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Muñoz-Peñuela M, Lo Nostro FL, Gomes ADO, Tolussi CE, Lozano I, Moreira RG. A biomarker approach to study the effects of polluted Brazilian urban reservoirs in a native fish. Sci Total Environ 2024; 923:171500. [PMID: 38447713 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Two of the largest water reservoirs in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil (MRSP), named Billings and Guarapiranga, are facing high levels of anthropic impact. This is evidenced by the presence of contaminants and pollutants, which are deteriorating their water quality. Therefore, this study evaluated antioxidant defense enzymes, lipoperoxidation and genotoxicity, in adult females of a native species, Astyanax altiparanae from the Guarapiranga and Billings reservoirs. The study also aimed to evaluate these biomarkers during two different periods of the year, the rainy (summer) and dry (winter) seasons. The oxidative stress was evaluated by the activity of enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferases, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in the gills and liver, and the occurrence of lipoperoxidation was also evaluated in both organs. The genotoxicity was assessed by performing comet assay, micronucleus, and nuclear abnormality tests on blood samples. The results showed that fish from both reservoirs are subjected to oxidative stress and genotoxic damage, mainly during winter, but fish living in Billings showed greater alterations than fish from Guarapiranga. Likewise, the results of the principal component analysis suggested that caffeine, nitrogenous compounds, and some metals might be triggering these toxic effects in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Muñoz-Peñuela
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fabiana Laura Lo Nostro
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática and IBBEA, CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aline Dal Olio Gomes
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ismael Lozano
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática and IBBEA, CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Renata Guimarães Moreira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zhang Y, Feng K, Song D, Wang Q, Ye S, Liu J, Kainz MJ. Dietary fatty acid transfer in pelagic food webs across trophic and climatic differences of Chinese lakes. Sci Total Environ 2024; 913:169562. [PMID: 38142998 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
In eutrophic lake ecosystems, cyanobacteria typically lead to unbalanced phytoplankton community structure and low dietary quality for consumers at higher trophic levels. However, it still remains poorly understood how zooplankton manage to respond to seasonal and spatial differences in lake trophic gradients and temperature factors to retain highly required dietary nutrients from phytoplankton. In this field study, we investigated seston and different size classes of zooplankton of temperate and subtropical large lakes of different trophic conditions in China. We used fatty acids (FA) as dietary nutrients from seston to zooplankton to investigate how eutrophication affects the FA composition of various zooplankton size classes. This study revealed a curvilinear relationship between total phosphorus (TP) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) contents of edible phytoplankton ("seston") across 3 seasons and 2 climatic areas. The PUFA content of seston increased until mesotrophic lake conditions (TP: 11-20 μg L-1), after which the dietary provision of PUFA for respective consumers declined. Seston FA, rather than trophic condition or water temperature, primarily predicted changes in zooplankton FA, while this predictive power decreased with zooplankton size. Despite increasing eutrophic lake conditions, LC-PUFA content of the zooplankton consistently increased per unit biomass. The results indicate that the nutritional value of phytoplankton was highest in mesotrophic lakes, and lake zooplankton selectively increased their LC-PUFA retention with body size and/or were able to convert dietary FA endogenously to meet their size-specific FA demands, independent of lake location or time (season) or the measured trophic condition of the lake (from oligo- to eutrophic).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhe Zhang
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 South Donghu Road, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station, Dr. Carl Kupelwieser Promenade 5, A-3293 Lunz am See, Austria
| | - Kai Feng
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 South Donghu Road, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan Song
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 South Donghu Road, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qidong Wang
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 South Donghu Road, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Shaowen Ye
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 South Donghu Road, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Jiashou Liu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 South Donghu Road, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Martin J Kainz
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station, Dr. Carl Kupelwieser Promenade 5, A-3293 Lunz am See, Austria; Danube University Krems, Research Lab for Aquatic Ecosystem Research and Ecosystem Health, Dr. Karl Dorrek Straße 30, A-3500 Krems, Austria
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Calderini ML, Kahilainen KK, Estlander S, Peltomaa E, Piro AJ, Rigaud C, Ruuhijärvi J, Salmi P, Vesterinen J, Vuorio K, Taipale SJ. Eutrophication effect on production and transfer of omega-3 fatty acids in boreal lake food webs. Sci Total Environ 2023; 903:166674. [PMID: 37647960 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication, i.e. increasing level of nutrients and primary production, is a central environmental change of lakes globally with wide effects on food webs. However, how eutrophication affects the synthesis of physiologically essential biomolecules (omega-3 fatty acids) and their transfer to higher trophic levels at the whole food web level is not well understood. We assessed food web (phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish) biomass, community structure and fatty acid content (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA], and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]), together with fatty acid specific primary production in 12 Finnish boreal lakes covering the total nutrient gradient from oligotrophic to highly eutrophic lakes (4-140 μg TP l-1; 413-1814 μg TN l-1). Production was measured as the incorporation of 13C-NaHCO3 into phytoplankton fatty acids and differentiated into volumetric production (production per litre of water) and productivity (production per phytoplankton biomass). Increases in nutrients led to higher biomass of phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish communities while also affecting community composition. Eutrophication negatively influenced the contribution of phytoplankton biomass preferentially grazed by zooplankton (<35 μm). Total volumetric production saturated at high phytoplankton biomass while EPA volumetric production presented a logarithmic relationship with nutrient increase. Meanwhile, total and EPA productivity had unimodal responses to this change in nutrients. DHA volumetric production and productivity presented large variation with increases in total phosphorus, but a unimodal model best described DHA changes with eutrophication. Results showed that eutrophication impaired the transfer of EPA and DHA into zooplankton and fish, showing a clear negative impact in some species (e.g. perch) while having no effect in other species (e.g. roach, ruffe). Results show non-linear trends in fatty acid production and productivity peaking at nutrient concentrations 22-35 μg l-1 TP followed by a gradual decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco L Calderini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | | | - Satu Estlander
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Peltomaa
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Cyril Rigaud
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Pauliina Salmi
- Spectral Imaging Laboratory, Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jussi Vesterinen
- The Association for Water and Environment of Western Uusimaa, Lohja, Finland
| | - Kristiina Vuorio
- Finnish Environment Institute Syke, Nature Solutions, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami J Taipale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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da Silva J, Brambila-Souza G, Araujo DDM, Moreira RG. Effects of vitamin A supplementation on ovarian development of Astyanax lacustris (Teleostei: Characidae) during the non-breeding season. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 265:111132. [PMID: 34968658 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A (VA) is essential for fish reproduction, however, knowledge of VA requirement of broodstock fish is scarce. We investigated the physiological role of VA supplementation in the ovarian maturation of Astyanax lacustris throughout the non-breeding season. Adult females were distributed in five nutritional treatments, which differed by the amount of VA supplemented in a plant-based diet: T1 = 0, T2 = 1800, T3 = 3600, T4 = 7200, and T5 = 14,400 IU kg-1 of VA for 60 days after a period of 16 days feeding on a diet poor in VA to reduce body VA content. Plasma total lipids (TL), lipoproteins, and 17β-estradiol (E2) levels were measured after 30 and 60 days. Somatic indexes and morphophysiological ovarian parameters were calculated and VA concentration was analyzed in the ovaries and liver after 60 days. VA supplementation did not increase the concentration of this nutrient in the liver and ovaries. E2 plasma level increased in animals fed on 3600 IU kg-1 of VA (T3) after 60 days and females from T5 group presented a higher RF after 60 days. Ovarian development increased after 60 days compared to that after 30 days, confirmed by the higher gonadosomatic index (all groups). The supplementation with the highest VA level increased RF and decreased plasma TL (after 30 days) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (after 60 days) concentrations, showing a potential to improve reproduction even during the non-breeding season; however, its nutritional requirements of VA could be higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseane da Silva
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista - Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Brambila-Souza
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista - Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Magalhães Araujo
- Departamento de Gestão Agropecuária, Instituto Federal de Alagoas, Campus Satuba, Rua 17 de Agosto S/N, Zona Rural, 57120-000 Satuba, AL, Brazil
| | - Renata G Moreira
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav.14, n° 321, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Dal'Olio Gomes A, Gomes FR, Gücker B, Tolussi CE, Figueredo CC, Boëchat IG, Maruyama LS, Oliveira LC, Muñoz-Peñuela M, Pompêo MLM, de Lima Cardoso R, Marques VH, Moreira RG. Eutrophication effects on fatty acid profiles of seston and omnivorous fish in tropical reservoirs. Sci Total Environ 2021; 781:146649. [PMID: 33794454 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It has been postulated that eutrophication causes replacement of n3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n3 HUFA) rich taxa, such as Bacillariophyta, Cryptophyta and Dinophyta, with taxa poor in these fatty acids (FA), such as Chlorophyta and Cyanobacteria. Such a change in community composition at the basis of the food web may alter the FA composition of consumer tissues. Here, we investigated the effects of eutrophication on phytoplankton composition and FA profiles of seston and muscle of two omnivorous fish species (Astyanax fasciatus and Astyanax altiparanae) from reservoirs of different trophic status in Southeast Brazil. The phytoplankton composition and seston FA profiles reflected the degree of eutrophication at most of the studied sites. Three of the five most eutrophic sites were dominated by cyanobacteria and had the highest saturated fatty acid (SFA) and lowest polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) relative contents among all sites. In contrast, the remaining two sites presented a higher phytoplankton diversity and higher relative contribution of sestonic PUFAs with 18 carbons (C18) and HUFAs than less eutrophic systems. However, there were no clear effects of sestonic FA profiles on the FA profiles of muscle of both fish species. A higher percentage of n3 HUFAs was found in the fish samples from a hypereutrophic and cyanobacteria dominated reservoir than in those from sites with a more diverse phytoplankton community in which fish mainly showed higher percentages of C18 PUFA. These results suggest a lack of a direct relationship between the degree of eutrophication and the percentage of n3 HUFAs in both fish species, which can be caused by specific characteristics of the reservoirs that may modulate eutrophication effects. Therefore, consumer FA biochemistry seemed to be dictated by their ability to select, accumulate, and modify dietary FAs, rather than by the eutrophication degree of the studied tropical reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Dal'Olio Gomes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 101, SP 05508-090, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Ribeiro Gomes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 101, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Björn Gücker
- Departamento de Geociências, Universidade Federal São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Cleber Cunha Figueredo
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Iola Gonçalves Boëchat
- Departamento de Geociências, Universidade Federal São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Chagas Oliveira
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcela Muñoz-Peñuela
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 101, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | | | - Rayssa de Lima Cardoso
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Marques
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 101, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Renata Guimarães Moreira
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 101, SP 05508-090, Brazil
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Bagul VP, Annapure US. Isolation of fast-growing thraustochytrids and seasonal variation on the fatty acid composition of thraustochytrids from mangrove regions of Navi Mumbai, India. J Environ Manage 2021; 290:112597. [PMID: 33878627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to isolate fast-growing thraustochytrids and the influence of seasonal variation in fatty acid composition from the mangrove habitat. The thraustochytrids were isolated from fallen yellowish or green mangrove leaves, in four seasons, including winter, summer, rainy, and post rainy season in one year. The thraustochytrids were analyzed for biomass production, total lipid content, and fatty acid profile. The thraustochytrid isolates showed biomass yield and total lipid content in the range of 14.12 ± 0.69 to 22.98 ± 0.53 g/L and 34.98-58.86% per dry cell weight, respectively. The isolates showed two dominant fatty acids, palmitic acid (PA) as saturated fatty acid (SFA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in total fatty acid (TFA) content. The significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed for seasonal variations in SFA and DHA content in summer isolates and winter isolates. The maximum DHA content with 47.12% of TFA, recorded in winter (January) isolates and summer (April) isolates with SFA 68.82% of TFA. The results from this study were verified the hypothesis that the presence of high DHA producing thraustochytrids in lower temperature season in the same habitat. These findings have also emphasized the role of the environmental temperature conditions and the importance of thraustochytrid fatty acid composition as a dietary biomarker. Also, it revealed the ecological significance of thraustochytrid in DHA enrichment in the food web of the marine ecosystem. These findings could be useful while isolating thraustochytrids according to seasons for industrial application for omega 3 fatty acids and biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali P Bagul
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Uday S Annapure
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India.
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Muñoz-Peñuela M, Lo Nostro FL, Dal'Olio Gomes A, Tolussi CE, Branco GS, Pinheiro JPS, Godoi FGAD, Moreira RG. Diclofenac and caffeine inhibit hepatic antioxidant enzymes in the freshwater fish Astyanax altiparanae (Teleostei: Characiformes). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 240:108910. [PMID: 33045363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic ecosystems are low, they can cause toxic effects on organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diclofenac (DCF), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and caffeine (CAF), a central nervous system stimulant, both alone or combined, in Astyanax altiparanae males under acute exposure (96 h), measuring neurotoxicity biomarkers, antioxidant response and damage at biochemical and cellular levels. DCF concentration in water, separated and combined, was 3.08 mg L-1 and that of CAF was 9.59 mg L-1. To assess neurotoxicity, brain and muscle acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were measured. To evaluate oxidative stress, the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), as well as lipoperoxidation (LPO), were analyzed in liver and gills. Activity of hepatic cyclooxygenase (COX) was also evaluated. Genotoxicity was assessed in blood using comet assay and micronucleus test, as well as nuclear abnormalities. DCF and CAF, alone or combined, had neither effect on AChE activity, nor in the activity of SOD, CAT, GPx and GST in gills. In liver, DCF inhibited SOD and GPx activity, CAF inhibited CAT activity, the mixture inhibited SOD and GST activity; although only fish exposed to CAF showed increased hepatic LPO. Under these experimental conditions, no effect on COX activity was observed, nor cytotoxic and genotoxic damage. The most pronounced effects were caused by the drugs separately, since both compounds altered the enzymes, but only CAF triggered LPO, showing more harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Muñoz-Peñuela
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Metabolismo e Reprodução de Organismos Aquáticos, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fabiana Laura Lo Nostro
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática y IBBEA, CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aline Dal'Olio Gomes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Metabolismo e Reprodução de Organismos Aquáticos, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Giovana Souza Branco
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Metabolismo e Reprodução de Organismos Aquáticos, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Silva Pinheiro
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Metabolismo e Reprodução de Organismos Aquáticos, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Filipe Guilherme Andrade de Godoi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Metabolismo e Reprodução de Organismos Aquáticos, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Guimarães Moreira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Metabolismo e Reprodução de Organismos Aquáticos, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil
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