Three phase partitioning for extraction of oil from soybean

Combined immobilized lipases for effective biodiesel production from spent coffee grounds

This work describes the enzymatic transesterification of the oil extracted from SCGs for synthesis of biodiesel as a promising alternative to diesel fuels based on petroleum. Biocatalysts from various sources were tested for biodiesel synthesis using coffee oil among which CaCO3- immobilized Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus stearothermophilus showed the highest conversion yields (61 ± 2.64% and 64.3 ± 1.53%, respectively) in 4 h. In further optimizing reaction parameters, methanol to oil molar ratio, biocatalyst quantity, water content, as well as incubation time and temperature markedly improved oil-to-biodiesel conversion up to 99.33 ± 0.57 % in a solvent free reaction after 12 h at 55 °C. A mixture of inexpensive CaCO3-immobilized bacterial lipases at a 1:1 ratio was the best environment-friendly catalyst for biofuel synthesis as well as the ideal trade-off between conversion and cost. Obtained coffee biodiesel remained stable beyond 40 days at ambient storage conditions and its chemical characteristics were comparable to those of other known biodiesels according to the European requirements (EN14214). Collectively, SCGs, after oil extraction, could be an ideal substrate for the production of an environment-friendly biodiesel by using appropriate mixture of CaCO3-immobilized lipases.

Extraction of total antioxidants from Azadirachta indica (neem) using three phase partitioning and its process intensification using ultrasound

The majority of the naturally occurring antioxidants are obtained from plant sources. The antioxidant activity is mostly exhibited by polyphenols present in the plant cells. Azadirachta Indica (Neem) leaves are renowned for their medicinal applications due to their anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic properties. This work aims to optimize the extraction of Azadirachta Indica (Neem) leaf antioxidants using three-phase partitioning (TPP). The optimized conditions are operating time 15 minutes, slurry ratio 1:30 (g/mL), salt concentration 30% (w/v), aqueous to solvent ratio 1:1.5 (v/v), and stirring speed 400 rpm that infer 74.66% extraction yield. Additionally, ultrasonic pretreatment was also employed to increase the extraction yield up to 86.61%. Sonication pretreatment for 4 min operated at 30 W power, and 75% duty cycle was observed to offer maximum antioxidant extraction about 3.3 mg/g.

Development of low-cost paper-based biosensor of polyphenol oxidase for detection of phenolic contaminants in water and clinical samples

In the present work, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme was purified from potato peel using three-phase partitioning (TPP). In this method, ammonium sulfate and t-butanol were added to precipitate the protein/enzyme from the crude aqueous extract. The PPO enzyme precipitated as an interfacial layer between the upper organic solvent phase and lower aqueous phase. Different purification parameters such as crude extract to t-butanol ratio, ammonium sulfate concentration, temperature, and pH were optimized for TPP. About 69% PPO enzyme activity was recovered in a single step of TPP with 9.2-fold purification. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profile of partially purified PPO enzyme showed molecular weight in the range of about 30-40 kDa. The PPO enzyme was then investigated for the fabrication of a portable, cost-effective, and disposable colorimetric paper biosensor or colorimetric "test strips" for detection of phenolic contaminants. PPO and a chromophore reagent (3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazine) generated a range of color in the presence of phenolic compounds (catechol, phenol, p-cresol, 4-methyl catechol) within 15 min, and limit of detection was found to be 0.5 μM. The biosensor worked in a broad range of pH from 3 to 11 and showed good storage stability at 25 °C and 4 °C for 30 days with no significant loss of activity. The biosensor was also applied on environmental water and urine sample to show reliability of biosensor.

Enzyme-assisted three-phase partitioning: An efficient alternative for oil extraction from Sesame (<em>Sesamum indicum</em> L.)

Three-phase partitioning (TPP) was explored for oil extraction from Sesamum indicum L. seeds. The process parameters, namely the salt concentration, slurry/t-butanol ratio and system pH were standardized. The optimum conditions for maximum oil recovery using TPP were an ammonium sulphate concentration of 40% (w/v), slurry/t-butanol ratio of 1:1 (v/v) and system pH of 5.0. The powdered seeds were subjected to enzyme-assisted three-phase partitioning (EATPP) which was pre-treated with pectinase, protease and a mixture of ɑ-amylase and amylo-glucosidase (1:1 ratio) followed by TPP (as standardized conditions) and its efficacy in recovering oil was compared with TPP and solvent extraction (SE). Out of all the enzymes studied, EATPP with pectinase resulted in the highest oil recovery (86.12%), which was higher than that of TPP (78.24%). The free fatty acids, saponification value and peroxide values were observed to be lower in the case of TPP and EATPP when compared to SE, indicating better oil quality.

Lipid extraction from wet Nannochloropsis biomass via enzyme-assisted three phase partitioning

A green and efficient enzyme assisted three phase partitioning (EA-TPP) process was firstly developed to extract microalgal lipids using wet Nannochloropsis sp. biomass. In the pretreatment of microalgal biomass by four hydrolytic enzymes, TPP obtained a higher TFAs lipid extraction efficiency by cellulase compared with the resting enzymes. After optimization by EA-TPP of the wet disrupted Nannochloropsis biomass (3 g), the maximum TFAs extraction yield (90.40%) was attained at 20% ammonium sulphate, 6-7 pH, 1:2 slurry/tert-butanol ratio and 70 °C for 2 h incubation time and two extraction cycles. Moreover, results also revealed that the lipidic species compositions of Nannochloropsis sp. biomass were greatly related with the EA-TPP parameters. In the laboratory scale for wet disrupted microalgae biomass, EA-TPP process achieved 88.70% TFAs extraction yield under the optimized conditions. In all, EA-TPP process could be a promising approach to extract microalgae lipids for food application using wet microalgae biomass.

Ultrasound synergized with three-phase partitioning for extraction and separation of Corbicula fluminea polysaccharides and possible relevant mechanisms

Ultrasound and three-phase partitioning (USTPP) were combined to extract and separate polysaccharides (PS) efficiently from Corbicula fluminea crude extracts. The following optimum experimental conditions were established: 20% (w/v) ammonium sulfate concentration, 1:1 (v/v) t-butanol to crude extract ratio, 180W ultrasonic power, 40kHz frequency, 100% duty cycle, 10min irradiation time, and 35°C. The maximum extraction yield of PS obtained from USTPP was approximately 11.22%, which was higher than the maximum yields from conventional three-phase partitioning (TPP; 9.32%) and ultrasound extraction (USE; 6.05%). The extraction time for USTPP was significantly reduced to 10min from 30 and 60min for TPP and USE methods, respectively. The primary chemical structures of PS collected through the three extraction protocols were basically conserved. The synergistic effects of ultrasound and TPP on PS extraction were also determined. Results revealed that USTPP is an effective technique to extract and separate PS from C. fluminea potentially applied in food, cosmetics, and medicines.

Enhanced extraction of oleoresin from ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome powder using enzyme-assisted three phase partitioning

Ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) is a popular spice used worldwide. The oleoresin consists of gingerols, shogaols and other non-volatiles as chief bioactive constituents. Three phase partitioning (TPP), a bioseparation technique, based on partitioning of polar constituents, proteins, and hydrophobic constituents in three phases comprising of water, ammonium sulphate and t-butanol, was explored for extraction of oleoresin and gingerols from dry powder. Parameters optimized for maximum recovery of gingerols and [6]-shogaol were ammonium sulphate concentration, ratio of t-butanol to slurry, solid loading and pH. Ultrasound and enzymatic pretreatments increased the yield of oleoresin and its phytoconstituents. Ultrasound pretreatment showed separation of starch in the bottom aqueous phase but is an additional step in extraction. Enzymatic pretreatment using accellerase increased the yield of [6]-, [8]-, [10]-gingerols and [6]-shogaol by 64.10, 87.8, 62.78 and 32.0% within 4h and is recommended. The efficacy of the enzymatic pretreatment was confirmed by SEM and FTIR.

Combi-protein coated microcrystals of lipases for production of biodiesel from oil from spent coffee grounds

Background

Replacing chemical catalysts with biocatalysts is a widely recognized goal of white biotechnology. For biocatalytic processes requiring low water containing media, enzymes for example commercial preparations of lipases, show low catalytic efficiencies. Some high activity preparations for addressing this concern have been described. Protein coated microcrystals (PCMC) constitute one such preparation. The present work describes a Combi-PCMC for synthesis of biodiesel from the oil extracted from spent coffee grounds.

Results

Different lipases were screened for biodiesel synthesis from crude coffee oil out of which Novozym 435 gave the best conversion of 60% in 4 h. Optimization of reaction conditions i.e. % water, temperature and purification of coffee oil further enhanced conversion upto 88% in 24 h. A mixture of Novozym 435 and a cheap commercially available 1,3-specific lipase RMIM (from Mucor miehei) was used in different ratios and 1:1 was found to be the best trade-off between conversion and cost. The commercial preparations then were replaced by a novel biocatalyst design called Combi-Protein coated microcrystals (Combi-PCMC) wherein CAL B and Palatase were co-immobilized with K2SO4 as the core and this performed equivalent to the commercial preparations giving 83% conversion in 48 h.

Conclusion

Coffee oil extracted from spent coffee grounds could be used for the synthesis of biodiesel by using appropriate commercial preparations of lipases. The expensive commercially immobilized preparations can also be replaced by a simpler and inexpensive immobilization design called combi-PCMC which synergizes the catalytic action of a nonspecific lipase CAL B and a free form of 1,3-specific lipase from Mucor miehei.

Bio-sorption of atrazine in the press-cake from oilseeds

Oilseed press-cake (PC) is proposed as a novel material for the removal of hydrophobic organic pollutants (HOPs) from water. Sorption of the pesticides carbaryl, atrazine and parathion, with log K(ow) being, respectively, 1.59, 2.55 and 3.83, was demonstrated using cold-pressed rapeseed (Brassica napus), moringa (Moringa oleifera) and soybean (Glycine max) PCs. Linear sorption isotherms have been observed. The partition coefficient of carbaryl, atrazine and parathion using rapeseed PC were determined to be 0.028+/-0.003, 0.144+/-0.003 and 2.52+/-0.24 L/g, respectively. Partition studies of atrazine in PC-extracted oil and defatted PC showed that the sorption mechanism is mainly through absorption in the residual oil in the PC, whereas adsorption on the PC matrix is quantitatively much less significant. It was also shown that the oil content of the PC is not the only parameter determining the partitioning of pesticides. Indeed, sorption using ground seeds was very weak, as demonstrated by the low partition and mass transfer coefficients. This may be due to cell structures blocking the pesticide diffusion to the oil-containing structures within the seeds, while for PC oil they are present in the form of small (10 microm) droplets trapped within the hydrophilic PC matrix, thus presenting less resistance for mass transfer.

A novel process for extraction of edible oils: Enzyme assisted three phase partitioning (EATPP)

Three phase partitioning (TPP), a technique used in protein purification has been evaluated, for extraction of oil from three different plant sources viz: mango kernel, soybean and rice bran. The process consists of simultaneous addition of t-butanol (1:1,v/v) and ammonium sulphate (w/v) to a crude preparation/slurry. Under optimized condition, the protein appears as an interfacial precipitate between upper t-butanol containing oil and lower aqueous phase. Pretreatment of the slurries with a commercial enzyme preparation of proteases, Protizyme, followed by three phase partitioning resulted in 98%, 86% and 79% (w/w) oil yields in case of soybean, rice bran and mango kernel, respectively. The efficiency of the present technique is comparable to solvent extraction with an added advantage of being less time consuming and using t-butanol which is a safer solvent as compared to n-hexane used in conventional oil extraction process.