1
|
Wen J, Liao H, Stachowski K, Hempfling JP, Qian Z, Yuan C, Foster MP, Pei D. Rational design of cell-permeable cyclic peptides containing a d-Pro-l-Pro motif. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115711. [PMID: 33069067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides are capable of binding to challenging targets (e.g., proteins involved in protein-protein interactions) with high affinity and specificity, but generally cannot gain access to intracellular targets because of poor membrane permeability. In this work, we discovered a conformationally constrained cyclic cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) containing a d-Pro-l-Pro motif, cyclo(AFΦrpPRRFQ) (where Φ is l-naphthylalanine, r is d-arginine, and p is d-proline). The structural constraints provided by cyclization and the d-Pro-l-Pro motif permitted the rational design of cell-permeable cyclic peptides of large ring sizes (up to 16 amino acids). This strategy was applied to design a potent, cell-permeable, and biologically active cyclic peptidyl inhibitor, cyclo(YpVNFΦrpPRR) (where Yp is l-phosphotyrosine), against the Grb2 SH2 domain. Multidimensional NMR spectroscopic and circular dichroism analyses revealed that the cyclic CPP as well as the Grb2 SH2 inhibitor assume a predominantly random coil structure but have significant β-hairpin character surrounding the d-Pro-l-Pro motif. These results demonstrate cyclo(AFΦrpPRRFQ) as an effective CPP for endocyclic (insertion of cargo into the CPP ring) or exocyclic delivery of biological cargos (attachment of cargo to the Gln side chain).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hui Liao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kye Stachowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jordan P Hempfling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ziqing Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chunhua Yuan
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mark P Foster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Dehua Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
The prevalence of oncogenic rat sarcoma virus (RAS) mutations has made RAS a popular target for cancer therapies. Significant discoveries have been reported regarding cancer molecular biology following the study of RAS mutations. These discoveries are integral in shaping the era of targeted cancer therapy, with direct targeting of RAS or downstream RAS effectors, such as Grb2 and MAPK a possibility. Novel agents such as farnesyltransferase directly bind and sequester RAS. While these new agents and approaches have shown promise in preclinical and clinical studies, the complexity of RAS signaling and the potential for robust adaptive feedback continue to present substantial challenges. Therefore, the development of targeted therapies will require a detailed understanding of the properties and dependencies of specific cancers to a RAS mutation. This review provides an overview of RAS mutations and their relationship with cancer and discusses their potential as therapeutic targets. The widespread prevalence of cancer has focused research attention on the discovery and development of newer therapies. Significant discoveries regarding genetic mutations have provided new opportunities for development of targeted cancer therapies. In this review, mutations in the rat sarcoma virus protein are discussed along with their potential as targets for drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana S Murdande
- ROSS University School of Medicine, Lloyd Erskine Sandiford Center, St Michael BB11039, Barbados
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kang MM, Shan SL, Wen XY, Shan HS, Wang ZJ. Tumor-Suppression Mechanisms of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase O and Clinical Applications. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:6215-23. [PMID: 26434819 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.15.6215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation plays an important role in regulating human physiological and pathological processes. Functional stabilization of tyrosine phosphorylation largely contributes to the balanced, coordinated regulation of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Research has revealed PTPs play an important suppressive role in carcinogenesis and progression by reversing oncoprotein functions. Receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase O (PTPRO) as one member of the PTPs family has also been identified to have some roles in tumor development. Some reports have shown PTPRO over-expression in tumors can not only inhibit the frequency of tumor cell division and induce tumor cell death, but also suppress migration. However, the tumor-suppression mechanisms are very complex and understanding is incomplete, which in some degree blocks the further development of PTPRO. Hence, in order to resolve this problem, we here have summarized research findings to draw meaningful conclusions. We found tumor-suppression mechanisms of PTPRO to be diverse, such as controlling G0/G1 of the tumor cell proliferation cycle, inhibiting substrate phosphorylation, down-regulating transcription activators and other activities. In clinical anticancer efforts, expression level of PTPRO in tumors can not only serve as a biomarker to monitor the prognosis of patients, but act as an epigenetic biomarker for noninvasive diagnosis. In addition, the re-activation of PTPRO in tumor tissues, not only can induce tumor volume reduction, but also enhance the susceptibility to chemotherapy drugs. So, we can propose that these research findings of PTPRO will not only support new study ideas and directions for other tumor- suppressors, importantly, but also supply a theoretical basis for researching new molecular targeting agents in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man-Man Kang
- The Center of Radiation Oncology, the 82th Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Huaian, Jiangsu, China E-mail : ,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qu Y, Chen Q, Lai X, Zhu C, Chen C, Zhao X, Deng R, Xu M, Yuan H, Wang Y, Yu J, Huang J. SUMOylation of Grb2 enhances the ERK activity by increasing its binding with Sos1. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:95. [PMID: 24775912 PMCID: PMC4021559 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Grb2 (Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2) is a key adaptor protein in maintaining the ERK activity via linking Sos1 (Son of sevenless homolog 1) or other proteins to activated RTKs, such as EGFR. Currently, little knowledge is available concerning the post-translational modification (PTM) of Grb2 except for its phosphorylation. Since emerging evidences have highlighted the importance of SUMOylation (Small ubiquitin-related modifier), a reversible PTM, in modulating protein functions, we wondered if Grb2 could be SUMOylated and thereby influences its functions especially involved in the Ras/MEK/ERK pathway. Methods SUMOylation of Grb2 was analyzed with the in vivo SUMOylation assay using the Ni2+-NTA affinity pulldown and the in vitro E.coli-based SUMOylation assay. To test the ERK activity and cell transformation, the murine fibroblast cell line NIH/3T3 and the murine colon cancer cell line CMT-93 were used for the experiments including Grb2 knockdown, ectopic re-expression, cell transformation and migration. Immunoprecipitation (IP) was employed for seeking proteins that interact with SUMO modified Grb2. Xenograft tumor model in mice was conducted to verify that Grb2 SUMOylation regulated tumorigenesis in vivo. Results Grb2 can be SUMOylated by SUMO1 at lysine 56 (K56), which is located in the linker region between the N-terminal SH3 domain and the SH2 domain. Knockdown of Grb2 reduced the ERK activity and suppressed cell motility and tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo, which were all rescued by stable ectopic re-expression of wild-type Grb2 but not the mutant Grb2K56R. Furthermore, Grb2 SUMOylation at K56 increased the formation of Grb2-Sos1 complex, which sequentially leads to the activation of Ras/MEK/MAPK pathway. Conclusions Our results provide evidences that Grb2 is SUMOylated in vivo and this modification enhances ERK activities via increasing the formation of Grb2-Sos1 complex, and may consequently promote cell motility, transformation and tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianxiu Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Y, Li Z, Yang M, Wang D, Yu L, Guo C, Guo X, Lin N. Identification of GRB2 and GAB1 coexpression as an unfavorable prognostic factor for hepatocellular carcinoma by a combination of expression profile and network analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85170. [PMID: 24391994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To screen novel markers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by a combination of expression profile, interaction network analysis and clinical validation. Methods HCC significant molecules which are differentially expressed or had genetic variations in HCC tissues were obtained from five existing HCC related databases (OncoDB.HCC, HCC.net, dbHCCvar, EHCO and Liverome). Then, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of these molecules was constructed. Three topological features of the network ('Degree', 'Betweenness', and 'Closeness') and the k-core algorithm were used to screen candidate HCC markers which play crucial roles in tumorigenesis of HCC. Furthermore, the clinical significance of two candidate HCC markers growth factor receptor-bound 2 (GRB2) and GRB2-associated-binding protein 1 (GAB1) was validated. Results In total, 6179 HCC significant genes and 977 HCC significant proteins were collected from existing HCC related databases. After network analysis, 331 candidate HCC markers were identified. Especially, GAB1 has the highest k-coreness suggesting its central localization in HCC related network, and the interaction between GRB2 and GAB1 has the largest edge-betweenness implying it may be biologically important to the function of HCC related network. As the results of clinical validation, the expression levels of both GRB2 and GAB1 proteins were significantly higher in HCC tissues than those in their adjacent nonneoplastic tissues. More importantly, the combined GRB2 and GAB1 protein expression was significantly associated with aggressive tumor progression and poor prognosis in patients with HCC. Conclusion This study provided an integrative analysis by combining expression profile and interaction network analysis to identify a list of biologically significant HCC related markers and pathways. Further experimental validation indicated that the aberrant expression of GRB2 and GAB1 proteins may be strongly related to tumor progression and prognosis in patients with HCC. The overexpression of GRB2 in combination with upregulation of GAB1 may be an unfavorable prognostic factor for HCC.
Collapse
|
6
|
Yengkopiong JP, Lako JDW. Genetic background of nonmutant Piebald-Virol-Glaxo rats does not influence nephronophthisis phenotypes. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2013; 6:39-46. [PMID: 23549608 PMCID: PMC3579405 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s39295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nephronophthisis (NPHP), which affects multiple organs, is a hereditary cystic kidney disease (CKD), characterized by interstitial fibrosis and numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. It is caused by mutations in NPHP genes, which encode for ciliary proteins known as nephrocystins. The disorder affects many people across the world and leads to end-stage renal disease. The aim of this study was to determine if the genetic background of the nonmutant female Piebald-Virol-Glaxo (PVG/Seac(-/-)) rat influences phenotypic inheritance of NPHP from mutant male Lewis polycystic kidney rats. METHODS Mating experiments were performed between mutant Lewis polycystic kidney male rats with CKD and nonmutant PVG and Wistar Kyoto female rats without cystic kidney disease to raise second filial and backcross 1 progeny, respectively. Rats that developed cystic kidneys were identified. Systolic blood pressure was determined in each rat at 12 weeks of age using the tail and cuff method. After euthanasia, blood samples were collected and chemistry was determined. Histological examination of the kidneys, pancreas, and liver of rats with and without cystic kidney disease was performed. RESULTS It was established that the genetic background of nonmutant female PVG rats did not influence the phenotypic inheritance of the CKD from mutant male Lewis polycystic kidney rats. The disease arose as a result of a recessive mutation in a single gene (second filial generation, CKD = 13, non-CKD = 39, χ (2) = 0.00, P ≥ 0.97; backcross 1 generation, CKD = 67, non-CKD = 72, χ (2) = 0.18, P > 0.05) and inherited as NPHP. The rats with CKD developed larger fluid-filled cystic kidneys, higher systolic blood pressure, and anemia, but there were no extrarenal cysts and disease did not lead to early pup mortality. CONCLUSION The genetic background of the nonmutant PVG rats does not influence the genetic and phenotypic inheritance of CKD from mutant Lewis polycystic kidney rats. A single recessive mutation incapacitated the gene, which relaxed its functional constraints, and led to formation of multiple cysts in the kidneys of the homozygous mutant rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jada Pasquale Yengkopiong
- John Garang Memorial University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bor, Jonglei State, Republic of South Sudan
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zafra-ruano A, Luque I. Interfacial water molecules in SH3 interactions: Getting the full picture on polyproline recognition by protein-protein interaction domains. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2619-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
8
|
Mouchemore KA, Pixley FJ. CSF-1 signaling in macrophages: pleiotrophy through phosphotyrosine-based signaling pathways. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2012; 49:49-61. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2012.666845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
9
|
Riera L, Lasorsa E, Ambrogio C, Surrenti N, Voena C, Chiarle R. Involvement of Grb2 adaptor protein in nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK)-mediated signaling and anaplastic large cell lymphoma growth. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26441-50. [PMID: 20554525 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.116327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) express oncogenic fusion proteins derived from chromosomal translocations or inversions of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene. Frequently ALCL carry the t(2;5) translocation, which fuses the ALK gene to the nucleophosmin (NPM1) gene. The transforming activity mediated by NPM-ALK fusion induces different pathways that control proliferation and survival of lymphoma cells. Grb2 is an adaptor protein thought to play an important role in ALK-mediated transformation, but its interaction with NPM-ALK, as well as its function in regulating ALCL signaling pathways and cell growth, has never been elucidated. Here we show that active NPM-ALK, but not a kinase-dead mutant, bound and induced Grb2 phosphorylation in tyrosine 160. An intact SH3 domain at the C terminus of Grb2 was required for Tyr(160) phosphorylation. Furthermore, Grb2 did not bind to a single region but rather to different regions of NPM-ALK, mainly Tyr(152-156), Tyr(567), and a proline-rich region, Pro(415-417). Finally, shRNA knockdown experiments showed that Grb2 regulates primarily the NPM-ALK-mediated phosphorylation of SHP2 and plays a key role in ALCL cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Riera
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The protein G18 (also known as AGS4 or GPSM3) contains three conserved GoLoco/GPR domains in its central and C-terminal regions that bind to inactive Galpha(i), whereas the N-terminal region has not been previously characterized. We investigated whether this domain might itself regulate G protein activity by assessing the abilities of G18 and mutants thereof to modulate the nucleotide binding and hydrolytic properties of Galpha(i1) and Galpha(o). Surprisingly, in the presence of fluoroaluminate (AlF(4)(-)) both G proteins bound strongly to full-length G18 (G18wt) and to its isolated N-terminal domain (G18DeltaC) but not to its GoLoco region (DeltaNG18). Thus, it appears that its N-terminal domain promotes G18 binding to fluoroaluminate-activated Galpha(i/o). Neither G18wt nor any G18 mutant affected the GTPase activity of Galpha(i1) or Galpha(o). In contrast, complex effects were noted with respect to nucleotide binding. As inferred by the binding of [(35)S]GTPgammaS (guanosine 5'-O-[gamma-thio]triphosphate) to Galpha(i1), the isolated GoLoco region as expected acted as a guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor, whereas the N-terminal region exhibited a previously unknown guanine nucleotide exchange factor effect on this G protein. On the other hand, the N terminus inhibited [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding to Galpha(o), albeit to a lesser extent than the effect of the GoLoco region on Galpha(i1). Taken together, our results identify the N-terminal region of G18 as a novel G protein-interacting domain that may have distinct regulatory effects within the G(i/o) subfamily, and thus, it could potentially play a role in differentiating signals between these related G proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peishen Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dekker FJ, DE Mol NJ, Liskamp RMJ. Thermodynamics of phosphotyrosine peptide-peptoid hybrids binding to the p56lck SH2 domain. J Pept Sci 2010; 16:322-8. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
12
|
Debily MA, Marhomy SE, Boulanger V, Eveno E, Mariage-Samson R, Camarca A, Auffray C, Piatier-Tonneau D, Imbeaud S. A functional and regulatory network associated with PIP expression in human breast cancer. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4696. [PMID: 19262752 PMCID: PMC2650800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The PIP (prolactin-inducible protein) gene has been shown to be expressed in breast cancers, with contradictory results concerning its implication. As both the physiological role and the molecular pathways in which PIP is involved are poorly understood, we conducted combined gene expression profiling and network analysis studies on selected breast cancer cell lines presenting distinct PIP expression levels and hormonal receptor status, to explore the functional and regulatory network of PIP co-modulated genes. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Microarray analysis allowed identification of genes co-modulated with PIP independently of modulations resulting from hormonal treatment or cell line heterogeneity. Relevant clusters of genes that can discriminate between [PIP+] and [PIP-] cells were identified. Functional and regulatory network analyses based on a knowledge database revealed a master network of PIP co-modulated genes, including many interconnecting oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, half of which were detected as differentially expressed through high-precision measurements. The network identified appears associated with an inhibition of proliferation coupled with an increase of apoptosis and an enhancement of cell adhesion in breast cancer cell lines, and contains many genes with a STAT5 regulatory motif in their promoters. CONCLUSIONS Our global exploratory approach identified biological pathways modulated along with PIP expression, providing further support for its good prognostic value of disease-free survival in breast cancer. Moreover, our data pointed to the importance of a regulatory subnetwork associated with PIP expression in which STAT5 appears as a potential transcriptional regulator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Anne Debily
- Array s/IMAGE, Genexpress, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology for Health, LGN-UMR 7091-CNRS and Pierre & Marie Curie University, Paris VI, Villejuif, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Harrison S, Das K, Karim F, Maclean D, Mendel D. Non-ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors – enhancing selectivity through new inhibition strategies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2008; 3:761-74. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.7.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
14
|
Pan Z, Wang J, Yin X, Xie P, Yang J, Jiang J, Zhang L, He F. The function study on the interaction between Grb2 and AMPK. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 307:121-7. [PMID: 17849173 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) is an extensively studied adaptor protein involved in cell signaling. Grb2 is a highly flexible protein composed of a single SH2 domain flanked by two SH3 domains. The evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), functions as a cellular fuel gauge that regulates metabolic pathways in glucose and fatty acid metabolism and protein synthesis. AMPK regulates the activation of TSC2 by phosphorylating TSC2. Here we report for the first time on the interaction of Grb2 with AMPK. SH2 domain of Grb2 and KIS domain of AMPK are both required for the combination of Grb2 and AMPK. Furthermore, Grb2 function as a factor which mediates phosphorylation of AMPK at Thr172, and potentially involves in metabolism pathways and AMPK-TSC2-mTOR cell growth pathway through regulating the activation of AMPK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteomics Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gril B, Vidal M, Assayag F, Poupon MF, Liu WQ, Garbay C. Grb2-SH3 ligand inhibits the growth of HER2+ cancer cells and has antitumor effects in human cancer xenografts alone and in combination with docetaxel. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:407-15. [PMID: 17372910 PMCID: PMC2755772 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
HER2 represents an important signaling pathway in breast and other cancers. Herceptin has demonstrated clinical activity, but resistance is common. Thus, new therapeutic approaches to the HER2 pathway are needed. Grb2 is an adaptor protein involved in Ras-dependent signaling induced by HER2 receptors. A specific Grb2-SH3 ligand, designed and synthesized in our laboratory, called peptidimer-c, inhibited colony formation in HER2 overexpressing SKBr3 cancer cells. Combined treatment of peptidimer-c with docetaxel further inhibited both colony formation and tumor cell survival compared to docetaxel treatment alone. Efficacy of this combined treatment was correlated with a reduction in the phosphorylation of MAPK and AKT. Finally, peptidimer-c reduced the growth of a HER2(+) human breast cancer (BK111) xenograft in nude mice and potentiated the antitumor effect of docetaxel in a HER2+ hormone-independent human prostate adenocarcinoma (PAC120 HID28) xenograft. These results validate Grb2 as a new target for the HER2 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brunilde Gril
- PMC, Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Cellulaire
CNRS : FRE2718INSERM : U648CNRS : IFR95Université Paris Descartes - Paris VFaculté de Médecine 45, rue des Saints-Pères 75270 PARIS CEDEX 06,FR
| | - Michel Vidal
- PMC, Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Cellulaire
CNRS : FRE2718INSERM : U648CNRS : IFR95Université Paris Descartes - Paris VFaculté de Médecine 45, rue des Saints-Pères 75270 PARIS CEDEX 06,FR
| | - Franck Assayag
- DIGBFC, Dynamique de l'information génétique : bases fondamentales et cancer
CNRS : UMR7147INST CURIEUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VIsection recherche 26 Rue d'Ulm 75248 PARIS CEDEX 05,FR
| | - Marie-France Poupon
- DIGBFC, Dynamique de l'information génétique : bases fondamentales et cancer
CNRS : UMR7147INST CURIEUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VIsection recherche 26 Rue d'Ulm 75248 PARIS CEDEX 05,FR
| | - Wang-Qing Liu
- PMC, Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Cellulaire
CNRS : FRE2718INSERM : U648CNRS : IFR95Université Paris Descartes - Paris VFaculté de Médecine 45, rue des Saints-Pères 75270 PARIS CEDEX 06,FR
| | - Christiane Garbay
- PMC, Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Cellulaire
CNRS : FRE2718INSERM : U648CNRS : IFR95Université Paris Descartes - Paris VFaculté de Médecine 45, rue des Saints-Pères 75270 PARIS CEDEX 06,FR
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Christiane Garbay
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Leroux V, Gresh N, Liu WQ, Garbay C, Maigret B. Role of water molecules for binding inhibitors in the SH2 domain of Grb2: A molecular dynamics study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
17
|
Abstract
Growth factor receptor-bound 2 (Grb2) is a ubiquitously expressed adapter protein that provides a critical link between cell surface growth factor receptors and the Ras signaling pathway. As such, it has been implicated in the oncogenesis of several important human malignancies. In addition to this function, research over the last decade has revealed other fundamental roles for Grb2 in cell motility and angiogenesis--processes that also contribute to tumor growth, invasiveness and metastasis. This functional profile makes Grb2 a high priority target for anti-cancer drug development. Knowledge of Grb2 protein structure, its component Src homology domains and their respective structure-function relationships has facilitated the rapid development of sophisticated drug candidates that can penetrate cells, bind Grb2 with high affinity and potently antagonize Grb2 signaling. These novel compounds offer considerable promise in our growing arsenal of rationally designed anti-cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pathirage G Dharmawardana
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1107, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shi ZD, Liu H, Zhang M, Worthy KM, Bindu L, Yang D, Fisher RJ, Burke TR. Synthesis of a C-terminally biotinylated macrocyclic peptide mimetic exhibiting high Grb2 SH2 domain-binding affinity. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:4200-8. [PMID: 15893931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although considerable effort has been devoted to developing Grb2 SH2 domain-binding antagonists, important questions related to ligand specificity, and identification of intracellular targets remain unanswered. In order to begin addressing these issues, the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a novel biotinylated macrocycle are reported that bears biotin functionality at a C-terminal rather than the traditional N-terminal position. With a Grb2 SH2 domain-binding K(eq) value of 3.4 nM, the title macrocycle (5) is among the most potent biotinylated SH2 domain-binding ligands yet disclosed. This should be a useful tool for elucidating physiological targets of certain Grb2 SH2 domain-binding antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Dan Shi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Unni E, Koul D, Yung WKA, Sinha R. Se-methylselenocysteine inhibits phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity of mouse mammary epithelial tumor cells in vitro. Breast Cancer Res 2005; 7:R699-707. [PMID: 16168115 PMCID: PMC1242134 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Revised: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Se-methylselenocysteine (MSC), a naturally occurring selenium compound, is a promising chemopreventive agent against in vivo and in vitro models of carcinogen-induced mouse and rat mammary tumorigenesis. We have demonstrated previously that MSC induces apoptosis after a cell growth arrest in S phase in a mouse mammary epithelial tumor cell model (TM6 cells) in vitro. The present study was designed to examine the involvement of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) pathway in TM6 tumor model in vitro after treatment with MSC. Methods Synchronized TM6 cells treated with MSC and collected at different time points were examined for PI3-K activity and Akt phosphorylation along with phosphorylations of Raf, MAP kinase/ERK kinase (MEK), extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The growth inhibition was determined with a [3H]thymidine incorporation assay. Immunoblotting and a kinase assay were used to examine the molecules of the survival pathway. Results PI3-K activity was inhibited by MSC followed by dephosphorylation of Akt. The phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was also downregulated after these cells were treated with MSC. In parallel experiments MSC inhibited the Raf–MEK–ERK signaling pathway. Conclusion These studies suggest that MSC blocks multiple signaling pathways in mouse mammary tumor cells. MSC inhibits cell growth by inhibiting the activity of PI3-K and its downstream effector molecules in mouse mammary tumor cells in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanual Unni
- Medicine Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dimpy Koul
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wai-Kwan Alfred Yung
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Raghu Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shi ZD, Karki RG, Oishi S, Worthy KM, Bindu LK, Dharmawardana PG, Nicklaus MC, Bottaro DP, Fisher RJ, Burke TR. Utilization of a nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) fluorophore in the design of a Grb2 SH2 domain-binding peptide mimetic. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1385-8. [PMID: 15713392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Revised: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence labeling has become a general technique for studying the intracellular accumulation and localization of exogenously administered materials. Reported herein is a low nanomolar affinity Grb2 SH2 domain-binding antagonist that utilizes the environmentally-sensitive nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) fluorophore as a naphthyl replacement. This novel agent should serve as a useful tool to visualize the actions of this class of Grb2 SH2 domain-binding antagonists in whole cell systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Dan Shi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Vidal M, Liu WQ, Gril B, Lenoir C, Garbay C. Inhibitors of tyrosine kinase proteins induced Ras signaling pathway as potential anti-tumor agents. CR CHIM 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2005.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
22
|
de Mol NJ, Catalina MI, Fischer MJE, Broutin I, Maier CS, Heck AJR. Changes in structural dynamics of the Grb2 adaptor protein upon binding of phosphotyrosine ligand to its SH2 domain. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 2004; 1700:53-64. [PMID: 15210125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2003] [Revised: 03/03/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) is an extensively studied adaptor protein involved in cell signaling. Grb2 is a highly flexible protein composed of a single SH2 domain flanked by two SH3 domains. Here we report on the structural dynamic effects upon interaction of a phosphopeptide ligand derived from the recognition sequence of the Shc adaptor protein with (i) the isolated SH2 domain of Grb2 (Grb2 SH2) and (ii) the full-length Grb2 protein. From kinetic studies using surface plasmon resonance, it was deduced that a conformation change occurred in the SH2 protein as well as the full-length Grb2 after binding. Measurements of hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) in the isolated SH2 domain and full-length Grb2 protein as monitored by electrospray mass spectrometry, showed that binding reduces the overall flexibility of the proteins, possibly via slightly different mechanisms for the single SH2 domain and the full-length Grb2 protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nico J de Mol
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
The growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) plays an important role in the Ras signaling pathway. Several proteins were found to be overexpressed by oncogenes in the Ras signaling pathway, rendering Grb2 a potential target for the design of antitumor agents. Blocking the interaction between the phosphotyrosine-containing activated receptor and the Src-homology 2 (SH2) domain of Grb2 thus constitutes an important strategy for the development of potential anticancer agents. X-ray, NMR structural investigations, and molecular modeling studies have provided the target structure of Grb2 SH2 domain-alone or complexed with a phosphotyrosine-containing peptide-which is useful for the structure-based design of peptides or peptidomimetics with high affinity for the Grb2 SH2 domain. We review here the variety of approaches to Grb2 SH2 pepide inhibitors developed with the aim of interrupting Grb2 recognition. Inhibitory effects of peptide analogs on the Grb2 SH2 domain and their binding affinities for Grb2 SH2 were determined by ELISA, cell-based assays, or Surface Plasman Resonance (SPR) technology. Results of theses studies provide important information for further modifications of lead peptides, and should lead to the discovery of potent peptides as anticancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Di T Lung
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical College 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bennasroune A, Gardin A, Aunis D, Crémel G, Hubert P. Tyrosine kinase receptors as attractive targets of cancer therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2004; 50:23-38. [PMID: 15094157 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2003.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2003] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are the main mediators of the signaling network that transmit extracellular signals into the cell, and control cellular differentiation and proliferation. Recent and rapid advances in our understanding of cellular signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases, in normal and malignant cells, have brought to light the potential of RTKs as selective anti-cancer targets. Their activity is normally tightly controlled and regulated. Overexpression of RTK proteins or functional alterations caused by mutations in the corresponding genes or abnormal stimulation by autocrine growth factor loops contribute to constitutive RTK signaling, resulting in dysregulated cell growth and cancer. The mechanisms of uncontrolled RTK signaling that leads to cancer has provided the rationale for anti-RTK drug development. Herceptin, Gleevec, and Iressa are the first examples of drugs which have successfully translated basic research on oncogenes into cancer therapeutics. RTKs can be viewed as multifunctional targets, and strategies towards the prevention and inhibition of RTK signaling include antibodies, antagonist ligands, small molecule inhibitors of protein kinase activity, and inhibitors of protein-protein interactions. Progresses in the field of rational drug design and computational chemistry will vastly benefit from the availability of increasing structural knowledge of both the kinase domains and the ligand-binding sites of these receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amar Bennasroune
- INSERM Unit 575, 5 rue Blaise Pascal, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shi ZD, Lee K, Liu H, Zhang M, Roberts LR, Worthy KM, Fivash MJ, Fisher RJ, Yang D, Burke TR. A novel macrocyclic tetrapeptide mimetic that exhibits low-picomolar Grb2 SH2 domain-binding affinity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 310:378-83. [PMID: 14521921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) is an SH2 domain-containing docking module that participates in the signaling of numerous oncogenic growth factor receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs). Presented herein is a 5-methylindolyl-containing macrocyclic tetrapeptide mimetic (5) that binds to Grb2 SH2 domain protein with K(d)=75 pM. This represents the highest affinity yet reported for a synthetic inhibitor against any SH2 domain. In whole cell assays this novel analogue is able to effectively block the association of Grb2 to cognate cytoplasmic erbB-2 at IC(50)<10nM without prodrug derivatization or the addition of carrier peptide motifs. Anti-mitogenic effects against erbB-2-dependent breast cancers are achieved at non-cytotoxic concentrations (IC(50)=0.6 microM). Macrocycle 5 may be representative of a new class of therapeutically relevant Grb2 SH2 domain-directed agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Dan Shi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CCR, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
This review is an attempt to illustrate the diversity of peptides reported for a potential or an established use in cancer therapy. With 612 references, this work aims at covering the patents and publications up to year 2000 with many inroads in years 2001-2002. The peptides are classed according to four categories of effective (or plausible) biological mechanisms of action: receptor-interacting compounds; inhibitors of protein-protein interaction; enzymes inhibitors; nucleic acid-interacting compounds. The fifth group is made of the peptides for which no mechanism of action has been found yet. Incidentally this work provides an overview of many of the modern targets of anticancer research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y L Janin
- UMR 176 CNRS-Intitut Curie, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lee K, Zhang M, Liu H, Yang D, Burke TR. Utilization of a beta-aminophosphotyrosyl mimetic in the design and synthesis of macrocyclic Grb2 SH2 domain-binding peptides. J Med Chem 2003; 46:2621-30. [PMID: 12801226 DOI: 10.1021/jm030049q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Grb2 SH2 domains are protein-docking modules that exert important functions in both normal and pathogenic signal transduction processes. Development of synthetic Grb2 SH2 domain binding ligands is being pursued by several groups as potential new therapies for a variety of diseases, including certain cancers. In these efforts, macrocyclization has been successfully utilized to take advantage of preferential recognition by Grb2 SH2 domains of ligands in beta-bend conformations. Recent examples of this approach include olefin-metathesis-derived macrocycles that employ ring closure at the beta-position of key pTyr-mimicking residues. In the current study, a novel phosphatase-stable beta-amino-pTyr mimetic designated "Pmp(beta)" was utilized to prepare variants of previously reported olefin-metathesis-derived macrocycles. An initial set of simplified cyclic peptides lacking key naphthyl side chain functionality was first synthesized to determine optimum ring size, with results indicating that a four-unit ring-closing segment was appropriate. On the basis of these findings, macrolactamization was undertaken with a more highly functionalized, naphthyl-containing gamma-amino acid analogue. The resulting cyclic beta-amino peptide is the first of a new class of pTyr-mimetic-containing ligands that may have utility in the development of antagonists of both Grb2 SH2 domains and other pTyr-dependent signaling systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, NCI-Frederick, P.O. Box B, Building 376, Boyles Street, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Feller SM, Tuchscherer G, Voss J. High affinity molecules disrupting GRB2 protein complexes as a therapeutic strategy for chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2003; 44:411-27. [PMID: 12688310 DOI: 10.1080/1042819021000037930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) is one of the most intensively studied human malignancies. It has been the focus of major efforts to develop potent drugs for several decades, but until recently cure rates remained low. A breakthrough in CML therapy was very likely accomplished with the clinical introduction of STI-571 [imatinib mesylate; Gleevec (USA); Glivec (other countries)] in 2000/2001. Despite the hope that STI-571 has generated for many CML patients, development of resistance to this drug is already apparent in some cases, especially if the CML is diagnosed in its later stages. Therefore, novel drugs which can be used alone or in combination with STI-571 are highly desirable. This review briefly summarises the current understanding and therapy of CML and then discusses in more detail basic laboratory research that attempts to target Grb2, an adaptor protein known to directly interact with the Bcr portion of the Bcr-Abl fusion protein. Blocking the binding of Grb2 to the GDP-releasing protein SoS is well known to abrogate the activation of the GTPase Ras, a major driving force of the central mitogenic (MAP kinase) pathway. Additional Grb2 effector proteins may also contribute to the proliferation-inhibiting effects observed upon uncoupling Grb2 from its downstream signalling system. Since Grb2 is a known signal transducer for several major human oncogenes, this approach may have applications for a wider range of human cancers.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Benzamides
- Drug Design
- Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/pharmacology
- Forecasting
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- GRB2 Adaptor Protein
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Macromolecular Substances
- Mice
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/physiology
- Piperazines/administration & dosage
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proteins/chemistry
- Proteins/metabolism
- Pyrimidines/administration & dosage
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Son of Sevenless Proteins/physiology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- ras Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- src Homology Domains
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan M Feller
- Cell Signalling Group, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. stephan.feller@.cancer.org.uk
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Shc is a prototype adapter protein that is expressed from the earliest stages of T-cell development. Shc becomes rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated after T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement. Expression of dominant negative forms of Shc in T-cell lines had also suggested a role for this adapter downstream of the TCR. However, until recently, the relative significance of Shc compared to several other adapters in T cells was unclear. Mice lacking Shc expression specifically in the T-cell lineage together with inducible expression of dominant negative Shc in transgenic mice have revealed an essential and nonredundant role for Shc in thymic T-cell development. Functional defects in a Jurkat T-cell line lacking Shc expression also suggest a role for Shc in mature T-cell functions. While the requirement of Shc in T-cell signaling is now established, precisely what signaling pathways downstream of Shc make this adapter unique are less clear. Although the Shc-mediated activation of the extracellular signal regulated kinase (Erk)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway could be one component, Shc likely signals to other pathways in T cells that are not yet discovered. A better molecular understanding of Shc function in the future could provide insights into how multiple adapters coordinate the various outcomes downstream of the TCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and the Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Slevin M, Kumar S, Gaffney J. Angiogenic oligosaccharides of hyaluronan induce multiple signaling pathways affecting vascular endothelial cell mitogenic and wound healing responses. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:41046-59. [PMID: 12194965 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109443200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a large nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan and an important regulator of angiogenesis, in particular, the growth and migration of vascular endothelial cells. We have identified some of the key intermediates responsible for induction of mitogenesis and wound recovery. Treatment of bovine aortic endothelial cells with oligosaccharides of hyaluronan (o-HA) resulted in rapid tyrosine phosphorylation and plasma membrane translocation of phospholipase Cgamma1 (PLCgamma1). Cytoplasmic loading with inhibitory antibodies to PLCgamma1, Gbeta, and Galpha(i/o/t/z) inhibited activation of extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Treatment with the Galpha(i/o) inhibitor, pertussis toxin, reduced o-HA-induced PLCgamma1 tyrosine phosphorylation, protein kinase C (PKC) alpha and beta1/2 membrane translocation, ERK1/2 activation, mitogenesis, and wound recovery, suggesting a mechanism for o-HA-induced angiogenesis through G-proteins, PLCgamma1, and PKC. In particular, we demonstrated a possible role for PKCalpha in mitogenesis and PKCbeta1/2 in wound recovery. Using antisense oligonucleotides and the Ras farnesylation inhibitor FTI-277, we showed that o-HA-induced bovine aortic endothelial cell proliferation, wound recovery, and ERK1/2 activation were also partially dependent on Ras activation, and that o-HA-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the adapter protein Shc, as well as its association with Sos1. Binding of Src to Shc was required for its activation and for Ras-dependent activation of ERK1/2, cell proliferation, and wound recovery. Neither Src nor Ras activation was inhibited by pertussis toxin, suggesting that their activation was independent of heterotrimeric G-proteins. However, the specific Src kinase inhibitor PP2 inhibited Gbeta subunit co-precipitation with PLCgamma1, suggesting a possible role for Src in activation of PLCgamma1 and interaction between two distinct o-HA-induced signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Slevin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nioche P, Liu WQ, Broutin I, Charbonnier F, Latreille MT, Vidal M, Roques B, Garbay C, Ducruix A. Crystal structures of the SH2 domain of Grb2: highlight on the binding of a new high-affinity inhibitor. J Mol Biol 2002; 315:1167-77. [PMID: 11827484 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.5299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The activation of growth factor receptors induces phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in its C-terminal part, creating binding sites for SH2 domain-containing proteins. Grb2 is a protein that recruits Sos, the exchange factor for Ras. Recruitment of Sos allows for Ras activation and subsequent signal transmission. This promotes translocation of MAP kinases into the nucleus and activation of early transcription factors. Grb2, a 25 kDa protein, is composed of one SH2 domain surrounded by two SH3 domains. The SH2 domain of Grb2 binds to class II phosphotyrosyl peptides with the consensus sequence pYXNX. Thus, Grb2 is a good example of a bifunctional adaptor protein that brings proteins into close proximity, allowing signal transduction through proteins located in different compartments. To explore the interactions between Grb2 and phosphorylated ligands, we have solved the crystal structure of complexes between the Grb2-SH2 domain and peptides corresponding to Shc-derived sequences. Two structures are described: the Grb2-SH2 domain in complex with PSpYVNVQN at 1.5 A; and the Grb2-SH2 domain in complex with mAZ*-pY-(alphaMe)pY-N-NH2 pseudo-peptide, at 2 A. Both are compared to an unliganded SH2 structure determined at 2.7 A which, interestingly enough, forms a dimer through two swapping subdomains from two symmetry-related molecules. The nanomolar affinity of the mAZ-pY-(alphaMe)pY-N-NH2 pseudo-peptide for Grb2-SH2 is related to new interactions with non- conserved residues. The design of Grb2-SH2 domain inhibitors that prevent interaction with tyrosine kinase proteins or other adaptors like Shc or IRS1 should provide a means to interrupt the Ras signaling pathway. Newly synthesized pseudo-peptides exhibit nanomolar affinities for the Grb2-SH2 domain. It will then be possible to design new inhibitors with similar affinity and simpler chemical structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Nioche
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN biologiques; UMR 8015 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université René Descartes, 4, Avenue de l'Observatorie, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
From viruses to multicellular organisms, life is inseparable from the genetic instructions aimed at regulating its maintenance, division, multiplication, differentiation and death (apoptosis). Over the past 15 years, structural studies have begun to resolve the complex reactions involved in these fundamental processes in biology. The three-dimensional representations of the complexes formed with peptides and/or proteins have allowed interpretation of the biochemical data and formulation of novel hypotheses about the control and execution of these processes. Moreover, they have opened the way to rational approaches for designing compounds able to interfere with these crucial events in normal or pathological conditions. Various results obtained in our laboratory in these fields are briefly summarized in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B P Roques
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Structurale, INSERM U266, CNRS UMR8600, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|