes fatal black quarter infection in cattle and buffaloes. The quorum sensing (QS) system, a bacterial cell to cell communication process, of the pathogen was characterized in the current study. The results indicated that C. chauvoei lacked luxS (autoinducer-2) based quorum sensing as detected by the sensor strain Vibrio harveyi BB170. This was supported by absence of luxS gene in C. chauvoei genome. However, the genomic analysis indicated the presence of agrBD system in all three genomes of C. chauvoei available at the NCBI database. The AgrD, which synthesizes QS messenger auto-inducing peptide, was a 44 amino acid protein which shared 59% identity and 75% similarity with AgrD of C. perfringens strain 13 and 56% identity (20% coverage) with Staphylococcus aureus N315. The functional cysteine amino acid was conserved in all the strains. The genomic organisation further suggests the presence of diguanylate cyclase, a gene responsible for synthesis of secondary messenger cyclic di-GMP, at 3' immediate downstream of agrD gene. The real time expression analysis for agrD gene indicated that expression was better at 37 °C (1.9-3.7 fold increase) compared to a higher temperature of 40 °C. However, stable expression was observed at different growth stages (log and early stationary phase) with 0.8-1.4 fold changes in expression pattern. The results indicate the presence of a constitutively expressed agrBD quorum sensing system in C. chauvoei.
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22
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Idrees MA, Younus M, Farooqi SH, Khan AU. Blackleg in cattle: Current understanding and future research perspectives- A review. Microb Pathog 2018; 120:176-180. [PMID: 29733903 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Blackleg is an endogenous acute infection that principally affects cattle. The disease is caused by Clostridium chauvoei (C. chauvoei), an anaerobic spore forming bacterium. Control of this disease is based on stringent husbandry measures and scheduled vaccination plan. In recent years, the major virulence factors of C. chauvoei have been discovered and described. However, the pathogenesis of blackleg in cattle and in particular, circulation of the pathogen from point of entry to target tissues is yet not fully elucidated. This review summarizes the latest review of literature that significantly contributed for understanding the disease in cattle, and provides a foundation to preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Idrees
- Department of Pathobiology, KBCMA, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 51600, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - M Younus
- Department of Clinical Studies, KBCMA, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 51600, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - S H Farooqi
- Department of Clinical Studies, KBCMA, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 51600, Narowal, Pakistan.
| | - A U Khan
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 35200, Jhang, Pakistan
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23
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DANGI SAROJK, YADAV PAVANKUMAR, MASHOOQ MOHMAD, AGARWAL RAJESHK, NAGALEEKAR VISWASKONASAGARA. Cloning and expression analysis of nagJ hyaluronidase gene of Clostridium chauvoei. Indian J of Anim Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v88i3.78283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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24
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Dangi SK, Yadav PK, Tiwari A, Nagaleekar VK. Cloning and sequence analysis of hyaluronoglucosaminidase (nagH) gene of Clostridium chauvoei. Vet World 2017; 10:1104-1107. [PMID: 29062200 PMCID: PMC5639109 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1104-1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Blackleg disease is caused by Clostridium chauvoei in ruminants. Although virulence factors such as C. chauvoei toxin A, sialidase, and flagellin are well characterized, hyaluronidases of C. chauvoei are not characterized. The present study was aimed at cloning and sequence analysis of hyaluronoglucosaminidase (nagH) gene of C. chauvoei. Materials and Methods: C. chauvoei strain ATCC 10092 was grown in ATCC 2107 media and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the primers specific for 16-23S rDNA spacer region. nagH gene of C. chauvoei was amplified and cloned into pRham-SUMO vector and transformed into Escherichia cloni 10G cells. The construct was then transformed into E. cloni cells. Colony PCR was carried out to screen the colonies followed by sequencing of nagH gene in the construct. Results: PCR amplification yielded nagH gene of 1143 bp product, which was cloned in prokaryotic expression system. Colony PCR, as well as sequencing of nagH gene, confirmed the presence of insert. Sequence was then subjected to BLAST analysis of NCBI, which confirmed that the sequence was indeed of nagH gene of C. chauvoei. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequence showed that it is closely related to Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium paraputrificum. Conclusions: The gene for virulence factor nagH was cloned into a prokaryotic expression vector and confirmed by sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj K Dangi
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pavan Kumar Yadav
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aakanksha Tiwari
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Viswas Konasagara Nagaleekar
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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25
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Thomas P, Semmler T, Eichhorn I, Lübke-Becker A, Werckenthin C, Abdel-Glil MY, Wieler LH, Neubauer H, Seyboldt C. First report of two complete Clostridium chauvoei genome sequences and detailed in silico genome analysis. Infect Genet Evol 2017; 54:287-298. [PMID: 28720440 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium (C.) chauvoei is a Gram-positive, spore forming, anaerobic bacterium. It causes black leg in ruminants, a typically fatal histotoxic myonecrosis. High quality circular genome sequences were generated for the C. chauvoei type strain DSM 7528T (ATCC 10092T) and a field strain 12S0467 isolated in Germany. The origin of replication (oriC) was comparable to that of Bacillus subtilis in structure with two regions containing DnaA boxes. Similar prophages were identified in the genomes of both C. chauvoei strains which also harbored hemolysin and bacterial spore formation genes. A CRISPR type I-B system with limited variations in the repeat number was identified. Sporulation and germination process related genes were homologous to that of the Clostridia cluster I group but novel variations for regulatory genes were identified indicative for strain specific control of regulatory events. Phylogenomics showed a higher relatedness to C. septicum than to other so far sequenced genomes of species belonging to the genus Clostridium. Comparative genome analysis of three C. chauvoei circular genome sequences revealed the presence of few inversions and translocations in locally collinear blocks (LCBs). The species genome also shows a large number of genes involved in proteolysis, genes for glycosyl hydrolases and metal iron transportation genes which are presumably involved in virulence and survival in the host. Three conserved flagellar genes (fliC) were identified in each of the circular genomes. In conclusion this is the first comparative analysis of circular genomes for the species C. chauvoei, enabling insights into genome composition and virulence factor variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Thomas
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96A, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | | | - Inga Eichhorn
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, Building 35, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Antina Lübke-Becker
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, Building 35, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christiane Werckenthin
- LAVES, Lebensmittel- und Veterinärinstitut Oldenburg, Martin-Niemöller-Straße 2, 26133 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Mostafa Y Abdel-Glil
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96A, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | | | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96A, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Christian Seyboldt
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96A, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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26
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Abreu CC, Edwards EE, Edwards JF, Gibbons PM, Leal de Araújo J, Rech RR, Uzal FA. Blackleg in cattle: A case report of fetal infection and a literature review. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:612-621. [PMID: 28599620 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717713796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium chauvoei causes blackleg in cattle. The disease has been reported worldwide, and although it can be prevented by vaccination, sporadic cases and occasional outbreaks still occur. We describe a case of blackleg in a 2-y-old, pregnant Gyr cow with in utero transmission to the fetus. The cow had characteristic gross and microscopic lesions of blackleg including widespread necrohemorrhagic and emphysematous skeletal and myocardial myositis, and fibrinous pericarditis. Her uterus contained a near-term, markedly emphysematous fetus with skeletal muscle and myocardial lesions similar to those seen in the dam. Histopathology of dam and fetal tissues revealed numerous gram-positive bacilli, many of them with sub-terminal spores, in multiple tissues. These bacilli were identified as C. chauvoei by immunohistochemistry. Anaerobic culture and fluorescent antibody tests performed on skeletal muscle from both the dam and fetus were positive for C. chauvoei, confirming a diagnosis of blackleg. Blackleg is a so-called endogenous infection, and the currently accepted pathogenesis involves ingestion of spores that are transported to muscle tissues where they lie dormant until anaerobiosis prompts germination. Germinating bacteria are histotoxic, producing severe, local necrosis and ultimately lethal toxemia. This model, however, has not been confirmed experimentally and also fails to explain some cases of the disease. A presumptive diagnosis of blackleg is based on clinical, gross, and histologic findings. Diagnostic confirmation necessitates the detection of C. chauvoei by culture, PCR, or immunodetection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila C Abreu
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TX (Edwards, Edwards, Gibbons, Leal de Araújo, Rech).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA (Abreu, Uzal)
| | - Erin E Edwards
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TX (Edwards, Edwards, Gibbons, Leal de Araújo, Rech).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA (Abreu, Uzal)
| | - John F Edwards
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TX (Edwards, Edwards, Gibbons, Leal de Araújo, Rech).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA (Abreu, Uzal)
| | - Philippa M Gibbons
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TX (Edwards, Edwards, Gibbons, Leal de Araújo, Rech).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA (Abreu, Uzal)
| | - Jeann Leal de Araújo
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TX (Edwards, Edwards, Gibbons, Leal de Araújo, Rech).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA (Abreu, Uzal)
| | - Raquel R Rech
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TX (Edwards, Edwards, Gibbons, Leal de Araújo, Rech).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA (Abreu, Uzal)
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TX (Edwards, Edwards, Gibbons, Leal de Araújo, Rech).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA (Abreu, Uzal)
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27
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Abstract
Full genome sequences of 20 strains of Clostridium chauvoei, the etiological agent of blackleg of cattle and sheep, isolated from four different continents over a period of 64 years (1951–2015) were determined and analyzed. The study reveals that the genome of the species C. chauvoei is highly homogeneous compared to the closely related species C. perfringens, a widespread pathogen that affects human and many animal species. Analysis of the CRISPR locus is sufficient to differentiate most C. chauvoei strains and is the most heterogenous region in the genome, containing in total 187 different spacer elements that are distributed as 30 – 77 copies in the various strains. Some genetic differences are found in the 3 allelic variants of fliC1, fliC2 and fliC3 genes that encode structural flagellin proteins, and certain strains do only contain one or two alleles. However, the major virulence genes including the highly toxic C.chauvoei toxin A, the sialidase and the two hyaluronidases are fully conserved as are the metabolic and structural genes of C. chauvoei. These data indicate that C. chauvoei is a strict ruminant-associated pathogen that has reached a dead end in its evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Rychener
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of BernBern, Switzerland
| | - Saria InAlbon
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of BernBern, Switzerland
| | | | - Piklu R Chowdhury
- The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, UltimoNSW, Australia
| | - Rosangela E Ziech
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa MariaSanta Maria, Brazil
| | - Agueda C de Vargas
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa MariaSanta Maria, Brazil
| | - Joachim Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of BernBern, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Falquet
- Department of Biology, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of FribourgFribourg, Switzerland
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28
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Pires PS, Santos RL, da Paixão TA, de Oliveira Bernardes LC, de Macêdo AA, Gonçalves LA, de Oliveira Júnior CA, Silva ROS, Lobato FCF. Intracellular survival of Clostridium chauvoei in bovine macrophages. Vet Microbiol 2016; 199:1-7. [PMID: 28110774 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium chauvoei is the etiological agent of blackleg, a severe disease of domestic ruminants, causing myonecrosis and serious toxemia with high mortality. Despite the known importance of this agent, studies evaluating its pathogenesis of blackleg are scarce, and many are based on an unproven hypothesis that states that macrophages are responsible for carrying C. chauvoei spores from the intestines to muscles in the early stages of blackleg. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the survival of C. chauvoei vegetative cells or spores after phagocytosis by a murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and bovine monocyte-derived macrophages and to profile inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine transcripts of bovine macrophages infected with C. chauvoei vegetative cells or spores. Both vegetative cells and spores of C. chauvoei remain viable after internalization by murine and bovine macrophages. Bovine macrophages infected with vegetative cells showed a pro-inflammatory profile, while those infected with spores displayed an anti-inflammatory profile. Together, these results corroborate the classical hypothesis that macrophages may play a role in the early pathogenesis of blackleg. Moreover, this is the first study to evaluate the infection kinetics and cytokine profile of bovine monocyte-derived macrophages infected with a Clostridium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prhiscylla Sadanã Pires
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Renato Lima Santos
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Alves da Paixão
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Laura Cristina de Oliveira Bernardes
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Auricélio Alves de Macêdo
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luciana Aramuni Gonçalves
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto de Oliveira Júnior
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Carlos Faria Lobato
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
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29
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Popoff MR. From saprophytic to toxigenic clostridia, a complex evolution based on multiple diverse genetic transfers and/or rearrangements. Res Microbiol 2015; 166:221-4. [PMID: 25744779 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel R Popoff
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
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