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Zina SM, Hoarau G, Labetoulle M, Khairallah M, Rousseau A. Ocular Manifestations of Flavivirus Infections. Pathogens 2023; 12:1457. [PMID: 38133340 PMCID: PMC10747099 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are a group of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses predominantly transmitted by arthropods (mainly mosquitoes) that cause severe endemic infections and epidemics on a global scale. They represent a major cause of systemic morbidity and death and are expanding worldwide. Among this group, dengue fever, the West Nile virus, yellow fever, Japanese Encephalitis, and, recently, the Zika virus have been linked to a spectrum of ocular manifestations. These manifestations encompass subconjunctival hemorrhages and conjunctivitis, anterior and posterior uveitis (inclusive of vitritis, chorioretinitis, and retinal vasculitis), maculopathy, retinal hemorrhages, and optic neuritis. Clinical diagnosis of these infectious diseases is primarily based on epidemiological data, history, systemic symptoms and signs, and the pattern of ocular involvement. Diagnosis confirmation relies on laboratory testing, including RT-PCR and serological testing. Ocular involvement typically follows a self-limited course but can result in irreversible visual impairment. Effective treatments of flavivirus infections are currently unavailable. Prevention remains the mainstay for arthropod vector and zoonotic disease control. Effective vaccines are available only for the yellow fever virus, dengue virus, and Japanese Encephalitis virus. This review comprehensively summarizes the current knowledge regarding the ophthalmic manifestations of the foremost flavivirus-associated human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourour Meziou Zina
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bicêtre Hospital, Public Assistance, Hospitals of Paris, Reference Network for Rare Diseases in Ophthalmology (OPHTARA), 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (S.M.Z.); (G.H.); (M.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir 5019, Tunisia;
| | - Gautier Hoarau
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bicêtre Hospital, Public Assistance, Hospitals of Paris, Reference Network for Rare Diseases in Ophthalmology (OPHTARA), 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (S.M.Z.); (G.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Marc Labetoulle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bicêtre Hospital, Public Assistance, Hospitals of Paris, Reference Network for Rare Diseases in Ophthalmology (OPHTARA), 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (S.M.Z.); (G.H.); (M.L.)
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB), Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies (IDMIT), French Alternative Energies and Atomic Commission (CEA), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Moncef Khairallah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir 5019, Tunisia;
| | - Antoine Rousseau
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bicêtre Hospital, Public Assistance, Hospitals of Paris, Reference Network for Rare Diseases in Ophthalmology (OPHTARA), 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (S.M.Z.); (G.H.); (M.L.)
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB), Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies (IDMIT), French Alternative Energies and Atomic Commission (CEA), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Debnath F, Chakraborty D, Banerjee S, Maji D, Dey T, Vaitheeswaran K, Mondal P, Biswas P, Chatterjee P. Assessment of effectiveness of Japanese encephalitis vaccination in West Bengal, India using sample positivity rate as an alternate measure. J Vector Borne Dis 2021; 58:199-205. [DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.321751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Singh H, Singh N, Mall RK. Japanese Encephalitis and Associated Environmental Risk Factors in Eastern Uttar Pradesh: A time series analysis from 2001 to 2016. Acta Trop 2020; 212:105701. [PMID: 32956640 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
India and other Southeast Asian countries are severely affected by Japanese encephalitis (JE), one of the deadliest vector-borne disease threat to human health. Several epidemiological observations suggest climate variables play a role in providing a favorable environment for mosquito development and virus transmission. In this study, generalized additive models were used to determine the association of JE admissions and mortality with climate variables in Gorakhpur district, India, from 2001-2016. The model predicted that every 1 unit increase in mean (Tmean;°C), and minimum (Tmin;°C) temperature, rainfall (RF; mm) and relative humidity (RH; %) would on average increase the JE admissions by 22.23 %, 17.83 %, 0.66 %, and 5.22 % respectively and JE mortality by 13.27 %, 11.77 %, 0.94 %, and 3.27 % respectively Conversely, every unit decrease in solar radiation (Srad; MJ/m2/day) and wind speed (WS; Kmph) caused an increase in JE admission by 17% and 11.42% and in JE mortality by 9.37% and 4.88% respectively suggesting a protective effect at higher levels. The seasonal analysis shows that temperature was significantly associated with JE in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon while RF, RH, Srad, and WS are associated with the monsoon. Effect modification due to age and gender showed an equal risk for both genders and increased risk for adults above 15 years of age, however, males and age groups under 15 years outnumbered females and adults. Sensitivity analysis results to explore lag effects in climate variables showed that climate variables show the strongest association at lag 1 to 1.5 months with significant lag effect up tp lag 0-60 days. The exposure-response curve for climate variables showed a more or less linear relationship, with an increase in JE admissions and mortality after a certain threshold and decrease were reported at extreme levels of exposure. The study concludes that climate variables could influence the JE vector development and multiplication and parasite maturation and transmission in the Gorakhpur region whose indirect impact was noted for JE admission and mortality. In response to the changing climate, public health interventions, public awareness, and early warning systems would play an unprecedented role to compensate for future risk.
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Wu Y, Wu X, Chen J, Hu J, Huang X, Zhou B. A novel protein chip for simultaneous detection of antibodies against four epidemic swine viruses in China. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:162. [PMID: 32456688 PMCID: PMC7249397 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present, pig industry in China is faced with the complex situation of mixed infection caused by multiple pathogens. It is urgent to develop some new high-throughput molecular diagnosis assays to simultaneously detect pathogens or antibodies. Biochip array technology has made it possible to screen thousands of samples simultaneously; it has been twice named as one of the top 10 scientific and technological breakthroughs. Studies have reported encouraging results using protein biochips for detecting antibodies against avian infectious bronchitis virus and ruminant bluetongue virus, but the research of this technology for the diagnosis of swine diseases is still sparse. RESULTS In this study, a novel protein chip was developed that can simultaneously detect the antibodies of four important swine viruses as follow, classical swine fever virus (CSFV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Four prokaryotic expression plasmids pET-32a-E2 of CSFV, -VP2 of PPV, -EDIII of JEV, and -N of PRRSV were induced by IPTG (Isopropyl β-D-1-Thiogalactopyranoside) and overexpressed in E.coli, respectively. The purified proteins were identified by Western blotting and then printed on epoxy-coated glass slides. The optimized parameters of this diagnostic chip showed that the spotting concentrations of E2、VP2、EDIII、N proteins were 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, and 0.4 mg/mL. The optimal primary and secondary antibody dilutions were 1:50 and 1: 600. Compared with the commercial ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kits, the positive and negative coincidence rates of this chip were 95.8% ~ 100 and 86.2% ~ 100%, as well as, no cross-reaction. CONCLUSION This protein chip provided a fast, specific, and sensitive method for simultaneous detection of antibodies in clinical serum samples. Compared with traditional methods, this protein chip can monitor very small amount of serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xudan Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jingfei Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Khatun T, Chatterjee S. Emergence of West Nile virus in West Bengal, India: a new report. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2018; 111:178-184. [PMID: 28673021 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trx033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ICMR virus unit in Kolkata functions as an Appex Referral Laboratory for the detection of dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) infections in the eastern part of India. In spite of efforts for confirmatory diagnosis, some samples remain undiagnosed every year. West Nile virus (WNV) infection may mimic either dengue (flavivirus) or chikungunya (alphavirus) like illness. WNV is endemic in the tropical region where its principal/potential vectors are Aedes and Culex. Methods We explored the existence of WNV within undiagnosed samples to identify the emergence of a new public health problem. Results Of 1278 sera samples, 574 were negative for DENV and CHIKV either by ELISA or by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR. Of these 574 negative samples, 83 (14.5%) and 141 (24.56%) were positive for WNV by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively; no samples were positive for WNV by both methods. After assembling raw sequencing data, partial envelope genome sequence of West Bengal isolates, WNV was compared through BLAST with other WNV Indian strains and 98% homology detected. Phylogenetic analysis of one West Bengal isolates (Accession No. KY421790) and 28 Indian isolates available in GenBank, indicated close clustering. Conclusions The serological and molecular approaches have clearly established the emergence of WNV in West Bengal. Hence, for proper case management, detection of WNV in common febrile illness is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shyamalendu Chatterjee
- ICMR Virus Unit, GB- 4, 1st Floor 11 ID & BG Hospital, 57 Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700010, India
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Karthikeyan A, Shanmuganathan S, Pavulraj S, Prabakar G, Pavithra S, Porteen K, Elaiyaraja G, Malik YS. JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS, RECENT PERSPECTIVES ON VIRUS GENOME, TRANSMISSION, EPIDEMIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND PROPHYLACTIC INTERVENTIONS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.18006/2017.5(6).730.748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
Background & objectives: Japanese encephalitis (JE), caused by a mosquito-borne virus JE virus (JEV), is a serious health problem in West Bengal, India. In this study, we report the complete genome sequence of two JEV isolates from West Bengal. The amino acid and nucleotide sequence homology was compared with other Indian strains. Methods: Two JEV isolates (IND-WB-JE1 and IND-WB-JE2) obtained in 2008 and 2010, respectively, from two districts of the State of West Bengal, respectively were analyzed for genetic variations by sequencing the 10934 bp whole genome of the virus. Of these two districts, one was covered under JE vaccination programme in 2007. Results: Phylogenetic analysis showed that both the isolates belonged to the genotype III. A total of 16 mutations were identified in the two isolates studied with respect to Vellore P20778 strain. One unique mutation A3215S was only found in IND-WB-JE2 isolate, but not in the isolate IND-WB-JE1. These two isolates showed maximum homology with P20778 strain of India. Interpretation & conclusions: This study reports on complete gene based phylogenetic analysis of JEV isolates from the State of West Bengal. It was evident from the results that JEV was still under circulation in both vaccine covered and not covered districts of West Bengal.
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Han N, Adams J, Fang W, Liu SQ, Rayner S. Investigation of the genotype III to genotype I shift in Japanese encephalitis virus and the impact on human cases. Virol Sin 2015; 30:277-89. [PMID: 26311492 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito borne disease and is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in the Asia-Pacific area. The causative agent, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) can be phylogenetically classified into five genotypes based on nucleotide sequence. In recent years, genotype I (GI) has displaced genotype III (GIII) as the dominant lineage, but the mechanisms behind this displacement event requires elucidation. In an earlier study, we compared host variation over time between the two genotypes and observed that GI appears to have evolved to achieve more efficient infection in hosts in the replication cycle, with the tradeoff of reduced infectivity in secondary hosts such as humans. To further investigate this phenomenon, we collected JEV surveillance data on human cases and, together with sequence data, and generated genotype/case profiles from seven Asia-Pacific countries and regions to characterize the GI/GIII displacement event. We found that, when comprehensive and consistent vaccination and surveillance data was available, and the GIII to GI shift occurred within a well-defined time period, there was a statistically significant drop in JEV human cases. Our findings provide further support for the argument that GI is less effective in infecting humans, who represent a dead end host. However, experimental investigation is necessary to confirm this hypothesis. The study highlights the value of alternative approaches to investigation of epidemics, as well as the importance of effective data collection for disease surveillance and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Han
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
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Sarkar A, Datta S, Pathak BK, Mukhopadhyay SK, Chatterjee S. Japanese encephalitis associated acute encephalitis syndrome cases in West Bengal, India: A sero-molecular evaluation in relation to clinico-pathological spectrum. J Med Virol 2015; 87:1258-67. [PMID: 25939919 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a major public health problem in Asia and worldwide and it is responsible mainly for viral acute encephalitis syndrome (AES). The sole etiologic agent of JE is Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Although JE/AES cases have been regarded traditionally as a disease of children, a growing number of patients with JE/AES cases are also seen in the adult age group every year in the state of West Bengal, India in spite of vaccination. Therefore, a systematic study was performed to differentiate and characterize the clinico-pathological parameters and viral diversity among the patients of different age groups. Viral diversity was also evaluated from the JE/AES cases, depending on their disease severity. A total of 441 JE/AES cases were included in this study. By MAC-ELISA, 111 samples were found JEV IgM positive and among the IgM negative cases, 26 samples were found RT-PCR positive against JEV infection. Neck rigidity, abnormal behavior, convulsion, protein in CSF, WBC in CSF, and aspartate transaminase in blood differed significantly among the patients of pediatric-adolescent and adult group in both IgM positive and RT-PCR positive cases. Viral diversity was increased significantly in the pediatric-adolescent group compared to adult patients. Interestingly, with the rise in disease severity the viral diversity was found to be increased among the patients, irrespective of their age distribution. Based on clinico-pathological parameters and analysis of viral diversity, it can be concluded that viral diversity which occurs naturally is likely to affect disease severity, especially in the patients of pediatric-adolescent group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Sarkar
- ICMR Virus, ID & BG Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Bani K Pathak
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhra K Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
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Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is one of severe viral encephalitis that affects individuals in Asia, western Pacific countries, and northern Australia. Although 67,900 JE cases have been estimated among 24 JE epidemic countries annually, only 10,426 have been reported in 2011. With the establishment of JE surveillance and vaccine use in some countries, the JE incidence rate has decreased; however, serious outbreaks still occur. Understanding JE epidemics and identifying the circulating JE virus genotypes will improve JE prevention and control. This review summarizes the current epidemiology data in these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (SKLID), Department of Viral Encephalitis, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing People's Republic of China ; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (SKLID), Department of Viral Encephalitis, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing People's Republic of China ; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Bandyopadhyay B, Bhattacharyya I, Adhikary S, Mondal S, Konar J, Dawar N, Biswas A, Bhattacharya N. Incidence of Japanese encephalitis among acute encephalitis syndrome cases in West Bengal, India. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013:896749. [PMID: 24319693 DOI: 10.1155/2013/896749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most important cause of acute and epidemic viral encephalitis. Every year sporadic JE cases are reported from the various districts of West Bengal, indicating its endemicity in this state. JE vaccination programme has been undertaken by the State Health Department of West Bengal. This study was aimed at seeing the present scenario of JE among acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) cases in West Bengal. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood and/or CSF samples were referred from suspected AES cases to the referral virology laboratory of the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine from different hospitals of Kolkata. IgM antibody capture ELISA was performed on the CSF and serum samples by JE virus MAC ELISA kit supplied by the National Institute of Virology, Pune. RESULTS The present study reveals that 22.76% and 5% of the AES cases were positive for JE IgM in 2011 and 2012, respectively. JE is mainly prevalent in children and adolescents below 20 years of age with no gender predilection. Although the percentages of JE positive cases were high in 2011, it sharply decreased thereafter possibly due to better awareness programs, due to mass vaccination, or simply due to natural epidemiological niche periodicity due to herd immunity.
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Sarkar A, Banik A, Pathak BK, Mukhopadhyay SK, Chatterjee S. Envelope protein gene based molecular characterization of Japanese encephalitis virus clinical isolates from West Bengal, India: a comparative approach with respect to SA14-14-2 live attenuated vaccine strain. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:368. [PMID: 23927571 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing virulence of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne zoonotic pathogen is of grave concern because it causes a neurotrophic killer disease Japanese Encephalitis (JE) which, in turn, is responsible globally for viral acute encephalitis syndrome (AES). Despite the availability of vaccine, JE/AES cases and deaths have become regular features in the different rural districts of West Bengal (WB) state, India, indicating either the partial coverage of vaccine or the emergence of new strain of JEV. Therefore, a study was undertaken to characterize and compare the complete envelope (E) protein gene based molecular changes/patterns of JEVs circulating in WB. Methods Total of 98 AES case-patients’ samples were tested to detect the presence of JEV specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody by Mac-ELISA method. Only JEV IgM negative samples with a history of ≤3 days’ illness were screened for virus isolation and RT-PCR. E gene sequences of JEV isolates were subjected to molecular phylogeny and immunoinformatics analysis. Results Present study confirmed JEV etiology in 39.7% and 29.1% of patients presenting ≤15 days’ febrile illness, as determined by Mac-ELISA and RT-PCR respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete E gene sequences of JEV isolates showed the co-circulation of JEV genotype I (GI) with genotype III (GIII). This study also demonstrated that isolate-specific crucial amino acid substitutions were closely related to neurovirulence/neuroinvasiveness of JE. On the basis of immunoinformatics analysis, some substitutions were predicted to disrupt T-cell epitope immunogenicity/antigenicity that might largely influence the outcome of vaccine derived from JEV GIII SA14-14-2 strain and this has been observed in a previously vaccinated boy with mild JE/AES due to JEV GI infection. Conclusions Based on molecular evolutionary and bioinformatic approaches, we report evolution of JEV at a local level. Such naturally occurring evolution is likely to affect the disease profile and the vaccine efficacy to protect against JEV GI may demand careful evaluation.
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Sarkar A, Taraphdar D, Mukhopadhyay SK, Chakrabarti S, Chatterjee S. Molecular evidence for the occurrence of Japanese encephalitis virus genotype I and III infection associated with acute encephalitis in patients of West Bengal, India, 2010. Virol J 2012; 9:271. [PMID: 23153306 PMCID: PMC3560186 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne zoonotic pathogen, is the sole etiologic agent of Japanese Encephalitis (JE); a neurotropic killer disease which is one of the major causes of viral encephalitis worldwide with prime public health concern. JE was first reported in the state of West Bengal, India in 1973. Since then it is being reported every year from different districts of the state, though the vaccination has already been done. Therefore, it indicates that there might be either partial coverage of the vaccine or the emergence of mutated/new strain of JEV. Considering this fact, to understand the JEV genotype distribution, we conducted a molecular epidemiological study on a total of 135 serum/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples referred and/or collected from the clinically suspected patients with Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES), admitted in different district hospitals of West Bengal, India, 2010. Findings JEV etiology was confirmed in 36/135 (26.6%) and 13/61 (21.3%) 2–15 days’ febrile illness samples from AES cases by analyzing Mac-ELISA followed by RT-PCR test respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete envelope gene sequences of 13 isolates showed the emergence of JEV genotype I (GI), co-circulating with genotype III (GIII). Conclusion This study represents the first report of JEV GI with GIII, co-circulating in West Bengal. The efficacy of the vaccine (derived from JEV GIII strain SA-14-14-2) to protect against emerging JEV GI needs careful evaluation. In future, JE outbreak is quite likely in the state, if this vaccine fails to protect sufficiently against GI of JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Sarkar
- ICMR virus unit, ID & BG Hospital, 57, Dr, S, C, Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700010, West Bengal, India
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Mei L, Wu P, Ye J, Gao G, Shao L, Huang S, Li Y, Yang X, Chen H, Cao S. Development and application of an antigen capture ELISA assay for diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis virus in swine, human and mosquito. Virol J 2012; 9:4. [PMID: 22221768 PMCID: PMC3275457 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a serious zoonosis caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) which is a mosquito-borne pathogen of the family Flavivirus. However, the application of several developed laboratory methods for the detection of JEV antigens or antibodies are limited by their requirements of laboratory operations, skilled technicians and special facilities. Results To develop a method for detecting JEV antigen in swine, human, mosquito and other clinical specimens specifically, conveniently and effectively, an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was established in this study. Sensitivity, specificity, repeatability and stability of the developed method were evaluated, and 60 clinical samples were tested in this study. The results demonstrated that the antigen capture ELISA was capable in detecting JEV antigen with high sensitivity and specificity compared with conventional methods. 14 samples showed the positive result with coincidence rate of 70%, and 46 displayed negative result with coincidence rate of 100% as compared to that of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Conclusions The developed ELISA assay provides a convenient and specific method for the large-scale determination of JEV antigen in infected swine, human and mosquito samples with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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