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Lee JD, Chiou TH, Zhang HJ, Chao HR, Chen KY, Gou YY, Huang CE, Lin SL, Wang LC. Persistent Halogenated Organic Pollutants in Deep-Water-Deposited Particulates from South China Sea. Toxics 2023; 11:968. [PMID: 38133369 PMCID: PMC10748163 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
POP data are limited in the marine environment; thus, this study aimed to investigate background persistent organic pollutant (POP) levels in oceanic deep-water-deposited particulates in the South China Sea (SCS). Six POPs, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs), and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), were investigated in eight pooled samples from the SCS from 20 September 2013 to 23 March 2014 and 15 April 2014 to 24 October 2014 at depths of 2000 m and 3500 m. PBDEs were the most predominant compounds, with the highest mean Σ14PBDE of 125 ± 114 ng/g dry weight (d.w.), followed by Σ17PCDD/F, Σ12PBDD/F, and Σ12DL-PCB (275 ± 1930, 253 ± 216, and 116 ± 166 pg/g d.w., respectively). Most PBDD/F, PBB, and PCDE congeners were below the detection limits. PCDDs had the highest toxic equivalency (TEQ), followed by PBDDs and DL-PCBs. Among the six POPs, PBDEs were the major components of the marine-deposited particles, regarding both concentrations and mass fluxes. Compared to 3500 m, PBDE levels were higher at a depth of 2000 m. PBDE mass fluxes were 20.9 and 14.2 ng/m2/day or 68.2 and 75.9 ng/m2/year at deep-water 2000 and 3500 m, respectively. This study first investigated POP levels in oceanic deep-water-deposited particles from existing global data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-De Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (J.-D.L.); (Y.-Y.G.)
| | - Tsyr-Huei Chiou
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Hong-Jie Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100811, China;
| | - How-Ran Chao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (J.-D.L.); (Y.-Y.G.)
- Center for Agricultural, Forestry, Fishery, Livestock and Aquaculture Carbon Emission Inventory and Emerging Compounds, General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Institute of Food Safety Management, College of Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Kuang-Yu Chen
- National Applied Research Laboratories, Taiwan Ocean Research Institute, Kaohsiung 852, Taiwan;
| | - Yan-You Gou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (J.-D.L.); (Y.-Y.G.)
| | - Chien-Er Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Cheng Shiu University, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
- Super Micro Mass Research & Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Lun Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Lin-Chi Wang
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
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Behnisch P, Petrlik J, Budin C, Besselink H, Felzel E, Strakova J, Bell L, Kuepouo G, Gharbi S, Bejarano F, Jensen GK, DiGangi J, Ismawati Y, Speranskaya O, Da M, Pulkrabova J, Gramblicka T, Brabcova K, Brouwer A. Global survey of dioxin- and thyroid hormone-like activities in consumer products and toys. Environ Int 2023; 178:108079. [PMID: 37453209 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children and consumers are exposed to increasingly complex mixtures of known and as-yet-unknown toxic chemicals from toys and products. However traditional chemical analysis methods only evaluate a small number of chemicals at a time thereby restricting consumer awareness of the full range of potentially harmful chemicals in products. METHODS We used high-throughput effect-based non-animal methods to investigate exposures to complex chemical mixtures of several kinds of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) for their dioxin- and thyroid hormone-like activities in various kinds of consumer products and toys from 26 different countries, on four continents (Africa, America, Asia and Europe) in combination with chemical analysis of various polybrominated flame retardants (BFRs) and their impurities (such as polyhalogenated PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs). RESULTS We found high levels of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in toys and now, for the first time, also in consumer products that are manufactured from black plastics containing certain brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The presence of PBDD/PBDFs as well as other BFRs in various black plastic materials from additional countries as well as additional kinds of consumer products as confirmed by effect-based in vitro reporter gene DR CALUX and TTR-TRβ CALUX assays as well as congener-specific chemical analysis. We compared total Toxicity Equivalent (TEQ) levels of PBDD/F-TEQs analysed by chemical analysis to by CALUX bioassay measured Biological equivalence (BEQ) concentrations (for further info see at ISO 23196, ISO, 2022). In the case of TBBPA, both chemical and TTR-TRβ CALUX analysis measure direct the amount of TBBPA. Finally, the daily ingestion of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents from PBDD/Fs-contaminated plastic toys by child mouthing habits have been related to our earlier study (Budin et al., 2020). CONCLUSIONS Interaction of children with such contaminated plastics may significantly contribute to the daily uptake of dioxin- and thyroid hormone transport disrupting-like compounds. Effect-based bioassays for dioxin- and thyroid hormone-like activities are relevant to pick-out such complex mixtures of known and yet unknown (and therefore not regulated) substances for safer and more sustainable plastics. Low POPs Content Levels and other mechanisms set under the Basel and Stockholm Conventions are set far too high to prevent a significant flow of BFRs and PBDD/Fs into consumer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Behnisch
- BioDetection Systems B.V. (BDS), Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jindrich Petrlik
- Arnika, Toxics and Waste Programme, Seifertova 85, 13000 Prague, Czech Republic; International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN), 40010 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Clemence Budin
- BioDetection Systems B.V. (BDS), Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Harrie Besselink
- BioDetection Systems B.V. (BDS), Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Emiel Felzel
- BioDetection Systems B.V. (BDS), Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jitka Strakova
- Arnika, Toxics and Waste Programme, Seifertova 85, 13000 Prague, Czech Republic; International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN), 40010 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lee Bell
- International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN), 40010 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gilbert Kuepouo
- Centre de Recherche et d'Education pour le Développement (CREPD), 00000 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Semia Gharbi
- Association d'Education Environnementale pour les Futures Générations (AEEFG), 2070 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fernando Bejarano
- Red de Acción sobre Plaguicidas y Alternativas en México (RAPAM), 56120 San Juanito, Texcoco, Estado de México, México
| | - Génon K Jensen
- The Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL), 1040 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joseph DiGangi
- International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN), 40010 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Mao Da
- Shenzhen Zero Waste, 518000 Shenzhen, China
| | - Jana Pulkrabova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Gramblicka
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Brabcova
- Arnika, Toxics and Waste Programme, Seifertova 85, 13000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Abraham Brouwer
- BioDetection Systems B.V. (BDS), Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands; VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Animal Ecology, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Tsai MH, Chao HR, Hsu WL, Tsai CC, Lin CW, Chen CH. Analysis of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Lipid Composition in Human Breast Milk and Their Correlation with Infant Neurodevelopment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph182111501. [PMID: 34770016 PMCID: PMC8583092 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Breastfeeding is recommended over formula feeding, but human breast milk (HBM) composition varies and can be affected by food additives. Whether flame-retardant polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) found in HBM interact with lipid components of HBM to impede infant neurodevelopment is a critical public health issue. Using lipidomic analysis, we examined the association of PBDEs in HBM and HBM lipid components with infant neurodevelopment. HBM samples (n = 100) were collected at the beginning stage of breastfeeding and analyzed for 30 PBDE congeners as well as a group of lipid components by using high-resolution gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Infants were examined at 8 to 12 months of age by using the Bayley-III to assess neurodevelopment. A total of seven PBDEs, 35 lipids, and 27 fatty acids in HBM showed significant associations with Bayley-III scores. Multivariate analysis confirmed that these candidate PBDEs and lipid components were significant predictors of infant neurodevelopment. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid in HBM showed no association with infant neurodevelopment in the general Taiwanese population. While certain PBDEs may play a role, our findings indicate that the lipid components of HBM are directly important for infant neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsien Tsai
- Department of Child Care, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (M.-H.T.); (C.-W.L.)
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Emerging Compounds Research Center, General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - How-Ran Chao
- Emerging Compounds Research Center, General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Institute of Food Safety Management, College of Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| | - Wen-Li Hsu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Emerging Compounds Research Center, General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chung Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Wen Lin
- Department of Child Care, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (M.-H.T.); (C.-W.L.)
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- New York Heart Research Foundation, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
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Bannan D, Ali N, Alhakamy NA, Alfaleh MA, Alharbi WS, Rashid MI, Rajeh N, Malarvannan G. Brominated Flame Retardants in Children's Room: Concentration, Composition, and Health Risk Assessment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:6421. [PMID: 34198502 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Children spend most of their daily time indoors. Many of the items used indoors, such as furniture, electronics, textile, and children toys, are treated with chemicals to provide longevity and fulfil the safety standards. However, many chemicals added to these products are released into the environment during leaching out from the treated products. Many studies have reported brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor environments; however, few have focused on environments specified for young children. In this study, paired air (PM10) and dust samples were collected from the rooms (n = 30) of Saudi children. These samples were analyzed for different congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and three important alternative flame retardants using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) was the most important analyzed BFR in dust and PM10 samples with a median value of 3150 ng/g of dust and 75 pg/m3. This indicates the wider application of BDE 209 has implications for its occurrence, although its use has been regulated for specified uses since 2014. Among alternative BFRs, 2-Ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), and 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were found with a median levels of 10, 15 and 8 ng/g of dust, respectively. However, alternative BFRs were present in <50% of the PM10 samples. The calculated long term and daily exposures via indoor dust and PM10 of Saudi children from their rooms were well below the respective reference dose (RfD) values. Nonetheless, the study highlights BDE 209 at higher levels than previously reported from household dust in Saudi Arabia. The study warrants further extensive research to estimate the different classes of chemical exposure to children from their rooms.
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Ibeto C, Aju E, Imafidon B, Okongwu D. Exposure evaluation and risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in dust from microenvironments in Nsukka, Nigeria. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:10.1007/s11356-021-13054-x. [PMID: 33624236 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The health risks of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) to toddlers, children, and adults in creches, nursery schools, cars, and offices in Nsukka, Nigeria, via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal exposure pathways were evaluated. Eight PBDEs congeners (BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-100, BDE-99, BDE-154, BDE-153, BDE-183, and BDE-209) were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This is the first study on PBDEs in creches and nursery schools in Africa. The mean (median) ∑8PBDEs (ng/g) in creches, nursery schools, offices, and cars were 4355 (1850), 2095 (1130), and 37741 (2620) respectively. The concentrations of PBDEs between the three microenvironments were significantly different (p ˂ 0.05), and the highest concentration was found in cars. Ingestion of dust was the predominant pathway of exposure to PBDEs for toddlers and children, while dermal absorption was the dominant pathway for adults. Dermal absorption and ingestion in cars, creches, and nursery schools were of the same magnitude. Toddlers with the highest ingestion rate of PBDEs in creches, nursery schools, and cars are at risk especially from prolonged exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Ibeto
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria.
| | - Esther Aju
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Belove Imafidon
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Dozie Okongwu
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Lin Y, Le S, Feng C, Qiu X, Xu Q, Jin S, Zhang H, Jin Y, Wen Y, Xu H, Liu P, Rao Q, She J, Lu D. Exposure and health risk assessment of secondary contaminants closely related to brominated flame retardants (BFRs): Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in human milk in shanghai. Environ Pollut 2021; 268:115121. [PMID: 33139099 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), as the secondary environmental pollutants of the widely used brominated flame retardants (BFRs), possess the similar physicochemical and toxic properties as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). However, studies on human body exposure to them are extremely limited. In this study, forty human milk samples collected in Shanghai were measured for 13 PBDD/F congeners using gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS), to investigate their exposure level and characteristics, potential source and corresponding health risks to breastfed infants. The results showed no PBDDs but three PBDF congeners including 2,3,7,8-TBDF, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF and OBDF (mean concentration (detection rates) are 3.2 pg/g (72.5%), 9.5 pg/g (100%) and 28 pg/g (67.5%), respectively) were detected. The average toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ, 0.42 pg/g lw) presented the highest concentration level compared to other regions reported. The contribution of PBDFs to the total TEQ of PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs is 6.8%. The correlation between PBDD/Fs and age or dietary habits was not observed, which normally existed in their chlorinated analogues-PCDD/Fs. Significant correlations were observed between PBDFs and highly brominated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (especially for BDE 183 and BDE 209). The correlation between PCDD/Fs and PBDFs was not observed except 2,3,7,8-TBDF. The high PBDFs exposure in Shanghai may originate from the emission of PBDEs and/or non-PBDE BFRs in environment, according to the consistency of the environmental data previously reported. The average estimated dietary intakes (EDI) for breastfed infants is 2.0 pg TEQ/kg·bw/day (0.13-13 pg TEQ/kg·bw/day), within the range of the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for TCDD (1-4 pg TEQ/kg·bw/day) suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, given the high toxicity of PBDD/Fs, the potential health risks of these pollutants for breastfed infants should be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjie Lin
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Sunyang Le
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Xinlei Qiu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Shuping Jin
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Yu'e Jin
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Yimin Wen
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Shanghai Hongqiao Street Community Health Service Center, No.4 Lane 961 Hongqiao Road, Shanghai, 200051, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- Shanghai Jiangzhen Community Health Service Center, 762 Dongting Road, Shanghai, 201202, China
| | - Qinxiong Rao
- Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Jianwen She
- Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, United States
| | - Dasheng Lu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China.
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Song S, Zhou X, Guo C, Zhang H, Zeng T, Xie Y, Liu J, Zhu C, Sun X. Emission characteristics of polychlorinated, polybrominated and mixed polybrominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, and PBCDD/Fs) from waste incineration and metallurgical processes in China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 184:109608. [PMID: 31505407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Typical thermal processes are common sources of polychlorinated, polybrominated and mixed polybrominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, and PBCDD/Fs); however, very few reports have investigated their coemission. To clarify the emission characteristics of these DD/Fs, two municipal waste incinerators (MWIs), three hazardous waste incinerators (HWIs), one cement kiln coprocessing municipal waste incinerator (CMWI), one secondary copper smelter (SCu), and one iron and steel sintering smelter (ISS) in China were investigated. In total, 17 congeners of PCDD/Fs, 14 congeners of PBDD/Fs, and 12 congeners of PBCDDs in stack flue gases from these thermal processes were analyzed using a high-resolution gas chromatograph/high-resolution mass spectrometer (HRGC/HRMS) in this study. PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs and PBCDD/Fs were detectable in all samples, with total concentrations of 911-5.15 × 103 pg/Nm3 (80.2-414 pg TEQ/Nm3). The concentrations of each DD/F were similar within the same type of facility and varied among different types of facilities. The contributions of PBDD/Fs and PBCDD/Fs to the total concentrations exceeded that of PCDD/Fs in some cases, such as in HWIs and SCu. In general, the ∑Cl4-7 CDFs and ∑Cl7-8 CDDs, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF, and 1-B-2,3,7,8-TeCDD and 2-B-1,3,7,8-TeCDD were the dominant congeners in the PCDD/F, PBDD/F, and PBCDD/F mass concentrations, respectively. Several other congeners present at low mass concentrations, such as 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxBDF, have potential as major contributors to the TEQs due to their high toxic equivalency factors. These results reveal the necessity of synergistically inhibiting the occurrences of PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, and PBCDD/Fs from these sources and provide valuable information for use in the source identification of these pollutants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Song
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Zhejiang Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Chenqi Guo
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Tao Zeng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yidong Xie
- Zhejiang Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Zhejiang Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Chaofei Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xingrong Sun
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou, 510655, China
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Zhan F, Zhang H, Cao R, Fan Y, Xu P, Chen J. Release and Transformation of BTBPE During the Thermal Treatment of Flame Retardant ABS Plastics. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:185-193. [PMID: 30516371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thermal scenarios inevitably occur during the lifecycle of engineering plastics laden with brominated flame retardants (BFRs). However, little information on the fate of embedded BFRs during the thermal processes is available. In this study, we measured the release and transformation of a typical BFR, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), during the thermal treatment of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastics. The possible thermal scenarios were simulated by varying the heating temperature and atmosphere. The maximum release rate of BTBPE was observed at 350 °C. A release kinetic model was developed to explore the mechanism of BTBPE release while heating ABS. Material-phase diffusion was found to be the rate-determining step during release. According to the developed release model, it was estimated that 0.04-0.17% of embedded BTBPE could be released to air during the industrial processing of ABS plastics. When the heating temperature was ≥350 °C, approximately 15-56% of embedded BTBPE decomposed to bromophenols (BPs) and 1,3,5-tribromo-2-(vinyloxy) benzene (TBVOB), and the decomposition followed a first-order kinetics at 350 °C. Polybrominated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) were also significantly formed at ≥350 °C from BPs and TBVOB via a precursor mechanism. A higher temperature (≥450 °C) was favorable for the formation of PBDFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faqiang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian , 116023 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian , 116023 , China
| | - Rong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian , 116023 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yun Fan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian , 116023 , China
| | - Pengjun Xu
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian , 116023 , China
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Yang J, Huang D, Zhang L, Xue W, Wei X, Qin J, Ou S, Wang J, Peng X, Zhang Z, Zou Y. Multiple-life-stage probabilistic risk assessment for the exposure of Chinese population to PBDEs and risk managements. Sci Total Environ 2018; 643:1178-1190. [PMID: 30189534 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies assessing body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) exposure have been conducted in the United States and Europe. However, the long-term assessment that is associated with multimedia exposure of PBDEs for the Chinese population is not available. The current study estimated the health risks using large PBDEs data to quantify the contributions of various media from different regions and distinguished the most vulnerable periods in life. We summarized media-specific (soil, dust, outdoor and indoor air, human milk and food) concentration of PBDEs in China from 2005 to 2016. Probabilistic risk assessment was adopted to estimate the health risks of infants, toddlers, children, teenagers and adults through ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption. Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis were performed to quantify risk estimates uncertainties. E-waste areas had the highest PBDEs concentration, which was at least an order of magnitude higher than in other areas. BDE209 was the primary congener, accounting for 38-99% of the estimated daily intake. The dominant exposure pathway for infants was dietary intake through human milk, whereas dust ingestion was a higher contributing factor for toddlers, children, teenagers and adults. The 95th percentile of hazard index for infants and toddlers from e-waste areas of Guangdong and Zhejiang provinces exceeded one. Our estimates also suggested that infants may have the highest body burdens of PBDEs compared to other age groups. Sensitivity analyses indicated that PBDEs concentrations and ingestion rates contributed to major variances in the risk model. In this study, e-waste was found as a significant source of PBDEs, and PBDEs-containing e-waste are likely to be a threat to human health especially during early period of life. Risk strategies for better managing environmental PBDEs-exposure and human health are needed, due to the high intake of PBDEs and their persistence in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Daizheng Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Li'e Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - William Xue
- North Carolina University, 2101 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Songfeng Ou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xiaowu Peng
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yunfeng Zou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
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Chen MW, Castillo BAA, Lin DY, Chao HR, Tayo LL, Gou YY, Chen FA, Huang KL. Levels of PCDD/Fs, PBDEs, and PBDD/Fs in Breast Milk from Southern Taiwan. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2018; 100:369-375. [PMID: 29368304 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the congener-specific concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in 25 breast milk samples from southern Taiwan. Most investigated congeners in Taiwanese breast milk are detectable except for PBDD/Fs. The geometric means of PCDD/Fs and PBDEs in the breast milk are 2.44 pg WHO2005-TEQ/g lipid and 2810 pg/g lipid. Several PCDD/F and PBDE congeners were highly correlated to each other like 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF (r = 0.919, p < 0.001). The longest duration of menstruation could be predicted by BDE-153 (β = 0.252) and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF (β = 0.345) with adjustment of confounders using a multiple stepwise linear regression model (r = 0.963, p < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Men-Wen Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, 912, Pingtung County, Taiwan
| | - Bryan Angelo A Castillo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, Biological Engineering and Material Science and Engineering, Mapúa Institute of Technology, Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila, 1002, Philippines
| | - Din-Yan Lin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, 912, Pingtung County, Taiwan
| | - How-Ran Chao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, 912, Pingtung County, Taiwan.
| | - Lemmuel L Tayo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, Biological Engineering and Material Science and Engineering, Mapúa Institute of Technology, Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila, 1002, Philippines
| | - Yan-You Gou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, 912, Pingtung County, Taiwan
| | - Fu-An Chen
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Tajen University, Yanpu Township, 90741, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Lin Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, 912, Pingtung County, Taiwan.
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Li J, Tao Y, Chen S, Li H, Chen P, Wei MZ, Wang H, Li K, Mazzeo M, Duan Y. A flexible plasma-treated silver-nanowire electrode for organic light-emitting devices. Sci Rep 2017; 159:1-8. [PMID: 29184113 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver nanowires (AgNWs) are a promising candidate to replace indium tin oxide (ITO) as transparent electrode material. However, the loose contact at the junction of the AgNWs and residual surfactant polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) increase the sheet resistance of the AgNWs. In this paper, an argon (Ar) plasma treatment method is applied to pristine AgNWs to remove the PVP layer and enhance the contact between AgNWs. By adjusting the processing time, we obtained AgNWs with a sheet resistance of 7.2Ω/□ and a transmittance of 78% at 550 nm. To reduce the surface roughness of the AgNWs, a peel-off process was used to transfer the AgNWs to a flexible NOA63 substrate. Then, an OLED was fabricated with the plasma-treated AgNWs electrode as anode. The highest brightness (27000 cd/m2) and current efficiency (11.8 cd/A) was achieved with a 30 nm thick light emitting layer of tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum doped with 1% 10-(2-benzothiazolyl)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1,1,7,7-tetramethyl-1H,5 H,11H-(1)-benzopyropyrano(6,7-8-I,j)quinolizin-11-one. Compared to thermal annealing, the plasma-treated AgNW film has a lower sheet resistance, a shorter processing time, and a better hole-injection. Our results indicate that plasma treatment is an effective and efficient method to enhance the conductivity of AgNW films, and the plasma-treated AgNW electrode is suitable to manufacture flexible organic optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Ye Tao
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Shufen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu Nation Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huiying Li
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Wei
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012, China
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu Nation Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hu Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Marco Mazzeo
- Istituto di Nanotecnologia, CNR-Nanotec, c/o Campus Ecotekne via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Yu Duan
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012, China.
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu Nation Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Malliari E, Kalantzi OI. Children's exposure to brominated flame retardants in indoor environments - A review. Environ Int 2017; 108:146-169. [PMID: 28863388 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present up-to-date research on children's exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor environments. Large geographical variations were observed for all BFRs [polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)], with the highest concentrations of PBDEs measured in North America (BDE-47) and Europe (BDE-209), where higher concentrations of PBDEs are present in dust from houses, daycare centers and primary schools. In Asia the highest PBDE concentrations were measured in China, near e-waste recycling areas. In the Middle East, Australia and Africa BFR levels were low in most indoor spaces. Asian countries also have the highest concentrations of TBBPA and HBCDD, followed by European countries. Fewer studies have been conducted measuring novel and emerging BFRs (NBFRs or EBFRs), of which decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) has the highest concentration in indoor environments, especially in China. The vast majority of children's exposure studies have been conducted in houses, sampling either dust or air, and considerably fewer in schools, daycare centers, cars and public facilities, despite BFR levels being comparable to (or sometimes even higher than) house dust. Relatively fewer studies focused on children's tissues such as serum, and only two studied exposure via mouthing toys. Alternative noninvasive sampling matrices that may act as surrogates for exposure to BFRs such as handwipes and silicone wristbands have recently started to gain momentum, because of the ease of sampling, faster collection time and better correlations to serum than house dust. Feces sampling is another promising alternative to children's serum that warrants further research. While many studies have associated different indoor environment characteristics, there is a knowledge gap on the association between children's behaviour and activity patterns and their exposure to BFRs, as well as data on infant exposure to BFRs via baby products. Results from the studies showed that dust ingestion was the dominant exposure pathway for most studied BFRs compared to indoor air inhalation and dermal contact, especially for infants and toddlers who have higher exposures than older children.
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