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Posno M, van Noort M, Débise R, Groot GS. Isolation, characterization, phosphorylation and site of synthesis of Spinacia chloroplast ribosomal proteins. Curr Genet 1984; 8:147-54. [PMID: 24177589 DOI: 10.1007/BF00420227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/1983] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have characterized the ribosomal proteins from Spinacia chloroplasts using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The 30S and 50S subunits contain 23-25 and 36 ribosomal proteins, respectively. In contrast to prokaryotic ribosomes, chloroplast ribosomes contain at least one (and possibly two) phosphorylated ribosomal proteins. Isolated chloroplasts synthesize in the presence of ((35)S) labeled methionine and cysteine at least seven 30S and thirteen 50S ribosomal proteins which are assembled into (pre)ribosomes. This suggests that about one third of the chloroplast ribosomal proteins is encoded by the chloroplast DNA itself. The identity of several labeled proteins in the two-dimensional gel electrophoretic patterns which did not comigrate with stained chloroplast ribosomal proteins is discussed.
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Puthiyaveetil S, Ibrahim IM, Allen JF. Oxidation-reduction signalling components in regulatory pathways of state transitions and photosystem stoichiometry adjustment in chloroplasts. Plant Cell Environ 2012; 35:347-59. [PMID: 21554328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
State transitions and photosystem stoichiometry adjustment are two oxidation-reduction (redox)-regulated acclimatory responses in photosynthesis. State transitions are short-term adaptations that, in chloroplasts, involve reversible post-translational modification by phosphorylation of light-harvesting complex II (LHC II). Photosystem stoichiometry adjustments are long-term responses involving transcriptional regulation of reaction centre genes. Both responses are initiated by changes in light quality and are regulated by the redox state of plastoquinone (PQ). The LHC II kinase involved in the state 2 transition is a serine/threonine kinase known as STT7 in Chlamydomonas, and as STN7 in Arabidopsis. The phospho-LHC II phosphatase that produces the state 1 transition is a PP2C-type protein phosphatase currently termed both TAP38 and PPH1. In plants and algae, photosystem stoichiometry adjustment is governed by a modified two-component sensor kinase of cyanobacterial origin - chloroplast sensor kinase (CSK). CSK is a sensor of the PQ redox state. Chloroplast sigma factor 1 (SIG1) and plastid transcription kinase (PTK) are the functional partners of CSK in chloroplast gene regulation. We suggest a signalling pathway for photosystem stoichiometry adjustment. The signalling pathways of state transitions and photosystem stoichiometry adjustments are proposed to be distinct, with the two pathways sensing PQ redox state independently of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Queen Mary, University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, London, UK
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Aryal UK, Krochko JE, Ross ARS. Identification of phosphoproteins in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves using polyethylene glycol fractionation, immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2011; 11:425-37. [PMID: 22092075 DOI: 10.1021/pr200917t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation is a key regulatory mechanism in cells. Identification and characterization of phosphoproteins requires specialized enrichment methods, due to the relatively low abundance of these proteins, and is further complicated in plants by the high abundance of Rubisco in green tissues. We present a novel method for plant phosphoproteome analysis that depletes Rubisco using polyethylene glycol fractionation and utilizes immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography to enrich phosphoproteins. Subsequent protein separation by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is further improved by extracting the PEG-fractionated protein samples with SDS/phenol and methanol/chloroform to remove interfering compounds. Using this approach, we identified 132 phosphorylated proteins in a partial Arabidopsis leaf extract. These proteins are involved in a range of biological processes, including CO(2) fixation, protein assembly and folding, stress response, redox regulation, and cellular metabolism. Both large and small subunits of Rubisco were phosphorylated at multiple sites, and depletion of Rubisco enhanced detection of less abundant phosphoproteins, including those associated with state transitions between photosystems I and II. The discovery of a phosphorylated form of AtGRP7, a self-regulating RNA-binding protein that affects floral transition, as well as several previously uncharacterized ribosomal proteins confirm the utility of this approach for phosphoproteome analysis and its potential to increase our understanding of growth and development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma K Aryal
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W9.
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4
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Allen JF, Race HL. Will the Real LHC II Kinase Please Step Forward? Sci Signal 2002. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.1552002pe43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Abstract
Many laboratories have searched for the protein kinase responsible for phosphorylation of the chloroplast light-harvesting complex of photosynthesis, LHC II. The LHC II kinase provides a vital link in a redox signaling pathway of ecological, developmental, and evolutionary significance. Various candidates for the LHC II kinase, some stronger than others, have come and gone. Recently, a family of three thylakoid-associated kinases (TAKs) has been identified and purified; they too catalyze in vitro phosphorylation of LHC II. The LHC II kinase is part of an integrated network of signal transduction to which input is provided by a number of environmental factors. The implications of understanding these processes stretch beyond the important, central question of how plants adapt their photosynthetic machinery to changing wavelengths of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Allen
- Plant Biochemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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Coughlan SJ, Hind G. A protein kinase that phosphorylates light-harvesting complex is autophosphorylated and is associated with photosystem II. Biochemistry 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/bi00394a034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Race HL, Eaton-Rye JJ, Hind G. A 64-kDa protein is a substrate for phosphorylation by a distinct thylakoid protein kinase. Photosynth Res 1995; 43:231-239. [PMID: 24306846 DOI: 10.1007/bf00029936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/1994] [Accepted: 02/17/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Solubilization of spinach thylakoids with the nonionic detergent n-octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (OG) releases active protein kinase from the membrane. Further purification was reported to demonstrate that a 64-kDa protein is the origin of this kinase activity (Coughlan S J and Hind G (1986) J Biol Chem 261: 11378-11385). The N-terminal sequence of this protein was subsequently determined (Gal A, Herrmann R, Lottspiech F and Ohad I (1992) FEBS Lett 298: 33-35). Liquid phase isoelectric focusing of the OG extract and an hydroxylapatite-purified fraction, derived from the OG preparation, reveals that the 64-kDa protein with this documented N-terminal sequence can be separated from the protein kinase activity. Experimental conditions were optimised by manipulation of ampholyte and detergent concentrations to maximise protein solubility and enzyme activity. The kinase-containing fraction was able to catalyze the phosphorylation of several proteins including the 64-kDa which was identified using antibodies raised against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the N-terminal sequence. The results described indicate that this 64-kDa protein is not the protein kinase responsible for the phosphorylation of the light-harvesting complex associated with Photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Race
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Biology Department, 11973, Upton, New York, USA
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11
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Abdurakhmanova ZA, Kim VV, Takhmobin KS, Salikhova SI. Phosphorylation of proteins of isolated cotton plant chloroplasts under the action of various phytohormones and various concentrations of magnesium ions. Chem Nat Compd 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01167586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Ebbert V, Godde D. Regulation of thylakoid protein phosphorylation in intact chloroplasts by the activity of kinases and phosphatases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1994; 1187:335-46. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)90007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Allen
- Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Blindern, Norway
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Knaff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409-1061
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Gal A, Hauska G, Herrmann R, Ohad I. Interaction between light harvesting chlorophyll-a/b protein (LHCII) kinase and cytochrome b6/f complex. In vitro control of kinase activity. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)45435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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White IR, O'Donnell PJ, Keen JN, Findlay JB, Millner PA. Investigation of the substrate specificity of thylakoid protein kinase using synthetic peptides. FEBS Lett 1990; 269:49-52. [PMID: 2387414 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)81116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic peptide analogues of the N-terminal region of the light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding polypeptide of photosystem II (LHC II) were used to probe the effect of charged groups on the protein kinase activity of pea (Pisum sativum) thylakoid membranes. The effectiveness of the synthetic peptides as substrates for protein kinase activity or as inhibitors of LHC II phosphorylation was correlated with their net positive charge, which ranged between +2 and +5. The effects of the synthetic peptides on phosphorylation of other, non-LHC II, thyakoid polypeptides are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R White
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leeds, UK
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Vescovi EG, Lucero HA. Phosphorylation of serine residues in endogenous proteins of thylakoids and subthylakoid particles in the dark under nonreducing conditions. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1990; 1018:23-8. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(90)90105-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hetherington AM, Battey NH, Millner PA. Protein Kinase. Enzymes of Primary Metabolism. Elsevier; 1990. pp. 371-83. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-461013-2.50034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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19
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Islam K. GTP-induced chloroplast membrane protein phosphorylation and Photosystem II fluorescence changes: evidence for multiple protein kinase activities. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(89)80242-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Coughlan SJ. Chloroplast thylakoid protein phosphorylation is influenced by mutations in the cytochrome bf complex. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1988; 933:413-22. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(88)90076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wollman FA, Lemaire C. Studies on kinase-controlled state transitions in Photosystem II and b6f mutants from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii which lack quinone-binding proteins. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(88)90058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
At least twelve 32P-labeled stromal proteins were detected by electrophoresis under denaturing conditions when intact chloroplasts were incubated with 32Pi, in the light but only three were detected in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) or in the dark. Incubation of isolated stroma with [gamma-32P]ATP resulted in the preferential phosphorylation of one of them, a 70-kDa polypeptide, in serine residues. Thylakoid membranes in the dark promoted the phosphorylation of two additional stromal polypeptides of 55 and 40 kDa. Illumination during the phosphorylation of stroma in the presence of thylakoids stimulated severalfold the labeling of the 40-kDa polypeptide but not when DCMU was added. The protein kinase activity present in isolated stroma phosphorylated exogenous substrates like histone III, phosvitin, histone II, and casein with specific activities of 3, 1.8, 0.7, and 0.2 pmol X mg-1 X min-1. Histone III polypeptides were phosphorylated differently by stroma and by thylakoids in the dark. Moreover, histone III phosphorylated by thylakoids in the dark yielded a pattern of phosphopeptides after V8 protease treatment that was different from the pattern obtained when histone III was phosphorylated by stroma.
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Williams WP, Allen JF. State 1/State 2 changes in higher plants and algae. Photosynth Res 1987; 13:19-45. [PMID: 24435719 DOI: 10.1007/bf00032263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/1986] [Accepted: 01/21/1987] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Current ideas regarding the molecular basis of State 1/State 2 transitions in higher plants and green algae are mainly centered around the view that excitation energy distribution is controlled by phosphorylation of the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHC-II). The evidence supporting this view is examined and the relationship of the transitions occurring in these systems to the corresponding transitions seen in red and blue-green algae is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, King's College London (KQC), Kensington Campus, Campden Hill, W8 7AH, London
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Lucero HA, Cortez N, Vallejos RH. Light modulation of serine and threonine phosphorylation in histone III by thylakoids. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(87)90070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hei WG, Senger H. Thylakoid-protein phosphorylation during the life cycle of Scenedesmus obliquus in synchronous culture. Planta 1986; 167:233-239. [PMID: 24241856 DOI: 10.1007/bf00391420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/1985] [Accepted: 10/12/1985] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The phosphorylation of thylakoid proteins, which comprise apoproteins of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex (LHCP), was investigated in vivo and in vitro during the development of Scenedesmus obliquus in synchronous cultures. The in-vitro and in-vivo protein phosphorylation exhibited a maximum activity in cells with maximum photosynthetic capacity (8th hour) and miximum activity in cells with minimum photosynthetic capacity (16th hour). The major phosphorylated polypeptides in vivo were the 24/25-kDa and 28-30-kDa apoprotein of the LHCP, a protein of about 32 kDa, and some smaller polypeptides within the range 10 to 20 kDa. In vitro, the main phosphoproteins were the 28-30-kDa apoprotein and the protein characterized by an apparent molecular weight of 32 kDa. Pulse-chase experiments in vivo established that the latter had the fastest radioactivity turnover of the thylakoidal phosphoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Hei
- Fachbereich Biologie-Botanik, Philipps-Universität, Lahnberge, D-3550, Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Barber J. Regulation of energy transfer by cations and protein phosphorylation in relation to thylakoid membrane organisation. Photosynth Res 1986; 10:243-253. [PMID: 24435371 DOI: 10.1007/bf00118289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A brief review is given of the state of knowledge which indicates that the State I-State II transition in higher plants and green algae is due to the reversible phosphorylation of the chlorophyll a/b light harvesting complex. The importance of membrane reorganisational changes in this process is discussed in terms of changes in electrostatic parameters as emphasised by the interplay of the effect of phosphorylation and the background levels of cations surrounding the membrane. It is argued that recognition of this interplay is vital when using the bipartite or tripartite models of Butler to obtain quantitative information of energy transfer between the various pigment complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Barber
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Imperial College of Science and Technology, Prince Consort Road, SW7 2BB, London, UK
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30
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Islam K, Jennings RC. Relative kinetics of quenching of Photosystem II fluorescence and phosphorylation of the two light-harvesting chlorophyll ab polypeptides in isolated spinach thylakoids. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(85)90131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Farchaus J, Dilley R, Cramer W. Selective inhibition of the spinach thylakoid LHC II protein kinase. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(85)90162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Markwell JP, Webber AN, Danko SJ, Baker NR. Fluorescence emission spectra and thylakoid protein kinase activities of three higher plant mutants deficient in chlorophyll b. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(85)90038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Baker NR, Markwell JP, Bradbury M, Baker MG, Thornber JP. Thylakoid protein kinase activity and associated control of excitation energy distribution during chloroplast biogenesis in wheat. Planta 1983; 159:151-158. [PMID: 24258136 DOI: 10.1007/bf00392986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/1983] [Accepted: 05/30/1983] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The activity of thylakoid protein kinase and the regulation of excitation energy distribution between photosystems I and II was examined during chloroplast biogenesis in light-grown Triticum aestivum (wheat) leaves. The specific activity of the thylakoid protein kinase decreased some six-fold during development from the young plastids at the base of the 7-d-old leaf to the mature chloroplasts at the leaf tip. Appreciable activity was also detected in plastids isolated from etiolated leaves. In mature chloroplasts the majority of phosphate was incorporated into the Mr=26,000 apo-proteins of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex (LHCP). However, at early stages of chloroplast development and in the etioplast, the phosphate was predominantly incorporated into a polypeptide of Mr=9,000 dalton. Immature thylakoids, isolated from the base of the leaf, had relatively low concentrations of LHCP and could perform a State 1-State 2 transition, as demonstrated by ATP-induced quenching of photosystem II fluorescence. Analyses of photosystem I and photosystem II fluorescence-induction curves from intact leaf tissue demonstrated that this transition occurs in vivo at early stages of leaf development and, therefore, may play an important role in regulating energy transduction during chloroplast biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Baker
- Department of Biology, University of Essex, CO4 3SQ, Colchester, Essex, UK
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