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Chhatrapati Bisen A, Nashik Sanap S, Agrawal S, Biswas A, Sankar Bhatta R. Chemical metabolite synthesis and profiling: Mimicking in vivo biotransformation reactions. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106722. [PMID: 37453238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation was previously viewed as merely the structural characterization of drug metabolites, and it was performed only when drug candidates entered clinical development. The synthesis of drug metabolites is crucial to the drug development process because it generates either pharmacologically active, inactive, or reactive molecules and hence their characterization and comprehensive pharmacological evaluation is necessary. The chemical metabolite synthesis is very challenging due to the complex structures of many drug molecules, presence of multiple stereocenters, poor reaction yields, and the formation of unwanted by-products. Drug metabolites and their chemical synthesis have immense significance in the drug discovery process. The chemical synthesis of metabolites facilitates on- or off-target pharmacological and toxicological evaluations at the easiest. In a broader view metabolite could be a target lead molecule for drug design, toxic reactive metabolites, pharmaceutical standards for bioanalytical methods, etc. Collectively these metabolite information dossiers will aid regulatory agencies such as the EMA and FDA in maintaining strict vigilance over drug manufacturers with regard to the safety of NCE's and their hidden metabolites. Herein, we are presenting a systematic compilation of chemical and biocatalytic strategies reported to date for pharmaceutical drug metabolite synthesis. This review report is very useful for the laboratory synthesis of new drug metabolites, and their preclinical biological evaluation could aid in the detection of early threats (alerts) in drug discovery, eliminate the toxicity profile, explore newer pharmacology, and delivering a promising and safe drug candidate to humankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Sristi Agrawal
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Arpon Biswas
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
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Abstract
For decades, anabolic androgenic agents have represented the substance class most frequently observed in doping control samples. They comprise synthetic and pseudoendogenous anabolic androgenic steroids and other, mostly non-steroidal compounds with (presumed) positive effects on muscle mass and function. While exogenous substances can easily be detected by gas/liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, significantly more complex methodologies including the longitudinal monitoring of individual urinary steroid concentrations/ratios and isotope ratio mass spectrometry are required to provide evidence for the exogenous administration of endogenous compounds. This narrative review summarizes the efforts made within the last 5 years to further improve the detection of anabolic agents in doping control samples. Different approaches such as the identification of novel metabolites and biomarkers, the acquisition of complementary mass spectrometric data, and the development of new analytical strategies were employed to increase method sensitivity and retrospectivity while simultaneously reducing method complexity to facilitate a higher and faster sample throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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Abstract
Abstract
Benzothiazole derivatives are essential intermediates in synthesizing a wide variety of medical and pharmaceutical compounds, and there is a great demand for a simple and efficient method to synthesize benzothiazoles under mild reaction conditions. Organic electrosynthesis as an energy-efficient process represents an environmentally benign and safer method than traditional methods for organic synthesis. Herein, we present bromine-free and straightforward synthesis of 2-amino benzothiazole derivatives via the reaction of aniline derivatives and ammonium thiocyanate using electrosynthesis in the presence of sodium bromide both as an electrolyte and as a brominating agent at room temperature in isopropyl alcohol (i-PrOH) as a solvent. The reaction of ammonium thiocyanate via C–H thiolation routes, using various aniline derivatives, resulted in a simple, green, and bromine-free synthesis of 2-amino benzothiazole in moderate to good yields under mild reaction conditions. Riluzole drug can be produced using the same procedure in moderate yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ahdenov
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran (CCERCI) , 14335-186 , Tehran , Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Mohammadi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran (CCERCI) , 14335-186 , Tehran , Iran
| | - Somayeh Makarem
- Department of Chemistry, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University , Karaj , Iran
| | - Salman Taheri
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran (CCERCI) , 14335-186 , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hoda Mollabagher
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran (CCERCI) , 14335-186 , Tehran , Iran
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Loke S, de la Torre X, Iannone M, La Piana G, Schlörer N, Botrè F, Bureik M, Parr MK. Controlled administration of dehydrochloromethyltestosterone in humans: Urinary excretion and long-term detection of metabolites for anti-doping purpose. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 214:105978. [PMID: 34418529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone (DHCMT) is an anabolic-androgenic steroid that was developed by Jenapharm in the 1960s and was marketed as Oral Turinabol®. It is prohibited in sports at all times; nevertheless, there are several findings by anti-doping laboratories every year. New long-term metabolites have been proposed in 2011/12, which resulted in adverse analytical findings in retests of the Olympic games of 2008 and 2012. However, no controlled administration trial monitoring these long-term metabolites was reported until now. In this study, DHCMT (5 mg, p.o.) was administered to five healthy male volunteers and their urine samples were collected for a total of 60 days. The unconjugated and the glucuronidated fraction were analyzed separately by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The formation of the described long-term metabolites was verified, and their excretion monitored in detail. Due to interindividual differences there were several varieties in the excretion profiles among the volunteers. The metabolite M3, which has a fully reduced A-ring and modified D-ring structure, was identified by comparison with reference material as 4α-chloro-17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methyl-18-nor-5α-androstan-13-en-3α-ol. It was found to be suitable as long-term marker for the intake of DHCMT in four of the volunteers. In one of the volunteers, it was detectable for 45 days after single oral dose administration. However, in two of the volunteers M5 (already published as long-term metabolite in the 1990s) showed longer detection windows. In one volunteer M3 was undetectable but another metabolite, M2, was found as the longest detectable metabolite. The last sample clearly identified as positive was collected between 9.9 and 44.9 days. Furthermore, the metabolite epiM4 (partially reduced A-ring and a modified D-ring structure which is epimerized in position 17 compared to M3) was identified in the urine of all volunteers with the help of chemically synthesized reference as 4-chloro-17α-hydroxymethyl-17β-methyl-18-nor-androsta-4,13-dien-3β-ol. It may serve as additional confirmatory metabolite. It is highly recommended to screen for all known metabolites in both fractions, glucuronidated and unconjugated, to improve identification of cheating athletes. This study also offers some deeper insights into the metabolism of DHCMT and of 17α-methyl steroids in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Loke
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Michele Iannone
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome, 00197, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe La Piana
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nils Schlörer
- Universität zu Köln, NMR facility, Department of Chemistry, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome, 00197, Italy; REDs - Research and Expertise in antiDoping Sciences, ISSUL - Institute des Sciences du Sport, Université de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Bureik
- Tianjin University, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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Loke S, Liu L, Wenzel M, Scheffler H, Iannone M, de la Torre X, Schlörer N, Botrè F, Keiler AM, Bureik M, Parr MK. New Insights into the Metabolism of Methyltestosterone and Metandienone: Detection of Novel A-Ring Reduced Metabolites. Molecules 2021; 26:1354. [PMID: 33802606 PMCID: PMC7961831 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metandienone and methyltestosterone are orally active anabolic-androgenic steroids with a 17α-methyl structure that are prohibited in sports but are frequently detected in anti-doping analysis. Following the previously reported detection of long-term metabolites with a 17ξ-hydroxymethyl-17ξ-methyl-18-nor-5ξ-androst-13-en-3ξ-ol structure in the chlorinated metandienone analog dehydrochloromethyltestosterone ("oral turinabol"), in this study we investigated the formation of similar metabolites of metandienone and 17α-methyltestosterone with a rearranged D-ring and a fully reduced A-ring. Using a semi-targeted approach including the synthesis of reference compounds, two diastereomeric substances, viz. 17α-hydroxymethyl-17β-methyl-18-nor-5β-androst-13-en-3α-ol and its 5α-analog, were identified following an administration of methyltestosterone. In post-administration urines of metandienone, only the 5β-metabolite was detected. Additionally, 3α,5β-tetrahydro-epi-methyltestosterone was identified in the urines of both administrations besides the classical metabolites included in the screening procedures. Besides their applicability for anti-doping analysis, the results provide new insights into the metabolism of 17α-methyl steroids with respect to the order of reductions in the A-ring, the participation of different enzymes, and alterations to the D-ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Loke
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (S.L.); (L.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Lingyu Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (S.L.); (L.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Maxi Wenzel
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (S.L.); (L.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Heike Scheffler
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (S.L.); (L.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Michele Iannone
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (X.d.l.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (X.d.l.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Nils Schlörer
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Universität zu Köln, Grenstraße 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (X.d.l.T.); (F.B.)
- REDs–Research and Expertise in Antidoping Sciences, ISSUL–Institute del Sciences du Sport de l’Université de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Annekathrin Martina Keiler
- Institute of Doping Analysis & Sports Biochemistry Dresden, Dresdner Str. 12, 01731 Kreischa, Germany;
- Environmental Monitoring & Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Bureik
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China;
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (S.L.); (L.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
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