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Ma J, Xiang S, Shi Y, Xie X, Chai A, Li L, Li B, Fan T. Application of ultra-low-volume spray for the control of vegetable disease in greenhouse: Investigation of formulation performance and potential dermal exposure. Pest Manag Sci 2024; 80:2761-2772. [PMID: 38314954 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of pesticides in greenhouse vegetable cultivation is necessary and significant. However, traditional pesticide application methods such as the use of backpack sprayers with water-diluted pesticides have certain drawbacks, e.g., uneven distribution, high labor intensity, and safety risks. RESULTS In this work, fluazinam ultra-low-volume liquids (Flu-ULVs) were prepared using oily solvents as carriers. The effects of different oils on the physical properties of the preparations were investigated. The Flu-ULV can be sprayed directly using a hand-held ultra-low-volume (ULV) sprayer without dilution with water. Compared with commercial water-based suspension concentrates of fluazinam, the Flu-ULV samples showed better wetting of tomato leaves, better atomization, and more uniform droplet distribution. At a dosage of 300 mL/ha, the coverage rate of tomato leaves ranged from 32.47% to 79.3%, with a droplet deposition density of 556 to 2017 droplets/cm2. Application of Flu-ULVs provided 70.86% control efficacy against gray mold in tomatoes, which was higher than those achieved with reference products. Dermal exposure to Flu-ULVs was also evaluated in greenhouse experiments. The coverage rates for all parts of the operator's body ranged from 0.02% to 0.07%, with deposition volumes of 2.23 to 12.26 μg/cm2. CONCLUSION Ground ULV spraying of fluazinam was proved to be an effective and safe management option for the control of tomato gray mold in greenhouses. This study laid a foundation for the use of ultra-low volume spray to control vegetable diseases in greenhouse, especially those induced by high humidity environment. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuewen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ali Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baoju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tengfei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Maharjan A, Gautam R, Acharya M, Jo J, Lee D, K C PB, Lee YA, Kwon JT, Kim H, Kim K, Kim C, Kim H, Heo Y. Association of immunotoxicological indices with lung cancer biomarkers in poultry, grape, and rose farming workers. Toxicol Res 2023; 39:739-747. [PMID: 37779584 PMCID: PMC10541357 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to occupational hazards like dust, pesticides, diesel emission particles, or physical hazards in the agricultural sector is known to cause adverse health effects on farm workers. Our study aimed at addressing the association of immunomodulatory status with plasma levels of lung cancer biomarkers in farming population, attempting to recognition of vulnerable farming group. Blood samples from apparently healthy 51 chicken husbandry, 19 grape orchard, and 21 rose greenhouse workers were subjected to evaluate plasma levels of two representative lung cancer biomarkers, pro-gastrin releasing peptide (Pro-GRP) and cytokeratin fragment 19 (CYFRA 21-1). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from farmers were used for natural killer (NK) cell phenotyping and cytokines (interferon-gamma, IFN-γ and interleukin-13, IL-13) profiling in the culture supernatant. Compared to the rose greenhouse farmers, the grape orchard and chicken husbandry workers revealed a significantly upregulated plasma Pro-GRP and CYFRA 21-1 level. A low proportion of NK cells was observed among the female grape orchard workers and a lowered IFN- γ:IL-13 ratio was seen in the grape and chicken husbandry workers than the rose workers. Our findings imply that grape orchard and chicken husbandry workers have more disturbed immune homeostasis implicated with augmentation in the levels of lung cancer biomarkers than the rose greenhouse workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Maharjan
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, 13-13, Hayang-Ro, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongsan, 38430 Republic of Korea
| | - Ravi Gautam
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, 13-13, Hayang-Ro, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongsan, 38430 Republic of Korea
| | - Manju Acharya
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, 13-13, Hayang-Ro, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongsan, 38430 Republic of Korea
| | - JiHun Jo
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, 13-13, Hayang-Ro, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongsan, 38430 Republic of Korea
| | - DaEun Lee
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, 13-13, Hayang-Ro, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongsan, 38430 Republic of Korea
| | - Pramod Bahadur K C
- Graduate School Department of Toxicology, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, 38430 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-A Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, 38430 Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Taek Kwon
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689 Republic of Korea
| | - HyoCher Kim
- Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, 54875 Republic of Korea
| | - KyungRan Kim
- Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, 54875 Republic of Korea
| | - ChangYul Kim
- Graduate School Department of Toxicology, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, 38430 Republic of Korea
| | - HyoungAh Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Heo
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, 13-13, Hayang-Ro, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongsan, 38430 Republic of Korea
- Graduate School Department of Toxicology, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, 38430 Republic of Korea
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3
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Badawy MH, Murnane D, Lewis KA, Morgan N. A new laboratory method to study the impact of leaf texture on pesticide dislodgeable foliar residues (DFR). J Environ Sci Health B 2023; 58:555-564. [PMID: 37563806 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2023.2236914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are vital in meeting the challenge of feeding the rapidly increasing world population. However, it is crucial that they are used in a way that does not compromise the safety of humans or the environment. Non-dietary worker risk assessments consider the amount of residue which can be transferred from plant foliage to the skin or clothes, known as dislodgeable foliar residues (DFRs). DFR data scarcity due to the costly and seasonal characteristics of DFR studies is an obstacle to the extrapolation of DFR data to different crops/leaves. This paper validates a new proof-of-concept technique to investigate factors that may affect DFR (leaf texture) using the fungicide difenoconazole EC 10% as an example on various leaves (i.e., French bean, soybean, tomato, oilseed rape, and wheat). DFR was the lowest in the case of oilseed rape (31.0 ± 3.4%) and the highest in French beans (82.0 ± 2.9%). This significant difference in DFR in the findings of this study sheds light on the importance of the leaf surface as a major factor affecting DFR and supports the application of the laboratory method for more extensive data generation. More data generation would enable the extrapolation saving money and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Badawy
- Department of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Darragh Murnane
- Department of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Kathleen A Lewis
- Department of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Neil Morgan
- Department of Product Safety, Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
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Ben Halima N, Álvarez-Fernández L, Blanco-Paniagua E, Abid-Essefi S, Guedri Y, Merino G. In vitro interaction of the pesticides flupyradifurone, bupirimate and its metabolite ethirimol with the ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 (ABCG2). Toxicol Lett 2023; 380:23-30. [PMID: 37011773 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
ABCG2 is an ATP-binding cassette efflux transporter that is expressed in absorptive and excretory organs such as liver, intestine, kidney, brain and testis where it plays a crucial physiological and toxicological role in protecting cells against xenobiotics, affecting pharmacokinetics of its substrates. In addition, the induction of ABCG2 expression in mammary gland during lactation is related to active secretion of many toxicants into milk. In this study, the in vitro interactions between ABCG2 and three pesticides flupyradifurone, bupirimate and its metabolite ethirimol were investigated to check whether these compounds are substrates and/or inhibitors of this transporter. Using in vitro transepithelial assays with cells transduced with murine, ovine and human ABCG2, we showed that ethirimol and flupyradifurone were transported efficiently by murine Abcg2 and ovine ABCG2 but not by human ABCG2. Bupirimate was not found to be an in vitro substrate of ABCG2 transporter. Accumulation assays using mitoxantrone in transduced MDCK-II cells suggest that none of the tested pesticides were efficient ABCG2 inhibitors, at least in our experimental conditions. Our studies disclose that ethirimol and flupyradifurone are in vitro substrates of murine and ovine ABCG2, opening the possibility of a potential relevance of ABCG2 in the toxicokinetics of these pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Ben Halima
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Laura Álvarez-Fernández
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (INDEGSAL), University of Leon, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 Leon, Spain
| | - Esther Blanco-Paniagua
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (INDEGSAL), University of Leon, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 Leon, Spain
| | - Salwa Abid-Essefi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Yosra Guedri
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplantation, Sahloul Universitary Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Gracia Merino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (INDEGSAL), University of Leon, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 Leon, Spain.
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5
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Badawy MH, Murnane D, Lewis KA, Morgan N. Development of a New Dislodgeable Foliar Residue Analytical Laboratory Method for Pesticides. Ann Work Expo Health 2022; 66:1070-1080. [PMID: 35765246 PMCID: PMC10483580 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The dislodgeable foliar residue (DFR) is the amount of pesticide that exists on foliage after the pesticide has dried and which could dislodge to the skin or clothes of workers and is a key parameter for non-dietary risk assessments required to demonstrate safe use for pesticide registration. DFR data in the literature are described as insufficiently reliable, limited, and encompasses considerable statistical uncertainties. The purpose of this article is to describe a newly developed laboratory method for the quantification of DFR with an illustrative example. The laboratory method reflected available field DFR methodology but involved controlled application of droplets to leaves and validation of the wash-off process used to remove the residue from the leaf surface before the analytical quantification. A very high level of accuracy (99.7-102.1%) and precision (±1.5%) was achieved. Residue data generated from the illustrated application of the method showed a robust normal distribution, unlike field studies. The method is deemed to be controllable, cost-efficient, and time-saving, taking hours rather than days. This enables the generation of more data to allow extrapolation between the generated data by investigating multiple factors that may influence DFR. An improved understanding of DFR could save time, money, and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Badawy
- The School of Life and Medical Science, University of Hertfordshire, School of Life and Medical Sciences, Hatfield, Herts AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Darragh Murnane
- The School of Life and Medical Science, University of Hertfordshire, School of Life and Medical Sciences, Hatfield, Herts AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Kathleen A Lewis
- The School of Life and Medical Science, University of Hertfordshire, School of Life and Medical Sciences, Hatfield, Herts AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Neil Morgan
- Product Safety Department, Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK
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Tsakirakis AN, Kasiotis KM, Glass CR, Charistou AN, Anastasiadou P, Gerritsen-ebben R, Machera K. Sequential Indoor Use of Pesticides: Operator Exposure via Deposit Transfer from Sprayed Crops and Contaminated Application Equipment. Applied Sciences 2022; 12:3909. [DOI: 10.3390/app12083909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dermal transfer of pesticide residues to human skin due to contact with treated crops, treated surfaces, or contaminated surfaces is an important route of exposure for operators, workers and possibly for bystanders and residents. However, information on dermal transfer data is limited and mainly available for workers. The aim of the present study has been to generate both dermal exposure and transfer data related for operators involved in sequential tasks of mixing/loading and application of pesticides in a southern EU zone greenhouse. Exposure measurements were based on the principles of the whole-body dosimetry (WBD) method involving the use of cotton coveralls and gloves as dosimeters. Six field trials were conducted in three tomato greenhouses, on the island of Crete, Greece. The study results showed that the contribution of existing pesticide deposits on the treated crops, i.e., from an application conducted earlier the same day, was in the range of 8–16% for the application task and 0.9–18% for the mixing/loading task in relation to the measured total exposure to this pesticide during a short-term sequential application. The results of this study have been incorporated in the GAOEM (Greenhouse Agricultural Operator Exposure Model) included in the updated EFSA Guidance on the assessment of exposure of operators, workers, residents and bystanders in risk assessment of plant protection products. The low values of the pesticide amount penetrating the coverall (actual dermal exposure) in all cases highlight and confirm the need for the use of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) for operator safety.
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Renier M, Busson A, Boulanger M, Piel C, Pons R, Tual S, Amadéo B, Meryet‐Figuiere M, Marcotullio E, Clin B, Baldi I, Lebailly P, Arveux P, Bara S, Bouvier AM, Busquet T, Colonna M, Coureau G, Delanoé M, Grosclaude P, Guizard AV, Herbrecht P, Laplante JJ, Lapotre‐Ledoux B, Launoy G, Lenoir D, Marrer E, Marcotullio E, Maynadié M, Molinié F, Monnereau A, Paumier A, Jarriges J, Thibaudier JM, Troussard X, Velten M, Wavelet E, Woronoff AS. Agricultural exposure and risk of soft tissue sarcomas and gastrointestinal stromal sarcoma in the
AGRIculture
and
CANcer
(
AGRICAN
) cohort. Int J Cancer 2022; 150:1792-1803. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Renier
- INSERM, UMR 1086 ANTICIPE, INSERM Caen France
- Université de Caen Normandie Caen France
| | - Amandine Busson
- INSERM, UMR 1086 ANTICIPE, INSERM Caen France
- Université de Caen Normandie Caen France
| | - Mathilde Boulanger
- INSERM, UMR 1086 ANTICIPE, INSERM Caen France
- Université de Caen Normandie Caen France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer François Baclesse Caen France
| | - Clément Piel
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team EPICENE, U1219 Bordeaux France
| | - Romain Pons
- INSERM, UMR 1086 ANTICIPE, INSERM Caen France
- Université de Caen Normandie Caen France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer François Baclesse Caen France
| | - Séverine Tual
- INSERM, UMR 1086 ANTICIPE, INSERM Caen France
- Université de Caen Normandie Caen France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer François Baclesse Caen France
| | - Brice Amadéo
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team EPICENE, U1219 Bordeaux France
- FRANCIM, Réseau national du registre des cancers Toulouse France
| | - Matthieu Meryet‐Figuiere
- INSERM, UMR 1086 ANTICIPE, INSERM Caen France
- Université de Caen Normandie Caen France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer François Baclesse Caen France
| | - Elisabeth Marcotullio
- Caisse Centrale de la Mutualité Sociale Agricole, Echelon National Santé sécurité au travail Bagnolet France
| | - Bénédicte Clin
- INSERM, UMR 1086 ANTICIPE, INSERM Caen France
- Université de Caen Normandie Caen France
- CHU de Caen Service de Pathologie Professionnelle Caen France
| | - Isabelle Baldi
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team EPICENE, U1219 Bordeaux France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Santé Publique Service de Médecine du Travail et Pathologies professionnelles Bordeaux France
| | - Pierre Lebailly
- INSERM, UMR 1086 ANTICIPE, INSERM Caen France
- Université de Caen Normandie Caen France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer François Baclesse Caen France
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Bureau M, Béziat B, Duporté G, Bouchart V, Lecluse Y, Barron E, Garrigou A, Dévier MH, Budzinski H, Lebailly P, Baldi I. Pesticide exposure of workers in apple growing in France. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 95:811-823. [PMID: 34761282 PMCID: PMC9038849 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-021-01810-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective Although apple trees are heavily sprayed, few studies have assessed the pesticide exposure of operators and workers in apple orchards. However, these data are crucial for assessing the health impact of such exposures. The aim of this study was to measure pesticide exposure in apple growing according to tasks and body parts. Methods A non-controlled field study was conducted in apple orchards in 4 regions of France during the 2016 and 2017 treatment seasons. Workers’ external contamination and their determinants were assessed over 156 working days corresponding to 30 treatment days, 68 re-entry days and 58 harvesting days. We measured pesticide dermal contamination during each task and made detailed observations of work characteristics throughout the day. Captan and dithianon were used as markers of exposure. Results The median dermal contamination per day was 5.50 mg of captan and 3.33 mg of dithianon for operators, 24.39 mg of captan and 1.84 mg of dithianon for re-entry workers, and 5.82 mg of captan and 0.74 mg of dithianon for harvesters. Thus, workers performing re-entry tasks, especially thinning and anti-hail net opening, presented higher contamination, either equal to or higher than in operators. For these last ones, mixing/loading and equipment cleaning were the most contaminating tasks. Most of the contamination was observed on workers’ hands in all tasks, except for net-opening in which their heads accounted for the most daily contamination. Conclusions This study highlights the importance of taking indirect exposures into account during re-entry work in apple growing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Bureau
- BPH Center, Inserm U1219, Université de Bordeaux, ISPED, Case 11, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| | - Béatrix Béziat
- BPH Center, Inserm U1219, Université de Bordeaux, ISPED, Case 11, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Geoffroy Duporté
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR5805 EPOC-LPTC, 351 cours de la Libération, 33400, Talence, France
| | - Valérie Bouchart
- LABÉO, Saint Contest, 1 route de Rosel, 14000, Caen, France.,Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR 1086 ANTICIPE, 14000, Caen, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre Le Cancer François Baclesse, 3 avenue du Général Harris, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Yannick Lecluse
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR 1086 ANTICIPE, 14000, Caen, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre Le Cancer François Baclesse, 3 avenue du Général Harris, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Emmanuelle Barron
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR5805 EPOC-LPTC, 351 cours de la Libération, 33400, Talence, France
| | - Alain Garrigou
- BPH Center, Inserm U1219, Université de Bordeaux, ISPED, Case 11, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Dévier
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR5805 EPOC-LPTC, 351 cours de la Libération, 33400, Talence, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR5805 EPOC-LPTC, 351 cours de la Libération, 33400, Talence, France
| | - Pierre Lebailly
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR 1086 ANTICIPE, 14000, Caen, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre Le Cancer François Baclesse, 3 avenue du Général Harris, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Isabelle Baldi
- BPH Center, Inserm U1219, Université de Bordeaux, ISPED, Case 11, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Service Santé Travail Environnement, Place Amélie Raba Léon, 33000, Bordeaux, France
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9
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Nassar PPM, Ribeiro MG. Considerations for cholinesterase biomonitoring in flower and ornamental plant greenhouse workers. Sci Total Environ 2020; 711:135228. [PMID: 31822418 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flower cultivation in greenhouses enhances productivity and ensures high-quality product supply throughout the year. However, under such protected environments, climate conditions are designed to favor flower growth and can intensify occupational exposure to pesticides. In this study, flower greenhouse workers were tested for cholinesterase inhibition, a valuable indicator of occupational exposure to organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. The quantified inhibition was also associated with working practices using these outcomes to explore ways in which provisions of regulatory Occupational Health Control Programs can be met considering the peculiarities of this working environment. Despite their preliminary nature, and considering that workers had not been previously tested, the obtained results suggested that the designed pre- and post-screening process, enabled biomonitoring of the exposed population. The pre-exposure sample was collected after 11 days from pesticide spraying and the post-exposure sample was collected no later than 10 days after pesticide spraying. AChE activity was significantly depressed in flower greenhouse workers, comparing pre- and post-exposure intervals. Nursery workers, often overlooked, presented greater inhibition of AChE activity. Such finding is consistent with effects believed to be associated with the described job and the way activities are conducted, once nursery workers are regularly exposed to low levels of pesticides owing to their continuous contact with sprayed crops. As predicted by Occupational Safety and Health Standards, establishing biomonitoring programs is achievable, despite the intensive use of pesticides. Quantification is important to target the exposed population but is not sufficient to assure good working conditions and avoid exposure. Administrative and working practices, such as job misclassification, non-compliance with national regulations for occupational health control, pesticide handling, lack of REI protocols, and unsuitable delivery of PPE, must be addressed. Anything less will contribute to worsening an already bleak picture in terms of occupational safety and health in flower and ornamental plant greenhouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Peixoto Monteiro Nassar
- Fundação Jorge Duprat Figueiredo de Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho (FUNDACENTRO), Rua Capote Valente 710, CEP 05409-002, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcela Gerardo Ribeiro
- Fundação Jorge Duprat Figueiredo de Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho (FUNDACENTRO), Rua Capote Valente 710, CEP 05409-002, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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10
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Abstract
Greenhouses are enclosed structures which have various characteristics that enhance crop productivity, but the implications for workers' pesticide exposure and uptake are not well understood. A narrative literature review was conducted to explore the mechanism/s of interactions between greenhouse characteristics and occupational pesticide exposure. Using a "work", "worker" and "workplace" conceptual framework, the greenhouse environment (hot and humid microclimate, limited space and dense crop arrangements) combines with work characteristics (high work and pesticide use intensity, multi-tasking, predominantly manual spraying techniques and quick reentry to treated farms) to potentially increase occupational pesticide exposure, compared with open field farming. Greenhouse environments, are variable but have been shown to influence pesticide availability, route, pathways and frequency of exposure, deposition and distribution on a worker's body as well as use and performance of exposure control methods. Training programs can emphasize the differences in exposure potential between greenhouse and open field farming. Development of tailored guidelines for exposure control strategies to better suit the level of uniqueness of greenhouse agriculture seems warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatal Mesfin Tefera
- Adelaide Exposure Science and Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Leigh Thredgold
- Adelaide Exposure Science and Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dino Pisaniello
- Adelaide Exposure Science and Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sharyn Gaskin
- Adelaide Exposure Science and Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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11
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Tsakirakis AN, Kasiotis KM, Anastasiadou P, Charistou AN, Gerritsen-Ebben R, Glass CR, Machera K. Determination of pesticide dermal transfer to operators and agricultural workers through contact with sprayed hard surfaces. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:2858-2863. [PMID: 29781246 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study, the rate of dermal transfer of pesticides to agricultural workers occurring via contact with sprayed hard surfaces was investigated. Cotton gloves were used as dosimeters to collect residues from hard surfaces contaminated by pesticides in greenhouses. Dosimeters, either dry or moistened, were in contact with wood, metal and plastic surfaces that had previously been sprayed. The experimental approach applied mimicked typical hand contact. Moistened cotton gloves were used to simulate hand moisture from dew/condensation or rainfall. The effect of total duration of contact on the final hand exposure via transfer was investigated. RESULTS The higher duration contact tested (50 s) resulted in higher transfer rates for metal and plastic surfaces; no such effect was noted in the case of the wood surface. The pesticide amount transferred from the metal and plastic surfaces to wet gloves was greater than that transferred to dry gloves. Such a trend was not observed for the wood surface. Transfer rates varied from 0.46 to 77.62% and from 0.17 to 16.90% for wet and dry samples, respectively. CONCLUSION The current study has generated new data to quantify the proportion of pesticide deposits dislodged from three different non-crop surfaces when in contact with dry or wet gloves. © 2018 Crown copyright. Pest Management Science © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos N Tsakirakis
- Laboratory of Pesticides' Toxicology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Pelagia Anastasiadou
- Laboratory of Pesticides' Toxicology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Agathi N Charistou
- Laboratory of Pesticides' Toxicology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Rianda Gerritsen-Ebben
- TNO, Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development (RAPID), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kyriaki Machera
- Laboratory of Pesticides' Toxicology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
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12
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Rincón VJ, Páez FC, Sánchez-Hermosilla J. Potential dermal exposure to operators applying pesticide on greenhouse crops using low-cost equipment. Sci Total Environ 2018; 630:1181-1187. [PMID: 29554739 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
During pesticide application, operators are exposed to chemical products. Dermal exposure has been reported as the principal means of exposure for growers. In the present work, potential dermal exposure (PDE) has been assessed when using new low-cost equipment (a knapsack with a vertical spray boom) and compared to a hand-held spray lance, which is the equipment most widely used by growers in greenhouses. Two sprayers were used, a hand-held spray lance with four twin flat-fan nozzles and a knapsack fitted out with a vertical spray boom containing 3 pairs of twin flat-fan nozzles. Three applications were carried out and compared, one with the spray lance walking backwards (the reference application), and two with the spray boom - the first stopping at the turns and the second with no stopping. The patch method (19 position on the body) and tartrazine (the tracer) were used to assess de PDE. Each application tested was replicated three times. The results show that the knapsack with the vertical boom should not be used walking continuously along the greenhouse rows because the total PDE (1637.12mL 1000L-1) is greater than in the rest of the configurations tested. If the operator stops at the turns for a few seconds, allowing the previously sprayed droplet cloud to dissipate, the level of exposure decreases significantly (324.63mL 1000L-1), providing similar results to the reference application with the spray lance walking backwards (292.25mL 1000L-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor J Rincón
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - Francisco C Páez
- Research Centre "IFAPA-La Mojonera", Andalusian Government, Spain
| | - Julián Sánchez-Hermosilla
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
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