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Kalita I, Kamilaris A, Havinga P, Reva I. Assessing the Health Impact of Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water. ACS ES T Water 2024; 4:1564-1578. [PMID: 38633371 PMCID: PMC11019713 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.3c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive investigation of the impact of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) on human health, with a particular focus on DBPs present in chlorinated drinking water, concentrating on three primary DBP categories (aliphatic, alicyclic, and aromatic). Additionally, it explores pivotal factors influencing DBP formation, encompassing disinfectant types, water source characteristics, and environmental conditions, such as the presence of natural materials in water. The main objective is to discern the most hazardous DBPs, considering criteria such as regulation standards, potential health impacts, and chemical diversity. It provides a catalog of 63 key DBPs alongside their corresponding parameters. From this set, 28 compounds are meticulously chosen for in-depth analysis based on the above criteria. The findings strive to guide the advancement of water treatment technologies and intelligent sensory systems for the efficient water quality surveillance. This, in turn, enables reliable DBP detection within water distribution networks. By enriching the understanding of DBP-associated health hazards and offering valuable insights, this research is aimed to contribute to influencing policy-making in regulations and treatment strategies, thereby protecting public health and improving safety related to chlorinated drinking water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Kalita
- Computing
& Data Sciences (CDS), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- CYENS
Centre of Excellence, Nicosia 1016, Cyprus
| | - Andreas Kamilaris
- CYENS
Centre of Excellence, Nicosia 1016, Cyprus
- Pervasive
Systems Group, University of Twente, Enschede 7522, Netherlands
| | - Paul Havinga
- Pervasive
Systems Group, University of Twente, Enschede 7522, Netherlands
| | - Igor Reva
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, CERES, University
of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal
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2
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Sharma N, Zeng C, Eaton A, Karanfil T, Ghosh A, Westerhoff P. Co-Occurrence of Bromine and Iodine Species in US Drinking Water Sources That Can Impact Disinfection Byproduct Formation. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:18563-18574. [PMID: 36648192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bromine and iodine species are precursors for forming disinfection byproducts in finished drinking waters. Our study incorporates spatial and temporal data to quantify concentrations of inorganic (bromide (Br-), iodide (I-), and iodate (IO3-)), organic, and total bromine (BrT) and iodine (IT) species from 286 drinking water sources and 7 wastewater effluents across the United States. Br- ranged from <5-7800 μg/L (median of 62 μg/L in surface water (SW) and 95 μg/L in groundwater (GW)). I- was detected in 41% of SW (1-72 μg/L, median = <1 μg/L) and 62% of GW (<1-250 μg/L, median = 3 μg/L) samples. The median Br-/I- ratio in SW and GW was 22 μg/μg and 16 μg/μg, respectively, in paired samples with detect Br- and I-. BrT existed primarily as Br-, while IT was present as I-, IO3-, and/or total organic iodine (TOI). Inorganic iodine species (I- and IO3-) were predominant in GW samples, accounting for 60-100% of IT; however, they contributed to only 20-50% of IT in SW samples. The unknown fraction of IT was attributed to TOI. In lakes, seasonal cycling of I-species was observed and was presumably due to algal productivity. Finally, Spearman Rank Correlation tests revealed a strong correlation between Br- and IT in SW (RBr-,IT = 0.83) following the log10 (Br-, μg/L) = 0.65 × log10 (IT, μg/L) - 0.17 relationship. Br- and I- in treated wastewater effluents (median Br- = 234 μg/L, median I- = 5 μg/L) were higher than drinking water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naushita Sharma
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Chao Zeng
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Andrew Eaton
- Eaton Environmental Water Quality Consulting, LLC, Pasadena, California 91101, United States
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Amlan Ghosh
- Corona Environmental Consulting, Lewisville, Texas 75067, United States
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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3
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Barrios AC, Apul OG, Perreault F. Increasing bromide removal by graphene-silver nanocomposites: Nanoparticulate silver enhances bromide selectivity through direct surface interactions. Chemosphere 2023; 330:138711. [PMID: 37076084 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bromide forms toxic brominated disinfection by-products during disinfection. Current bromide removal technologies are often non-specific and costly due to naturally occurring competing anions. A silver-impregnated graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite is reported here that reduced the amount of Ag needed for Br- removal by increasing its selectivity towards Br-. GO was impregnated with ionic (GO-Ag+) or nanoparticulate Ag (GO-nAg) and compared against Ag+ or unsupported nAg to identify molecular level interactions. In nanopure water, Ag+ and nAg had the highest Br- removal (∼0.89 mol Br-/mol Ag+) followed by GO-nAg at 0.77 mol Br-/mol Ag+. However, under anionic competition, the Ag+ removal was reduced to 0.10 mol Br-/mol Ag+ while all nAg forms retained good Br- removal. To understand the removal mechanism, anoxic experiments were performed to prevent nAg dissolution, which resulted in higher Br- removal for all nAg forms compared to oxic conditions. This suggests that reaction of Br- with the nAg surface is more selective than with Ag+. Finally, jar tests showed that anchoring nAg on GO enhances Ag removal during coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation compared to unsupported nAg or Ag+. Thus, our results identify strategies that can be used to design selective and silver-efficient adsorbents for Br- removal in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Barrios
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Onur G Apul
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - François Perreault
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.
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4
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Dong F, Zhu J, Li J, Fu C, He G, Lin Q, Li C, Song S. The occurrence, formation and transformation of disinfection byproducts in the water distribution system: A review. Sci Total Environ 2023; 867:161497. [PMID: 36634528 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection is an effective process to inactivate pathogens in drinking water treatment. However, disinfection byproducts (DBPs) will inevitably form and may cause severe health concerns. Previous research has mainly focused on DBPs formation during the disinfection in water treatment plants. But few studies paid attention to the formation and transformation of DBPs in the water distribution system (WDS). The complex environment in WDS will affect the reaction between residual chlorine and organic matter to form new DBPs. This paper provides an overall review of DBPs formation and transformation in the WDS. Firstly, the occurrence of DBPs in the WDS around the world was cataloged. Secondly, the primary factors affecting the formation of DBPs in WDS have also been summarized, including secondary chlorination, pipe materials, biofilm, deposits and coexisting anions. Secondary chlorination and biofilm increased the concentration of regular DBPs (e.g., trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs)) in the WDS, while Br- and I- increased the formation of brominated DBPs (Br-DBPs) and iodinated DBPs (I-DBPs), respectively. The mechanism of DBPs formation and transformation in the WDS was systematically described. Aromatic DBPs could be directly or indirectly converted to aliphatic DBPs, including ring opening, side chain breaking, chlorination, etc. Finally, the toxicity of drinking water in the WDS caused by DBPs transformation was examined. This review is conducive to improving the knowledge gap about DBPs formation and transformation in WDS to better solve water supply security problems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Dong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiani Zhu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jinzhe Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chuyun Fu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Guilin He
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Qiufeng Lin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, United States
| | - Cong Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuang Song
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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5
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Qadafi M, Rosmalina RT, Pitoi MM, Wulan DR. Chlorination disinfection by-products in Southeast Asia: A review on potential precursor, formation, toxicity assessment, and removal technologies. Chemosphere 2023; 316:137817. [PMID: 36640978 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses disinfection by-products' (DBPs) potential precursors, formation, and toxicity, alongside available research on the treatment of DBPs in Southeast Asian countries' water sources. Although natural organic matter (NOM) in the form of humic and fulvic acids is the major precursor of DBPs formation, the presence of anthropogenic organic matter (AOM) also plays essential roles during disinfection using chlorine. NOM has been observed in water sources in Southeast Asian countries, with a relatively high concentration in peat-influenced water sources and a relatively low concentration in non-peat-influenced water sources. Similarly, AOMs, such as microplastics, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), have also been detected in water sources in Southeast Asian countries. Although studies regarding DBPs in Southeast Asian countries are available, they focus on regulated DBPs. Here, the formation potential of unregulated DBPs is also discussed. In addition, the toxicity associated with extreme DBPs' formation potential, as well as the effectiveness of treatments such as conventional coagulation, filtration, adsorption, and ozonation in reducing DBPs' formation potential in Southeast Asian sources of water, is also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muammar Qadafi
- Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jalan Sangkuriang, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia.
| | - Raden Tina Rosmalina
- Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jalan Sangkuriang, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia
| | - Mariska M Pitoi
- Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jalan Sangkuriang, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia
| | - Diana Rahayuning Wulan
- Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jalan Sangkuriang, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia.
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6
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Lai X, Ning XA, Li Y, Huang N, Zhang Y, Yang C. Formation of organic chloride in the treatment of textile dyeing sludge by Fenton system. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 125:376-387. [PMID: 36375923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the oxidation treatment of textile dyeing sludge, the quantitative and transformation laws of organic chlorine are not clear enough. Thus, this study mainly evaluated the treatment of textile dyeing sludge by Fenton and Fenton-like system from the aspects of the influence of Cl-, the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organic carbon, and the removal and formation mechanism of organic chlorine. The results showed that the organic halogen in sludge was mainly hydrophobic organic chlorine, and the content of adsorbable organic chlorine (AOCl) was 0.30 mg/g (dry sludge). In the Fenton system with pH=3, 500 mg/L Cl-, 30 mmol/L Fe2+ and 30 mmol/L H2O2, the removal of phenanthrene was promoted by chlorine radicals (•Cl), and the AOCl in sludge solid phase increased to 0.55 mg/g (dry sludge) at 30 min. According to spectral analysis, it was found that •Cl could chlorinate aromatic and aliphatic compounds (excluding PAHs) in solid phase at the same time, and eventually led to the accumulation of aromatic chlorides in solid phase. Strengthening the oxidation ability of Fenton system increased the formation of organic chlorines in liquid and solid phases. In weak acidity, the oxidation and desorption of superoxide anion promoted the removal and migration of PAHs and organic carbon in solid phase, and reduced the formation of total organic chlorine. The Fenton-like system dominated by non-hydroxyl radical could realize the mineralization of PAHs, organic carbon and organic chlorines instead of migration. This paper builds a basis for the selection of sludge conditioning methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Lai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Xun-An Ning
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Nuoyi Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chenghai Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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7
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Hu J, Qu J, Deng L, Dong H, Jiang L, Yu J, Yue S, Qian H, Dai Q, Qiang Z. Metabonomic and transcriptomic modulations of HepG2 cells induced by the CuO-catalyzed formation of disinfection byproducts from biofilm extracellular polymeric substances in copper pipes. Water Res 2022; 216:118318. [PMID: 35339968 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cupric oxide (CuO) is able to catalyze the reactions among disinfectant, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and bromide (Br-) in copper pipes, which may deteriorate the water quality. This study aimed to investigate the metabonomic and transcriptomic modulations of HepG2 cells caused by the CuO-catalyzed formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from EPS. The presence of CuO favored the substitution reactions of chlorine and bromine with EPS, inducing a higher content of total organic halogen (TOX). In addition, DBPs were shifted from chlorinated species to brominated species. A total of 182 differential metabolites (DMs) and 437 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, which were jointly involved in 38 KEGG pathways. Topology analysis indicates that glycerophospholipid and purine metabolism were disturbed most obviously. During glycerophospholipid metabolism, the differential expression of genes GPATs, AGPATs, LPINs and DGKs impacted the conversion of glycerol-3-phosphate to 2-diacyl-sn-glycerol, which further affected the conversion among phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine and phosphocholines. During purine metabolism, it was mainly the differential expression of genes POLRs, RPAs, RPBs, RPCs, ENTPDs and CDs that impacted the transformation of RNA into guanine-, xanthosine-, inosine- and adenosine monophosphate, which were further successively transformed into their corresponding nucleosides and purines. The study provides an omics perspective to assess the potential adverse effects of overall DBPs formed in copper pipes on human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chao-wang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China; Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Southeast University Road, Nanjing 211189, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jiajia Qu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chao-wang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Southeast University Road, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Huiyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yu-quan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liying Jiang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chao-wang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Jianming Yu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chao-wang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Siqing Yue
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chao-wang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chao-wang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Qizhou Dai
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chao-wang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yu-quan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
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8
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Liu JL, Han X, Zhang J, Wang HJ, Zhou MX, Li SW, Ma X, Wang Y, Liu AL. Total organic halogen in two drinking water supply systems: Occurrence, variations, and relationship with trihalomethanes. Chemosphere 2022; 288:132541. [PMID: 34648782 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal presence of overall disinfection by-products (DBPs) in two full-scale drinking water supply systems (DWSSs) were investigated using quantification of total organic halogen (TOX). The relationships of TOX with water quality parameters (especially the most regulated DBPs, trihalomethanes (THMs)) were also evaluated. The TOX levels ranged between 2.6 and 70.3 μg Cl/L and between 46.6 and 205.9 μg Cl/L in raw water and distribution water, respectively. The TOX concentration in water increased by an average of nine times after water treatment and varied slightly during distribution, suggesting that TOX in drinking water was mainly formed during chlorination disinfection rather than distribution. No clear seasonality in TOX level was observed. Positive correlations were found between raw water dissolved organic carbon (DOC) with an increase in TOX in treated water and between DOC level with TOX content in distributed water, emphasizing a key role of organics in TOX formation. Chloroform (TCM) was the dominant THM, followed by bromodichloromethane (BDCM) in the drinking water, and the levels of the other two measured THMs (dibromochloromethane and bromoform) were negligible. THM2 (sum of TCM and BDCM) made up average of 18% of the TOX, and was weakly correlated with TOX content (rs = 0.321; P < 0.05), implying that THM is not a suitable surrogate measure for TOX in drinking water. This study provides basic data on the occurrence and variation of TOX within conventional DWSSs and highlights the importance of using TOX measurements to obtain more accurate information about DBP occurrence, for exposure assessment and regulatory determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430024, China
| | - Xue Han
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Wuhan Water Group Company Limited, Wuhan, 430015, China
| | - Huai-Ji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430024, China
| | | | - Shi-Wei Li
- Wuhan Water Group Company Limited, Wuhan, 430015, China
| | - Xuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ai-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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9
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Yang X, Zheng Q, He M, Chen B, Hu B. Bromine and iodine species in drinking water supply system along the Changjiang River in China: Occurrence and transformation. Water Res 2021; 202:117401. [PMID: 34252864 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bromine (Br) and iodine (I) in source water can form highly toxic brominated or iodinated disinfection byproducts in treatment plants. For the first time, the occurrence of Br and I speciation and their proportion, transformation in the drinking water supply system along the Changjiang River were investigated. 96 water samples were collected from eight drinking water treatment plants under conditions of low, normal, and flood water regimes. Total Br (TBr) and total I (TI) concentrations were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) and inorganic Br/I forms (bromide, bromate, iodide, and iodate) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ICPMS. Concentrations of organic Br/I were calculated as the difference between total Br/I and inorganic Br/I. Water regimes had different effect on Br and I species, and there were different rules in untreated and treated water samples. Apparent increase of TBr and TI concentrations after water treatment were observed, which indicated the possibility of Br/I introduction by chlorine-containing disinfectant. The occurrence of TBr, TI, bromide, and total organic I in the river were investigated to increase with the direction of flow. In addition, TBr and TI concentrations correlated with the concentrations of artificial sweeteners (e.g., acesulfame and sucralose, a kind of wastewater indicator), suggesting the influence of domestic sewage on Br and I in the river. In untreated water, bromide was the main Br species, and after treatment more than 50% was transformed into organic Br. Iodoorganics were the majority of I species in raw water and were partly transformed into iodate after treatment. Overall, the Br/I species have accumulation potential in the Changjiang River and organic forms occupy high proportion in treated water samples, which should be paid more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Man He
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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10
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Gao H, Ji H, Yu R, Zhu G. Effects of ozonation on disinfection by-product formation potentials and biostability in a pilot-scale drinking water treatment plant with micro-polluted water. Environ Technol 2021; 42:3254-3265. [PMID: 33284736 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1829083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The accelerated urbanization in China has caused intensified micro-pollution problems for drinking water sources, severely challenging drinking water treatment efficiencies and its biostability. This study mainly investigated the effects of ozonation on disinfection by-product formation potentials (DBPFPs) and biological dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) in a pilot-scale ozonation-biological activated carbon advanced drinking water treatment plant with micro-polluted raw water. The results indicated that the micro-polluted water would be effectively treated in the advanced treatment processes with DBPFPs significantly eliminated. The total removal rates of trihalomethane formation potentials (THMFPs) and haloacetic acid formation potentials (HAAFPs) increased with the elevated ozone dosage to finally a relatively stable stage, and the maximum removal rates of 77.3% and 57.0%, respectively, were achieved at the ozone dosage of 2 mg/L. The bromine incorporation in total THMFPs (TTHMFPs) was dramatically suppressed after integrated advanced treatment processes, while that in total HAAFPs (THAAFPs) was promoted with the corresponding increment of up to 25.3% for bromine incorporation factor, which caused relatively high brominated HAAFP proportions in the treated water than in the raw water. In addition, the BDOC generation rate and THAAFP removal rate during the post-ozonation treatment displayed apparent positive correlation, and a similar relationship was observed for the BDOC degradation rate and TTHMFP removal rate during the BAC treatment in the studied ozone dosage (1 ∼ 5 mg/L). The findings strongly implied a promising alternative to measure DBPFP removal rate instead of BDOC level for more sensitive and convenient monitoring of the biostability in the reclaimed water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Gao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Wuxi Engineering Research Center of Taihu Lake Water Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Ji
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Wuxi Engineering Research Center of Taihu Lake Water Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Yu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Wuxi Engineering Research Center of Taihu Lake Water Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangcan Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Wuxi Engineering Research Center of Taihu Lake Water Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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11
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Hu CY, Zhang JC, Lin YL, Ren SC, Zhu YY, Xiong C, Wang QB. Degradation kinetics of prometryn and formation of disinfection by-products during chlorination. Chemosphere 2021; 276:130089. [PMID: 33743417 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Prometryn is a herbicide that is widely used and frequently detected in aqueous environment and soil. Prometryn is chemically stable, biologically toxic, and easily to accumulate in living bodies, which can cause accumulate in the environment and acute and chronic toxicity to living creatures. In this study, factors affecting the degradation kinetics of prometryn chlorination were studied, including solution pH, bromide and ammonium concentrations, and temperature. Prometryn reacted quickly with aqueous chlorine following the pseudo-first-order kinetics. The maximum pseudo-first-order rate constant (kapp) appeared at pH 5 with the observed rate constant (kobs) as 190. 08 h-1; the minimum value of kapp reached at pH 9 with kobs as 5.26 h-1. The presence of Br- and increase of temperature both accelerated the degradation rate of prometryn during chlorination. The activation energy was calculated as 31.80 kJ/mol. Meanwhile 6 disinfection by-products (DBPs) were detected, namely: chloroform (CF), trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), dichloroacetone, trichloronitromethane (TCNM), and trichloroacetone. Solution pH significantly affected the formation and distribution of DBPs. CF was the most formed carbonated DBP (C-DBP) with the maximum of 217.9 μg/L at pH 8, and its formation was significantly higher in alkaline conditions. For nitrogenated DBPs (N-DBPs), the yields of DCAN and TCAN were significantly higher in acidic conditions, while the maximum of TCNM achieved in neutral conditions. Because the toxicity of N-DBPs is higher than that of C-DBPs, the pH should be controlled in neutral or slight alkaline conditions during prometryn chlorination to effectively control DBP formation and reduce the related toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy- Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Ji-Chen Zhang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy- Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, PR China.
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 824, ROC, Taiwan.
| | - Si-Cheng Ren
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy- Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, PR China.
| | - Ye-Ye Zhu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy- Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, PR China.
| | - Cun Xiong
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy- Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, PR China.
| | - Qiang-Bing Wang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy- Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, PR China.
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12
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Zhou K, Ye S, Yu Q, Chen J, Yong P, Ma X, Li Q, Dietrich AM. Derivates variation of phenylalanine as a model disinfection by-product precursor during long term chlorination and chloramination. Sci Total Environ 2021; 771:144885. [PMID: 33736131 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved nitrogenous organic matter in water can contain precursors of disinfection by-products (DBPs), especially nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs). Amino acids are ubiquitous as dissolved nitrogenous organic matter in source water and can pass through drinking water treatment processes to react with disinfectants in finished water and in the distribution system. Phenylalanine (Phe) was selected as a model amino acid precursor to investigate its derived DBPs and their variations during a chlorination regime that simulated water distribution with residue chlorine. The 7-day DBPs formation potential (DBPsFP) test with chlorine revealed chlorination by-products of phenylalanine including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), and halonitromethanes (HNMs), but not trichloronitromethane (TCNM) which was a significant N-DBP detected during the first 48 h of chlorine contact. The formation of most carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs) increased with chlorination time; however N-DBPs and non-chlorinated byproducts of phenylacetonitrile and phenylacetaldehyde reached their highest concentration after 2 h of reaction, and then gradually decreased until below detection after 7 days. The chlorination influencing factors indicated that light enhanced the peak yield of DBPs; the pH value showed different influences associated with corresponding DBPs; and the presence of bromide ions (Br-) generated a variety of bromine-containing DBPs. The DBPsFP test with chloramine reduced C-DBPs generation to about 1/3 of the level observed for chlorine disinfection and caused an increase in dichloroacetonitrile. Surveillance of DBPs during drinking water distribution to consumers should consider the varying contact times with disinfectants to accurately profile the types and concentrations of C-DBPs and N-DBPs present in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejin Zhou
- Hohai University, College of Environment, Nanjing 210098, China; Zhejiang Province Ecology Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Qi Yu
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Jingji Chen
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Pang Yong
- Hohai University, College of Environment, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Qingsong Li
- Water Resources and Environmental Institute, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Andrea M Dietrich
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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13
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Soyluoglu M, Ersan MS, Ateia M, Karanfil T. Removal of bromide from natural waters: Bromide-selective vs. conventional ion exchange resins. Chemosphere 2020; 238:124583. [PMID: 31425865 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence of bromide (Br-) in water results in the formation of brominated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) after chlorination, which are much more cytotoxic and genotoxic than their chlorinated analogs. Given that conventional water treatment processes (e.g., coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation) fail to remove Br- effectively, in this study, we systematically tested and compared the performance of different anion exchange resins, particularly two novel Br-selective resins, for the removal of Br-. The resins performance was evaluated under both typical and challenging background water conditions by varying the concentrations of anions and organic matter. The overall Br- removal results followed the trend of Purolite-Br ≥ MIEX-Br > IRA910 ≥ IRA900 > MIEX-Gold > MIEX-DOC. Further evaluation of Purolite-Br resin showed Br- removal efficiencies of 93.5 ± 4.5% for the initial Br- concentration of 0.25 mg/L in the presence of competing anions (i.e., Cl-, NO3-, NO2-, SO42-, PO43-, and a mixture of all five), alkalinity and organic matter. In addition, experiments under challenging background water conditions confirmed the selectivity of the resins (i.e. Purolite-Br and MIEX-Br) in removing Br-, with SO42- and Cl- exhibiting the greatest influence upon the resin performance followed by NOM concentration, regardless of the NOM characteristic. After Br- removal, both the subsequent formation of brominated DBPs (trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and haloacetonitriles), and the total organic halogens (TOX), decreased by ∼90% under the uniform formation conditions. Overall, Br-selective resins represent a promising alternative for the efficient control of Br-DBPs in water treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Soyluoglu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Mahmut S Ersan
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Mohamed Ateia
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC, 29634, USA.
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14
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Dorji P, Kim DI, Jiang J, Choi J, Phuntsho S, Hong S, Shon HK. Bromide and iodide selectivity in membrane capacitive deionisation, and its potential application to reduce the formation of disinfection by-products in water treatment. Chemosphere 2019; 234:536-544. [PMID: 31229715 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The formation of toxic disinfection by-products during water disinfection due to the presence of bromide and iodide is a major concern. Current treatment technologies such as membrane, adsorption and electrochemical processes have been known to have limitations such as high energy demand and excessive chemical use. In this study, the selectivity between bromide and iodide, and their removal in membrane capacitive deionisation (MCDI) was evaluated. The results showed that iodide was more selectively removed over bromide from several binary feed waters containing bromide and iodide under various initial concentrations and applied voltages. Even in the presence of significant background concentration of sodium chloride, definite selectivity of iodide over bromide was observed. The high partial-charge transfer coefficient of iodide compared to bromide could be a feasible explanation for high iodide selectivity since both bromide and iodide have similar ionic charge and hydrated radius. The result also shows that MCDI can be a potential alternative for the removal of bromide and iodide during water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pema Dorji
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - David Inhyuk Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia; School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiaxi Jiang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Jongmoon Choi
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sherub Phuntsho
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Seungkwan Hong
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Kyong Shon
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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15
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Rose MR, Roberts AL. Iodination of Dimethenamid in Chloraminated Water: Active Iodinating Agents and Distinctions between Chlorination, Bromination, and Iodination. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:11764-11773. [PMID: 31556600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have elucidated the agent(s) that generate iodinated disinfection byproducts during drinking water treatment. We present a kinetic investigation of iodination of dimethenamid (DM), a model compound lacking acid-base speciation. Water chemistry parameters (pH, [Cl-], [Br-], [I-], and [pH buffer]) were systematically varied. As pH increased (4-9), DM iodination rate decreased. Conventional wisdom considers hypoiodous acid (HOI) as the predominant iodinating agent; nevertheless, HOI (pKHOI = 10.4) could not have produced this result, as its concentration is essentially invariant from pH 4-9. In contrast, [H2OI+] and [ICl] both decrease as pH increases. To distinguish their contributions to DM iodination, [Cl-] was added at constant pH and ionic strength. Although chloride addition did increase the iodination rate, the reaction order in [Cl-] was fractional (≤0.36). The contribution of ICl to DM iodination remained below 47% under typical drinking water conditions ([Cl-] ≤ 250 mg/L), implicating H2OI+ as the predominant iodinating agent. Distinctions between DM iodination versus chlorination or bromination include a more pronounced role for the hypohalous acidium ion (H2OX+), negligible contributions by hypohalous acid and molecular halogen (X2), and a more muted influence of XCl, leading to lesser susceptibility to catalysis by chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Rose
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering , Johns Hopkins University , 313 Ames Hall, 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - A Lynn Roberts
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering , Johns Hopkins University , 313 Ames Hall, 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
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16
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Neale PA, Leusch FDL. Assessing the role of different dissolved organic carbon and bromide concentrations for disinfection by-product formation using chemical analysis and bioanalysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:17100-17109. [PMID: 31001769 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Concerns regarding disinfection by-product (DBP) formation during drinking water treatment have led water utilities to apply treatment processes to reduce the concentration of DBP precursor natural organic matter (NOM). However, these processes often do not remove bromide, leading to high bromide to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ratios after treatment, which can increase the formation of more toxic brominated DBPs. In the current study, we investigated the formation and effect of DBPs in a matrix of synthetic water samples containing different concentrations of bromide and DOC after disinfection with chlorine. Trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids were analysed by chemical analysis, while effect was evaluated using in vitro bioassays indicative of the oxidative stress response and bacterial toxicity. While the addition of increasing bromide concentrations did not alter the sum molar concentration of DBPs formed, the speciation changed, with greater bromine incorporation with an increasing Br:DOC ratio. However, the observed effect did not correlate with the Br:DOC ratio, but instead, effect increased with increasing DOC concentration. Water samples with low DOC and high bromide did not exceed the available oxidative stress response effect-based trigger value (EBT), while all samples with high DOC, irrespective of the bromide concentration, exceeded the EBT. This suggests that treatment processes that remove NOM can improve drinking water quality, even if they are unable to remove bromide. Further, iceberg modelling showed that detected DBPs only explained a small fraction of the oxidative stress response, supporting the application of both chemical analysis and bioanalysis for monitoring DBP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peta A Neale
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia.
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
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17
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Rivera-utrilla J, Sánchez-polo M, Polo AMS, López-peñalver JJ, López-ramón MV. New Technologies to Remove Halides from Water: An Overview. In: Prasad R, Karchiyappan T, editors. Advanced Research in Nanosciences for Water Technology. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019. pp. 147-80. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02381-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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18
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Ersan MS, Liu C, Amy G, Karanfil T. The interplay between natural organic matter and bromide on bromine substitution. Sci Total Environ 2019; 646:1172-1181. [PMID: 30235603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the interplay between bromide and DOM characteristics, described with SUVA254, in terms of formation and speciation of selected DBPs [trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and haloacetonitriles (HANs)] during chlorination under various water treatment conditions. Cytotoxicity evaluations were also conducted based on the types and amounts of DBPs formed and their corresponding cytotoxicity index values. The results showed that the formation of THMs and HAAs increased as the specific UV absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254) of the waters increased; however, there was no clear trend for HANs. THM and HAN formation increased with increasing bromide levels, while there was no bromide effect on the HAA formation. Lower HAA5 (monochloroaceticacid, monobromoaceticacid, dichloroaceticacid, trichloroaceticacid, dibromoaceticacid) to HAA9 (monochloroaceticacid, monobromoaceticacid, dichloroaceticacid, trichloroaceticacid, dibromoaceticacid, bromochloroaceticacid, bromodichloroaceticacid, dibromochloroaceticacid, tribromoaceticacid) ratios, independent of SUVA254, were observed with increasing bromide levels. Bromine substitution factor (BSF) values were in the order of BSFDHAN > BSFTHAA > BSFTHM ≈ BSFDHAA. BSF values for all class of DBPs decreased with increasing SUVA254. TOX formation increased with increasing SUVA254 without an impact of bromide concentration. UTOX/TOX ratios were higher in treated low SUVA254 waters than raw waters having higher SUVA254 values, and they decreased with increasing initial bromide concentration in all sources. Increasing bromide concentration from 0.5 μM to 10 μM elevated the calculated cytotoxicity index values of waters. Despite their much lower (approximately ~10 times) formation as compared to THMs and HAAs, HANs controlled the calculated cytotoxicity of studied waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut S Ersan
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Gary Amy
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA.
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19
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Allard S, Hu W, Le Menn JB, Cadee K, Gallard H, Croué JP. Method Development for Quantification of Bromochloramine Using Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:7805-7812. [PMID: 29902372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
During chloramination of bromide-containing waters, the main brominated amine formed is bromochloramine (NHBrCl). To date, there is no analytical method, free of interference, allowing its accurate quantification. The major reason is that it is not possible to produce a pure NHBrCl solution. In this study, we report a method allowing the accurate quantification of NHBrCl with membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS). First, the molar absorption coefficient for NHBrCl was determined by quantifying NHBrCl as 2,4,6-tribromophenol by HPLC-UV and comparing the results with the direct UV response at 320 nm. A molar absorption coefficient of 304 M-1cm-1 was obtained. The results obtained by direct UV measurements were compared to the MIMS signal recorded at m/ z 131 corresponding to the mass of the molecular ion and used to establish a calibration curve. A limit of detection of 2.9 μM (378 μg/L) was determined. MIMS is the only method enabling the unambiguous quantification of NHBrCl, as it is based on m/ z 131, while with other analytical techniques, other halamines can interfere, i.e., overlapping peaks with direct UV measurements and reaction of several halamines with colorimetric reagents or phenols. While the detection limit is not quite low enough to measure NHBrCl in actual drinking water, this analytical method will benefit the scientific community by allowing further mechanistic studies on the contribution of NHBrCl to the formation of toxic disinfection by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , Curtin University , GPO Box U1987, Perth , Western Australia 6845 , Australia
| | - Wei Hu
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , Curtin University , GPO Box U1987, Perth , Western Australia 6845 , Australia
| | - Jean-Baptiste Le Menn
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , Curtin University , GPO Box U1987, Perth , Western Australia 6845 , Australia
| | - Keith Cadee
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , Curtin University , GPO Box U1987, Perth , Western Australia 6845 , Australia
| | - Hervé Gallard
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSIP , 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105 , 86 073 Cedex 9 , Poitiers , France
| | - Jean-Philippe Croué
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , Curtin University , GPO Box U1987, Perth , Western Australia 6845 , Australia
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20
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Liu Z, Lin YL, Xu B, Hu CY, Wang AQ, Gao ZC, Xia SJ, Gao NY. Formation of iodinated trihalomethanes during breakpoint chlorination of iodide-containing water. J Hazard Mater 2018; 353:505-513. [PMID: 29709870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the formation of toxic iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) during breakpoint chlorination of iodide-containing water. Impact factors including I- concentration, natural organic matter (NOM) concentration and type, pH as well as Br-/I- molar ratio were systematically investigated. Moreover, the incorporation of I- into I-THM formation was also calculated. The results showed that I-THM formation varied in different zones of the breakpoint curves. I-THMs increased with increasing chlorine dosage to breakpoint value and then dropped significantly beyond it. Iodoform (CHI3) and chlorodiiodomethane (CHClI2) were the major I-THMs in the pre-breakpoint zone, while dichloroiodomethane (CHCl2I) was the dominant one in the post-breakpoint zone. The formation of I-THMs increased remarkably with I- and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. More bromine-containing species were formed as Br-/I- molar ratio increased from 0.5 to 5. In addition, the major I-THM compound shifted from CHCl2I to the more toxic CHClBrI. As pH increased from 6.0 to 8.0, I-THM formation kept increasing in the pre-breakpoint zone and the speciation of I-THMs changed alongside the breakpoint curves. The incorporation of I- during breakpoint chlorination was highly dependent on chlorine, I-, and NOM concentrations, NOM type, solution pH and Br-/I- molar ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - An-Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Ze-Chen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Sheng-Ji Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Nai-Yun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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21
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Rajaeian B, Allard S, Joll C, Heitz A. Effect of preconditioning on silver leaching and bromide removal properties of silver-impregnated activated carbon (SIAC). Water Res 2018; 138:152-159. [PMID: 29587151 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Silver impregnated activated carbon (SIAC) has been found to be effective in mitigating the formation of brominated-disinfection by products during drinking water treatment. However, there are still uncertainties regarding its silver leaching properties, and strategies for the prevention of silver leaching have remained elusive. This study focused on the evaluation of one type of commercially available SIAC for its ability to remove bromide while minimising silver leaching from the material. Both synthetic and real water matrices were tested. Depending on solution pH, it was found that changing the surface charge properties of SIAC, as measured by the point of zero charge pH, can result in additional bromide removal while minimising the extent of silver leaching. To better understand the mechanism of silver leaching from the SIAC, eight preconditioning environments, i.e. variable pH and ionic strength were tested for a fixed amount of SIAC and two preconditioning environments were selected for a more detailed investigation. Experiments carried out in synthetic water showed that preconditioning at pH 10.4 did not deteriorate the capacity of SIAC to remove bromide, but significantly decreased the release of silver in the form of ionic silver (Ag+), silver bromide (AgBr) and silver chloride (AgCl) from 40% for the pristine to 3% for the treated SIAC. This was confirmed using a groundwater sample. These results suggest that preconditioned SIAC has the potential to be an effective method for bromide removal with minimised silver leaching in a long-term field application for drinking water production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Rajaeian
- Department of Civil Engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Sébastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Cynthia Joll
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Anna Heitz
- Department of Civil Engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
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22
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Allard S, Cadee K, Tung R, Croué JP. Impact of brominated amines on monochloramine stability during in-line and pre-formed chloramination assessed by kinetic modelling. Sci Total Environ 2018; 618:1431-1439. [PMID: 29122349 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a comprehensive kinetic model was developed and validated to predict the stability of monochloramine (NH2Cl) in presence of iodide and bromide for both pre-formed and in-line chloramination application in absence of organic matter. pH had the greatest influence on the stability of NH2Cl in waters containing bromide. For in-line chloramination, the NH2Cl decay over 3days was only 10% for pH9 and 58% for pH7 (400μgBr-/L and 3 mgCl2/L). Bromide also greatly affected the stability of NH2Cl by influencing the formation and speciation of the halamines produced during chloramination. In-line chloramination is commonly used since the pre-chlorination oxidises iodide to the non-toxic iodate. During pre-chlorination, brominated organics are formed from reaction between bromine and dissolved organic matter (DOM). In the case of the Colorado River DOM, 26% of the bromine was sequestered in only 4min, and therefore not available to form brominated amines during chloramination. Following ammonia addition, an immediate loss of oxidant was observed in water containing bromide at pH7 and 8. This is due to the reaction between NHBrCl and NHBr2, and the auto-decomposition of NHBr2 formed from NH2Br. Once NHBr2 was consumed, NHBrCl accumulated and then slowly decayed. Thereafter, the total oxidant concentration decayed slowly due to the auto-decomposition of NHCl2 and the reaction between NHBrCl and NHBr2. In the presence of DOM, the CHBr3 concentration increased, while the CHCl3 concentration (formed during pre-chlorination) was constant during chloramination, indicating that brominated-amines may continue to form disinfection by-products (DBPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Keith Cadee
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Rachel Tung
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Jean-Philippe Croué
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
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23
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Langsa M, Allard S, Kristiana I, Heitz A, Joll CA. Halogen-specific total organic halogen analysis: Assessment by recovery of total bromine. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 58:340-348. [PMID: 28774625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Determination of halogen-specific total organic halogen (TOX) is vital for studies of disinfection of waters containing bromide, since total organic bromine (TOBr) is likely to be more problematic than total organic chlorine. Here, we present further halogen-specific TOX method optimisation and validation, focusing on measurement of TOBr. The optimised halogen-specific TOX method was validated based on the recovery of model compounds covering different classes of disinfection by-products (haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, halophenols and halogenated benzenes) and the recovery of total bromine (mass balance of TOBr and bromide concentrations) during disinfection of waters containing dissolved organic matter and bromide. The validation of a halogen-specific TOX method based on the mass balance of total bromine has not previously been reported. Very good recoveries of organic halogen from all model compounds were obtained, indicating high or complete conversion of all organic halogen in the model compound solution through to halide in the absorber solution for ion chromatography analysis. The method was also successfully applied to monitor conversion of bromide to TOBr in a groundwater treatment plant. An excellent recovery (101%) of total bromine was observed from the raw water to the post-chlorination stage. Excellent recoveries of total bromine (92%-95%) were also obtained from chlorination of a synthetic water containing dissolved organic matter and bromide, demonstrating the validity of the halogen-specific TOX method for TOBr measurement. The halogen-specific TOX method is an important tool to monitor and better understand the formation of halogenated organic compounds, in particular brominated organic compounds, in drinking water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Langsa
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia; Jurusan Kimia, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Papua, Manokwari, Papua Barat 98314, Indonesia
| | - Sebastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Ina Kristiana
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Anna Heitz
- Department of Civil Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Cynthia A Joll
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
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Hong H, Yan X, Song X, Qin Y, Sun H, Lin H, Chen J, Liang Y. Bromine incorporation into five DBP classes upon chlorination of water with extremely low SUVA values. Sci Total Environ 2017; 590-591:720-728. [PMID: 28302307 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to assess the effects of disinfection conditions on bromine incorporation into disinfection by-products (DBPs) during chlorination of water with low specific UV absorbance (SUVA). Five classes of DBPs were included: trihalomethanes (THMs), dihaloacetic acids (di-HAAs), trihaloacetic acids (tri-HAAs), dihaloacetonitriles (DHANs) and trihalonitromethanes (THNMs). Results showed that the bromine utilization in DBPs formation was positive related with reaction time, pH and temperature. On the other hand, the bromine substitution factors (BSFs) of DBPs were generally increased with pH (except tri-HAAs) and bromide concentration, but decreased with the reaction time, temperature and chlorine dose. Moreover, the BSFs values varied with DBP classes with the ranking being as following: THNMs≫DHANs≫tri-HAAs>THM≈di-HAAs. These results were mostly similar with the references, yet the pH effect on BSFs as well as the rank of BSFs for different DBP classes may differ with the specific UV absorbance of organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachang Hong
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoqing Yan
- Laboratory for Food Safety and Environmental Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Xuhui Song
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Qin
- Shenzhen Polytechnic, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hongjie Sun
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Hongjun Lin
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Jianrong Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liang
- Laboratory for Food Safety and Environmental Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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25
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Langsa M, Heitz A, Joll CA, von Gunten U, Allard S. Mechanistic Aspects of the Formation of Adsorbable Organic Bromine during Chlorination of Bromide-containing Synthetic Waters. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:5146-5155. [PMID: 28358483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
During chlorination of bromide-containing waters, a significant formation of brominated disinfection byproducts is expected. This is of concern because Br-DBPs are generally more toxic than their chlorinated analogues. In this study, synthetic water samples containing dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracts and bromide were treated under various disinfection scenarios to elucidate the mechanisms of Br-DBP formation. The total concentration of Br-DBPs was measured as adsorbable organic bromine (AOBr). A portion of the bromine (HOBr) was found to react with DOM via electrophilic substitution (≤40%), forming AOBr, and the remaining HOBr reacted with DOM via electron transfer with a reduction of HOBr to bromide (≥60%). During chlorination, the released bromide is reoxidized (recycled) by chlorine to HOBr, leading to further electrophilic substitution of unaltered DOM sites and chlorinated DOM moieties. This leads to an almost complete bromine incorporation to DOM (≥87%). The type of DOM (3.06 ≤ SUVA254 ≤ 4.85) is not affecting this process, as long as the bromine-reactive DOM sites are in excess and a sufficient chlorine exposure is achieved. When most reactive sites were consumed by chlorine, Cl-substituted functional groups (Cl-DOM) are reacting with HOBr by direct bromination leading to Br-Cl-DOM and by bromine substitution of chlorine leading to Br-DOM. The latter finding was supported by hexachlorobenzene as a model compound from which bromoform was formed during HOBr treatment. To better understand the experimental findings, a conceptual kinetic model allowing to assess the contribution of each AOBr pathway was developed. A simulation of distribution system conditions with a disinfectant residual of 1 mgC2 L-1 showed complete conversion of Br- to AOBr, with about 10% of the AOBr formed through chlorine substitution by bromine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Langsa
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University , GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
- Jurusan Kimia, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Papua , Manokwari, Papua Barat 98314, Indonesia
| | - Anna Heitz
- Department of Civil Engineering, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Cynthia A Joll
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University , GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University , GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
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Zhang N, Liu C, Qi F, Xu B. The formation of haloacetamides, as an emerging class of N-DBPs, from chlor(am)ination of algal organic matter extracted from Microcystis aeruginosa, Scenedesmus quadricauda and Nitzschia palea. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26848j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of haloacetamides, as an emerging class of N-DBPs, from AOM disinfection extracted from Microcystis aeruginosa, Scenedesmus quadricauda and Nitzschia palea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- PR China
| | - Cao Liu
- Beijing Water Science Technology Institute
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Fei Qi
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- PR China
| | - Bingbing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
- Beijing 100012
- PR China
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