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Muthukumaran MK, Govindaraj M, Raja BK, J AS. In situ synthesis of polythiophene encapsulated 2D hexagonal boron nitride nanocomposite based electrochemical transducer for detection of 5-fluorouracil with high selectivity. RSC Adv 2023; 13:2780-2794. [PMID: 36756436 PMCID: PMC9850362 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07147a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
It is difficult for the scientific community to develop a nonenzymatic sensing platform for extremely sensitive and selective detection of specific biomolecules, antibiotics, food adulterants, heavy metals, etc. One of the most significant chemotherapy drugs, 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu), which is used to treat solid malignancies, has a fluorine atom in the fifth position of the uracil molecule. Recognizing the secure and effective dosing of drugs for chemotherapy continues to be a critical concern in cancer disease management. The maintenance of the optimal 5-Fu concentration is dependent on the presence of 5-Fu in biofluids. Herein we reported a conducting polymer encapsulated 2D material, PTh/h-BN for the efficient electrochemical detection of anticancer drug 5-Fu. Furthermore, the synthesized PTh/h-BN nanocomposite was confirmed by the High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HR-TEM), High-Resolution Scanning Electron Microscope (HR-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The electrical resistance of PTh/h-BN modified GCE and its sensing performance towards 5-Fu were tested using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) studies respectively. The analytical performance of our proposed catalyst was tested using Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV), and the amperometry (i-t curve) method. From the results, our proposed PTh/h-BN nanocomposite-modified GCE shows enhanced sensing performance due to higher redox peak currents, large active surface area, and high electrical conductivity. Moreover, the nanohybrid shows enhanced sensing performances with quick response time, wide linear range, the lowest limit of detection, high sensitivity, and high selectivity in the presence of various interferents. Finally, the practical applicability of the proposed sensor was tested with real-world samples with very good recovery percentages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magesh Kumar Muthukumaran
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur 603203 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Muthukumar Govindaraj
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur 603203 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Bharathi Kannan Raja
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur 603203 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Arockia Selvi J
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur 603203 Tamil Nadu India
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AlMasoud N, Bakheit AH, Alshammari MFM, Abdel-Aziz HA, AlRabiah H. Loratadine. Profiles Drug Subst Excip Relat Methodol 2022; 47:55-90. [PMID: 35396016 DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Loratadine, 4-(8-Chloro-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-ylidene)-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester, is an antihistamine drug with long-acting effects and has limited selectivity for peripheral H1 receptors. It is widely used for the prevention of allergic diseases such as rhinitis chronic urticaria, and asthma. This chapter discusses, by a critical extensive review of the literature, the description of loratadine in terms of its names, formulae, elemental composition, appearance, methods of preparation. The profile contains physicochemical properties of Loratadine, including pKa value, solubility and X-ray powder diffraction. In addition, it involves Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy for functional groups and structural confirmation of. The chapter also includes methods of analysis of the drug such as compendial, titrimetric, electrochemical, spectroscopic, chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic methods. The chapter also covers clinical applications of the drug such as its uses, doses, ADME profiles and mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla AlMasoud
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H Bakheit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Munif Farhan M Alshammari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem A Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Applied Organic Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Haitham AlRabiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Jebali S, Belgacem C, Louhaichi MR, Bahri S, Latrous El Atarche L. Application of Factorial and Doehlert Designs for the Optimization of the Simultaneous Separation and Determination of Antimigraine Drugs in Pharmaceutical Formulations by RP-HPLC-UV. Int J Anal Chem 2019; 2019:9685750. [PMID: 31511775 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9685750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A sensitive, precise, accurate, and specific isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous separation and determination of zolmitriptan, naratriptan, dihydroergotamine, ketotifen, and pizotifen in pharmaceutical formulations has been developed and validated. An experimental design was applied for the optimization of the chromatographic parameters. A two-level full factorial 2k was used for studying the interaction between the variables to be optimized: the percentage of acetonitrile in the mobile phase, mobile-phase pH, nature of the buffer, and column oven temperature. The most significant parameters are the percentage of acetonitrile and the mobile-phase pH. These significant parameters were optimized using the Doehlert matrix. The optimum separation was achieved by means of a Waters XBridge C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and a 10 mM sodium perchlorate buffer (38 : 62, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min−1 and UV detection at 220 nm. The selectivity, method linearity, accuracy, and precision were examined as part of the method validation. The described method shows excellent linearity over a range of 30 to 70 μg·mL−1 for all compounds with correlation coefficients higher than 0.995. The standard deviations of the intraday and interday precision were between 0.75 and 1.94%. The validated method was successfully applied to perform routine analysis of these compounds in different pharmaceutical products such as syrups and tablets. In the presence of some preservatives, it was found that there were no peaks at the related peak locations.
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Chavhan ML, Shirkhedkar AA, Surana SJ. Development and validation of a stability indicating RP-TLC/densitometric method for determination of Loratadine in bulk and in tablets. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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ATTA NF, BINSABT MH, EL-ADS EH, GALAL A. Synthesis of neodymium-iron nanoperovskite for sensing applications of an antiallergic drug. Turk J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.3906/kim-1610-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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El-Kommos ME, El-Gizawy SM, Atia NN, Hosny NM. Determination of Some Non-sedating Antihistamines via Their Native Fluorescence and Derivation of Some Quantitative Fluorescence Intensity - Structure Relationships. J Fluoresc 2015; 25:1695-709. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-015-1656-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Louhaichi MR, Jebali S, Kallel M, Adhoum N, Benhamida N, Monser L. DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A STABILITY-INDICATING HPLC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PIZOTIFEN, METHYLPARABEN, AND PROPYLPARABEN IN SYRUP. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2013.765454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sami Jebali
- a Laboratoire National de Contrôle des Médicaments , Tunis , Tunisie
| | - Mohamed Kallel
- a Laboratoire National de Contrôle des Médicaments , Tunis , Tunisie
| | - Nafâa Adhoum
- b Centre Urbain Nord, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie , Tunis , Tunisie
| | | | - Lotfi Monser
- b Centre Urbain Nord, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie , Tunis , Tunisie
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Raghu MS, Basavaiah K, Prashanth KN, Vinay KB. Titrimetric and Spectrophotometric Methods for the Assay of Ketotifen Using Cerium(IV) and Two Reagents. Int J Anal Chem 2013; 2013:697651. [PMID: 24324496 PMCID: PMC3845719 DOI: 10.1155/2013/697651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One titrimetric and two spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of ketotifen fumarate (KTF) in bulk drug and in tablets using cerium(IV) as the oxidimetric agent. In titrimetry (method A), the drug was treated with a measured excess of cerium(IV) in H2SO4 medium and after a standing time of 10 min, the surplus oxidant was determined by back titration with iron(II). The spectrophotometric procedures involve addition of a known excess of cerium(IV) to KTF in acid medium followed by the determination of unreacted oxidant by reacting with either p-dimethyl amino benzaldehyde and measuring the resulting colour at 460 nm (method B) or o-dianisidine and subsequent measurement of the absorbance of coloured product at 470 nm (method C). Titrimetric assay is based on a 1 : 2 reaction stoichiometry between KTF and cerium(IV) and the method is applicable over 2-18 mg range. In spectrophotometry, regression analysis of Beer's law plots showed a good correlation in 0.4-8.0 and 0.4-10.0 g mL(-1) KTF ranges for method B and method C, respectively, and the corresponding molar absorptivity coefficients are calculated to be 4.0 × 10(4) and 3.7 × 10(4) L mol(-1) cm(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanakapura Basavaiah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka 570006, India
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El-brashy AM, Metwally ME, El-sepai FA. Spectrophotometric Determination of Some Fluoroquinolone Antibacterials by Ion-pair Complex Formation with Cobalt (II) Tetrathiocyanate. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2005; 52:77-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200500012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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El-Brashy AM, Metwally MES, El-Sepai FA. Spectrophotometric and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic Determination of Some Fluoroquinolone Antibacterials by Ion-pair Complex Formation with Bismuth (III) Tetraiodide. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200500038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Erçağ E, Sarioğlu G, Üzer A, Bora T, Apak R. Extractive-spectrophotometric determination of amine-type stimulants and antidepressants with anionic indicator dyes. J Anal Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813070046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Youssef R, Khamis E, El-Sayed M, Moneim M. Validated HPTLC method for simultaneous determination of loratadine and desloratadine in presence of Co-formulated drug. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.25.2012.5.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abdellaziz LM, Hosny MM. Development and validation of spectrophotometric, atomic absorption and kinetic methods for determination of moxifloxacin hydrochloride. Anal Chem Insights 2011; 6:67-78. [PMID: 22219661 PMCID: PMC3239224 DOI: 10.4137/aci.s8090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Three simple spectrophotometric and atomic absorption spectrometric methods are developed and validated for the determination of moxifloxacin HCl in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations. Method (A) is a kinetic method based on the oxidation of moxifloxacin HCl by Fe(3+) ion in the presence of 1,10 o-phenanthroline (o-phen). Method (B) describes spectrophotometric procedures for determination of moxifloxacin HCl based on its ability to reduce Fe (III) to Fe (II), which was rapidly converted to the corresponding stable coloured complex after reacting with 2,2' bipyridyl (bipy). The formation of the tris-complex formed in both methods (A) and (B) were carefully studied and their absorbance were measured at 510 and 520 nm respectively. Method (C) is based on the formation of ion- pair associated between the drug and bismuth (III) tetraiodide in acidic medium to form orange-red ion-pair associates. This associate can be quantitatively determined by three different procedures. The formed precipitate is either filtered off, dissolved in acetone and quantified spectrophotometrically at 462 nm (Procedure 1), or decomposed by hydrochloric acid, and the bismuth content is determined by direct atomic absorption spectrometric (Procedure 2). Also the residual unreacted metal complex in the filtrate is determined through its metal content using indirect atomic absorption spectrometric technique (procedure 3). All the proposed methods were validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines, the three proposed methods permit the determination of moxifloxacin HCl in the range of (0.8-6, 0.8-4) for methods A and B, (16-96, 16-96 and 16-72) for procedures 1-3 in method C. The limits of detection and quantitation were calculated, the precision of the methods were satisfactory; the values of relative standard deviations did not exceed 2%. The proposed methods were successfully applied to determine the drug in its pharmaceutical formulations without interference from the common excipients. The results obtained by the proposed methods were comparable with those obtained by the reference method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lobna M. Abdellaziz
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Mervat M. Hosny
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt
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Frag EY, Mohamed GG, Khalil MM, Hwehy MM. Potentiometric determination of ketotifen fumarate in pharmaceutical preparations and urine using carbon paste and PVC membrane selective electrodes. Int J Anal Chem 2011; 2011:604741. [PMID: 22013443 DOI: 10.1155/2011/604741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compares
between unmodified carbon paste (CPE; the paste
has no ion pair) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
membrane selective electrodes that were used in
potentiometric determination of ketotifen
fumarate (KTF), where sodium tetraphenylborate
(NaTPB) was used as titrant. The performance
characteristics of these sensors were evaluated
according to IUPAC recommendations which reveal
a fast, stable, and linear response for KTF over
the concentration range of 10−7 to
10−2 mol L−1. The
electrodes show Nernstian slope value of
52.51 ± 0.20 and 51.51 ± 0.25 mV decade−1 for CPE and PVC membrane
electrodes at 30°C, respectively. The potential
is nearly stable over the pH range 3.0–6.0 and 2.0–7.0
for CPE and PVC membrane electrodes, respectively. Selectivity
coefficient values towards different inorganic cations, sugars, and
amino acids reflect high selectivity of the prepared electrodes.
The electrodes responses at different temperatures were also
studied, and long operational lifetime of 12 and 5 weeks for CPE
and PVC membrane electrodes, respectively, were found. These are
used for determination of ketotifen fumarate using potentiometric
titration, calibration, and standard addition methods in pure
samples, its pharmaceutical preparations (Zaditen tablets), and
biological fluid (urine). The direct potentiometric determination
of KTF using the proposed sensors gave recoveries % of 98.97 ± 0.53 and 98.62 ± 0.74 with RSD 1.42 and 0.63% for CPE and PVC membrane selective electrodes, respectively. Validation of the method shows suitability of the proposed sensors for use in quality control assessment of KTF. The obtained results were in a good agreement with those obtained using the reported spectrophotometric method.
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Serna-Jiménez CE, Rio Sancho S, Calatayud-Pascual MA, Balaguer-Fernández C, Femenía-Font A, López-Castellano A, Merino V. HPLC-UV analytical method for determination of pizotifen after in vitro transdermal diffusion studies. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:769-74. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. E. Serna-Jiménez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera; Ed. Seminario s/n; 46113; Moncada; Valencia; Spain
| | - S. Rio Sancho
- Departamento de Fisiología, Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera; Ed. Seminario s/n; 46113; Moncada; Valencia; Spain
| | - M. A. Calatayud-Pascual
- Departamento de Fisiología, Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera; Ed. Seminario s/n; 46113; Moncada; Valencia; Spain
| | - C. Balaguer-Fernández
- Departamento de Fisiología, Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera; Ed. Seminario s/n; 46113; Moncada; Valencia; Spain
| | - A. Femenía-Font
- Departamento de Fisiología, Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera; Ed. Seminario s/n; 46113; Moncada; Valencia; Spain
| | - A. López-Castellano
- Departamento de Fisiología, Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera; Ed. Seminario s/n; 46113; Moncada; Valencia; Spain
| | - V. Merino
- Instituto de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Centro Mixto Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Universidad de Valencia. Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica; Universidad de Valencia; Av. Vicente Andrés s/n; 46100; Burjassot; Valencia; Spain
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Issa YM, Khater MM, Mohamed SH. WITHDRAWN: Solid contact sensors for determination of the antihistaminic drug ketotifen fumarate. Anal Chim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Khater MM, Issa YM, Mohamed SH. Single and mixed chemically modified carbon paste ion-selective electrodes for determination of ketotifen fumarate. Drug Test Anal 2011; 5:74-80. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Walash MI, Belal F, El-Enany N, Eid M, El-Shaheny RN. Stability-indicating micelle-enhanced spectrofluorimetric method for determination of loratadine and desloratadine in dosage forms. LUMINESCENCE 2011; 26:670-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. I. Walash
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Mansoura; 35516; Mansoura; Egypt
| | - F. Belal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Mansoura; 35516; Mansoura; Egypt
| | - N. El-Enany
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Mansoura; 35516; Mansoura; Egypt
| | - M. Eid
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Mansoura; 35516; Mansoura; Egypt
| | - R. N. El-Shaheny
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Mansoura; 35516; Mansoura; Egypt
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Zhou M, Li YJ, Ma YJ, Wang WF, Mi J, Chen H. Determination of ketotifen fumarate by capillary electrophoresis with tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) electrochemiluminescence detection. LUMINESCENCE 2010; 26:319-23. [PMID: 20737650 DOI: 10.1002/bio.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of an europium (III)-doped Prussian blue analog film modifying platinum electrode as the working electrode, a Ru(bpy)₃²⁺-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay coupled with capillary electrophoresis has been first established for the determination of ketotifen fumarate (KTF). Analytes were injected onto a separation capillary of 50 cm length (50 μm i.d., 360 μm o.d.) by electrokinetic injection for 10 s at 10 kV. Parameters related to the separation and detection were discussed and optimized. It was proved that 15 mM phosphate buffer at pH 8.0 could achieve the most favorable resolution, and the highest sensitivity of detection was obtained using the detection potential at 1.25 V and 5 mM Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ in 100 mM phosphate buffer at pH 8.0 in the detection reservoir. Under the optimized conditions, the ECL intensity was in proportion to KTF concentration over the range from 3.0 × 10⁻⁸ to 5.0 × 10⁻⁶ g mL⁻¹ with a detection limit of 2.1 × 10⁻⁸ g mL⁻¹ (3σ). The relative standard deviations of the ECL intensity and the migration time were 0.95 and 0.26%, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to determine KTF contents in pharmaceuticals and human urine with recoveries between 99.5 and 107.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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Rambla-Alegre M, Peris-Vicente J, Esteve-Romero J, Capella-Peiró ME, Bose D. Capillary electrophoresis determination of antihistamines in serum and pharmaceuticals. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 666:102-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Khater M, Issa Y, Mohammed SH. Flow injection determination of ketotifen fumarate using PVC membrane selective electrodes. Bioelectrochemistry 2009; 77:53-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Daneshgar P, Norouzi P, Ganjali MR. Application of a continuous square-wave potential program for sub nano molar determination of ketotifen. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2009; 57:117-21. [PMID: 19182398 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.57.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An electroanalytical method has been developed for the determination of the ketotifen by continuous square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry on a ultra-gold microelectrode (Au UME) in aqueous solution with phosphate buffer as supporting electrolyte. The best adsorption conditions were found to be pH 2.3, an accumulation potential of 300 mV (Au vs. Ag: AgCl-KCl 3 M) and an accumulation time of 400 ms. Variation of admittance in the detection process is created by inhibition of oxidation reaction of the electrode surface, by adsorption of ketotifen. Furthermore, signal-to-noise ratio was significantly increased by application of discrete fast Fourier transform (FFT) method, background subtraction and two-dimensional integration of the electrode response over a selected potential range and time window. Also in this work some parameters such as square-wave frequency, eluent pH, and accumulation time were optimized. Effects of square-wave frequency, step potential and pulse amplitude were examined for the optimization of instrumental conditions. The calibration curve is linear in the range 2.0x10(-7)---5.0x10(-12) M with a detection limit of 2.0x10(-12) M (ca. 0.7 pg/ml). The method maybe applied direct determination of the drug in pharmaceutical and biological samples. For a concentration of 5.0x10(-8) M a recovery value of 99.89% is obtained.
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Amanlou M, Hoseinzadeh Nazlou M, Azizian H, Souri E, Farsam H. Determination of Ketotifen Fumarate in Raw Material and Pharmaceutical Products Using Ion‐pair Formation. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710701672384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Fei N, Jiuru L. Determination of ketotifen by using calcein as chemiluminescence reagent. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 592:168-72. [PMID: 17512822 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chemiluminescence (CL) was observed when potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) reacted with the mixture of calcein and ketotifen. Interestingly, the CL intensity would be enhanced by trace amounts of Mg2+ and the CL intensity was strongly dependent on ketotifen concentration. Based on this phenomenon, a flow injection CL method was established for the determination of ketotifen. The possible CL mechanism is proposed based on the kinetic characteristic of the CL reaction, CL spectrum, ultraviolet (UV) spectra and fluorescent spectra. The CL intensity was correlated linearly with concentration of ketotifen over the range of 6.0x10(-9) to 2.0x10(-7) g mL(-1) and the detection limit was 3x10(-9) g mL(-1). The relative standard deviation was 1.8% for 2.0x10(-8) g mL(-1) ketotifen (n=11). This method was applied to the determination of ketotifen in the tablets successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nie Fei
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
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El-Shiekh R, Zahran F, El-Fetouh Gouda AA. Spectrophotometric determination of some anti-tussive and anti-spasmodic drugs through ion-pair complex formation with thiocyanate and cobalt(II) or molybdenum(V). Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2007; 66:1279-87. [PMID: 17142094 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2006.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Two rapid, simple and sensitive extractive specrophotometric methods has been developed for the determination of anti-tussive drugs, e.g., dextromethorphan hydrobromide (DEX) and pipazethate hydrochloride (PiCl) and anti-spasmodic drugs, e.g., drotaverine hydrochloride (DvCl) and trimebutine maleate (TM) in bulk and in their pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed methods depend upon the reaction of cobalt(II)-thiocyanate (method A) and molybdenum(V)-thiocyanate ions (method B) with the cited drugs to form stable ion-pair complexes which extractable with an n-butnol-dichloromethane solvent mixture (3.5:6.5) and methylene chloride for methods A and B, respectively. The blue and orange red color complexes are determined either colorimetrically at lambdamax 625 nm (using method A) and 467 or 470 nm for (DEX and PiCl) or (DvCl and TM), respectively (using method B). The concentration range is 20-400 and 2.5-50 microg mL-1 for methods A and B, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of the studied drugs in pure and in pharmaceutical formulations applying the standard additions technique and the results obtained in good agreement well with those obtained by the official method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragaa El-Shiekh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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El-Sherbiny DT, El-Enany N, Belal FF, Hansen SH. Simultaneous determination of loratadine and desloratadine in pharmaceutical preparations using liquid chromatography with a microemulsion as eluent. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:1236-42. [PMID: 17126519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A rapid HPLC procedure for analytical quality control of pharmaceutical preparations containing the antihistaminic drug substance loratadine and/or its analog desloratadine (which is also an active metabolite of loratadine) was developed using a microemulsion as the eluent. The separation was performed on a column packed with cyanopropyl bonded stationary phase adopting UV detection at 247 nm using a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The optimized microemulsion mobile phase consisted of 0.1M sodium dodecyl sulphate, 1% octanol, 10% n-propanol and 0.3% triethylamine in 0.02 M phosphoric acid, pH 3.0. The developed method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, lower limit of quantification, lower limit of detection, precision and accuracy. With the proposed method satisfactory resolution between loratadine and desloratadine (resolution factor=3.85). The method requires a minimum of sample handling and is rapid (10 min), and reproducible (R.S.D.<2.0%). The mean recoveries of the analytes in pharmaceutical preparations were in agreement with those obtained from a reference method, as revealed by statistical analysis of the obtained results using the Student's t-test and the variance ratio F-test. Pseudoephedrine, the co-formulated drug substance, did not interference with the assay and was successfully separated using the developed HPLC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina T El-Sherbiny
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
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Capella-Peiró ME, Bossi A, Esteve-Romero J. Optimization by factorial design of a capillary zone electrophoresis method for the simultaneous separation of antihistamines. Anal Biochem 2006; 352:41-9. [PMID: 16549055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A 3(2) full factorial design was used to optimize the experimental conditions of a capillary zone electrophoresis method aimed at achieving simultaneous separation and quantification of the antihistamines brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine, cyproheptadine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, hydroxyzine, and loratadine according to their therapeutic group. A statistical program, SPSS, was used to calculate the mathematical model with which to obtain the response surface. Critical parameters such as pH and applied voltage were studied to evaluate their effect on resolution and on efficiency. Optimum separation conditions were phosphate buffer pH 2.0, 5kV, and 2psis(-1) at 214nm. The analysis time was below 9min and the theoretical plates were between 6000 and 63,000N. Calibration curves were prepared for the antihistamines. The limits of detection were 4-14ngmL(-1), which allow their quantification in pharmaceuticals. The RSD% of each antihistamine was fairly good. Up to seven antihistamines belonging to the antihistaminic H(1)-receptor group were separated in the same electropherogram. The proposed method was then applied to the determination of antihistamines in pharmaceutical, urine, and serum samples with recoveries in agreement with the stated contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elisa Capella-Peiró
- Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Abounassif MA, El-Obeid HA, Gadkariem EA. Stability studies on some benzocycloheptane antihistaminic agents. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 36:1011-8. [PMID: 15620527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2004] [Revised: 09/08/2004] [Accepted: 09/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photostability of selected benzocycloheptane antihistaminic agents, namely, loratadine (I), pizotifen (II), ketotifen fumarate (III) and cyproheptatidine (IV), was investigated. Both I and II were photolabile while III and IV were photostable. To perform stability studies on the photolabile compounds (I and II), specific stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods were established. The accuracy, precision and reliability of the developed HPLC methods for the assay of I and II in their pharmaceutical dosage forms were reported. Assay results for both drugs were within R.S.D. values <2%. The stability-indicating power of the developed methods was validated through study of UV-degraded solutions of I and II contained in quartz cells. The photostability of both drugs was studied under UV-irradiation at 254 nm. The photodegradation kinetics of both drugs, studied in different solvents, are also reported. TLC fractionation of photodegraded solutions of both drugs, revealed two fluorescent photodegradates of drug I. The use of UV-absorbers (ascorbic acid and p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)) enhanced the photostability of both drugs possibly through a spectral-overlay effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Abounassif
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Valdés M, Díaz-García M. Determination of Thiocyanate within Physiological Fluids and Environmental Samples: Current Practice and Future Trends. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340490273726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Reddy KVSRK, Babu JM, Kumar YR, Reddy SVV, Kumar MK, Eswaraiah S, Reddy KRS, Reddy MS, Bhaskar BV, Dubey PK, Vyas K. Impurity profile study of loratadine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 32:29-39. [PMID: 12852446 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Three unknown impurities in loratadine bulk drug at levels below 0.1% (ranging from 0.05 to 0.1%) were detected by a simple isocratic reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These impurities were isolated from mother liquor sample of loratadine using reversed-phase preparative HPLC. Based on the spectral data (IR, NMR and MS) the structures of these impurities were characterized as 11-(N-carboethoxy-4-piperidylidene)-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo(5,6) cyclopenta(1,2-b)-pyridine (I), 8-bromo-11-(N-carboethoxy-4-piperidylidene)-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo(5,6) cyclopenta (1,2-b)-pyridine (II) and 8-chloro-11-(N-carboethoxy-4-piperidylidene)-5H-benzo(5,6) cyclopenta (1,2-b)-pyridine (III). The synthesis of these impurities was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V S R Krishna Reddy
- Department of Analytical Research, Discovery Research Division, Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500 050, India
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Abstract
Three simple and accurate methods are presented for determination of Cetirizine, Fexofenadine, Loratadine and Acrivastine in pure form and commercial dosage forms. The first method is based on the reaction of the above cited drugs with bromocresol purple dye to form ion-pair complex extractable with chloroform and subsequently measured spectrophotometrically. Secondly, eosin gives with these drugs ion-pair complex, measurable directly without extraction both spectrophotometrically and spectrofluorimetrically. The last method involves the base-catalysed condensation of mixed anhydrides of organic acids (citric acid/acetic anhydride) where as the tertiary amino group in the above-cited drugs acts as the basic catalyst. The product of condensation is measured spectrophotometrically. All the reaction conditions for the proposed methods have been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza A Gazy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
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El Ragehy NA, Badawey AM, Khateeb SZE. Stability indicating methods for the determination of loratadine in the presence of its degradation product. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 28:1041-53. [PMID: 12049969 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00664-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Four stability-indicating procedures have been suggested for determination of the non sedating antihistaminic agent loratadine. Loratadine being an ester undergoes alkaline hydrolysis and the corresponding acid derivative is produced as a degradation product. Its identity was confirmed using IR and MS. The first procedure is based on determination of loratadine by HPLC with detection at wavelength, 250 nm. Mobile phase is acetonitrile:orthophosphoric acid (35:65) using benzophenone as an internal standard. Sensitivity range is 5.00-50.00 microg/ml. Second determination is a densitometric procedure based on determination of loratadine in the presence of its degradate at lambda 246 nm using the mobile phase; methanol:ammonia (10:0.15). Sensitivity range is 1.25-7.50 microg per spot. The third procedure is a spectrophotometric one where a mixture of loratadine and its degradate are resolved by first derivative ratio spectra. Sensitivity range is found to be 3.00-22.00 microg/ml, upon carrying out the measurements at wavelengths 236, 262.4 and 293.2 nm. The fourth procedure is based on second derivative spectrophotometry, where D(2) measurements are carried out at lambda 266 nm. The sensitivity range is 3.00-22.00 microg/ml. The validity of the described procedures was assessed by applying the standard addition technique. Statistical analysis of the results have been carried out revealing high accuracy and good precision. The suggested procedures could be used for determination of loratadine both in pure and dosage forms, as well as in the presence of its degradate.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A El Ragehy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr Elini Street, Cairo, Egypt.
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