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Felberbaum R, Küpker W, Diedrich K. Behandlung symptomatischer uteriner Myome mit oral aktiven Gonadotropin-Releasing-Hormon-Antagonisten und Add-back-Therapie. Gynäkologische Endokrinologie 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10304-023-00505-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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2
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Erkin AV, Krutikov VI, Garabadzhiu AV. Priority directions in the design of biologically active compounds based on 2-aminopyrimidin-4(3H)-one and its derivatives. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021; 57:103-121. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-02875-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Tukun FL, Olberg DE, Riss PJ, Haraldsen I, Kaass A, Klaveness J. Recent Development of Non-Peptide GnRH Antagonists. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122188. [PMID: 29232843 PMCID: PMC6149776 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The decapeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone, also referred to as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone with the sequence (pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2) plays an important role in regulating the reproductive system. It stimulates differential release of the gonadotropins FSH and LH from pituitary tissue. To date, treatment of hormone-dependent diseases targeting the GnRH receptor, including peptide GnRH agonist and antagonists are now available on the market. The inherited issues associate with peptide agonists and antagonists have however, led to significant interest in developing orally active, small molecule, non-peptide antagonists. In this review, we will summarize all developed small molecule GnRH antagonists along with the most recent clinical data and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dag Erlend Olberg
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
- Norsk Medisinsk Syklotronsenter AS, Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Patrick J Riss
- Norsk Medisinsk Syklotronsenter AS, Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
- Realomics SFI, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of neuropsychiatry and psychosomatic medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 4950 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ira Haraldsen
- Department of neuropsychiatry and psychosomatic medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 4950 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Jo Klaveness
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
This review gives an overview to the synthesis of the imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines on the basis of multicomponent reactions, condensation reactions, intramolecular cyclizations etc. along with its reactivity at 3-position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Goel
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Thapar University
- Patiala-147004
- India
| | - Vijay Luxami
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Thapar University
- Patiala-147004
- India
| | - Kamaldeep Paul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Thapar University
- Patiala-147004
- India
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5
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Miwa K, Hitaka T, Imada T, Sasaki S, Yoshimatsu M, Kusaka M, Tanaka A, Nakata D, Furuya S, Endo S, Hamamura K, Kitazaki T. Discovery of 1-{4-[1-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)-5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-3-(6-methoxypyridazin-3-yl)-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-6-yl]phenyl}-3-methoxyurea (TAK-385) as a potent, orally active, non-peptide antagonist of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4998-5012. [PMID: 21657270 DOI: 10.1021/jm200216q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We previously discovered an orally active human gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonist, thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-dione derivative 1 (sufugolix). To reduce the cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitory activity and improve in vivo GnRH antagonistic activity, further optimization of this scaffold was carried out. We focused our synthetic efforts on chemical modification at the 5 and 3 positions of the thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-dione ring based on computational modeling, which resulted in the discovery of 1-{4-[1-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)-5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-3-(6-methoxypyridazin-3-yl)-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-6-yl]phenyl}-3-methoxyurea (16b) as a highly potent and orally active GnRH antagonist. Compound 16b showed potent in vitro GnRH antagonistic activity in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) without CYP inhibition. Oral administration of 16b maintained the suppressive effect of the plasma luteinizing hormone levels in castrated cynomolgus monkeys at a 3 mg/kg dose for more than 24 h. Compound 16b is currently under clinical development with the code name of TAK-385.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Miwa
- CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan.
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6
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Heitman LH, Ijzerman AP. G protein-coupled receptors of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: a case for Gnrh, LH, FSH, and GPR54 receptor ligands. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:975-1011. [PMID: 18561294 DOI: 10.1002/med.20129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, important in reproduction and sex hormone-dependent diseases, is regulated by a number of G protein-coupled receptors. The recently "deorphanized" GPR54 receptor activated by the peptide metastin is thought to be the key regulator of the axis, mainly by releasing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. The latter decapeptide, through the activation of the GnRH receptor in the anterior pituitary, causes the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which subsequently activate their respective receptors on the gonadotrope cells. In this review we will discuss the small molecule agonists and antagonists that are currently being developed to intervene with the action of these four receptors. For GnRH receptors, 14 different chemical classes of non-peptidic antagonists have been reported, while for the LH receptor three classes of agonists have been described. Both agonists and antagonists have been introduced for the FSH receptor. Recently, the first non-peptidic agonist for GPR54 was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Al-Masoudi IA, Al-Soud YA, Al-Masoudi NA, Noori SH, Schuppler T. Synthesis and Anti-HIV Activity of New 6-Thioarylpyrimidines and Related Compounds. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500701693453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaseen A. Al-Soud
- b Department of Chemistry, College of Science , University of Al al-Bayt , Al-Mafraq , Jordan
| | - Najim A. Al-Masoudi
- c Fachbereich Chemie , Universität Konstanz, Postfach 5560 , D-78457 , Konstanz , Germany
| | - Saman H. Noori
- d Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine , University of Sulaimani , Sulaimani , Iraq
| | - Thilo Schuppler
- c Fachbereich Chemie , Universität Konstanz, Postfach 5560 , D-78457 , Konstanz , Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F. Betz
- Endocrinology & Metabolism, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - Yun-Fei Zhu
- Endocrinology & Metabolism, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - Chen Chen
- Endocrinology & Metabolism, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
| | - R. Scott Struthers
- Endocrinology & Metabolism, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130
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9
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Chen M, Guo Z, Lanier MC, Zhao L, Betz SF, Huang CQ, Loweth CJ, Ashweek NJ, Liu XJ, Struthers RS, Bradbury MJ, Behan JW, Wen J, O'Brien Z, Saunders J, Zhu YF. Identification of 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-3-yl)-ethylamine derivatives as novel GnRH receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3845-50. [PMID: 17521908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-3-yl)-ethylamine derivatives were designed and synthesized as GnRH receptor antagonists. SAR studies led to a series of highly active molecules against both the rat and human receptors. Furthermore, one potent compound, 17j, demonstrated dose-dependent LH suppression in castrated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
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Sarma PKS, Tiwari A, Kondaskar A, Cliffe IA. Peptidomimetic GnRH receptor antagonists for the treatment of reproductive and proliferative diseases. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.6.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Reinhart GJ, Xie Q, Liu XJ, Zhu YF, Fan J, Chen C, Struthers RS. Species selectivity of nonpeptide antagonists of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor is determined by residues in extracellular loops II and III and the amino terminus. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:34115-22. [PMID: 15155770 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404474200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to develop orally available gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonists have led to the discovery of several classes of potent nonpeptide antagonists. Here we investigated molecular interactions of three classes of nonpeptide antagonists with human, rat, and macaque GnRH receptors. Although all are high affinity ligands of the human receptor (K(i) <5 nm), these compounds show reduced affinity for the macaque receptor and bind only weakly (K(i) >1 microm) to the rat receptor. To identify residues responsible for this selectivity, a series of chimeric receptors and mutant receptors was constructed and evaluated for nonpeptide binding. Surprisingly, 4 key residues located in the amino terminus (Met-24) and extracellular loops II (Ser-203, Gln-208) and III (Leu-300) of the GnRH receptor appear to be primarily responsible for species-selective binding. Comparisons of reciprocal mutations suggest that these may not be direct contacts but rather may be involved in organizing extracellular portions of the receptor. These data are novel because most previous reports of residues involved in binding of nonpeptide ligands to peptide-activated G protein-coupled receptors, including the GnRH receptor as well as mono-amine receptors, have identified binding sites in the transmembrane regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg J Reinhart
- Department of Endocrinology, Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., 10555 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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12
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Rowbottom MW, Tucci FC, Zhu YF, Guo Z, Gross TD, Reinhart GJ, Xie Q, Struthers RS, Saunders J, Chen C. Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of ( R )-1-alkyl-3-[2-(2-amino)phenethyl]-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-6-methyluracils as human GnRH receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:2269-74. [PMID: 15081023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2003] [Accepted: 02/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of (R)-1-alkyl-3-[2-(2-amino)phenethyl]-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-6-methyluracils is discussed. SAR around N-1 of the uracil was explored, which led to the discovery that an electron-deficient 2,6-disubstituted benzyl group is required for optimal receptor binding. The best compound from the series had binding affinity of 0.7 nM (K(i) for the human GnRH receptor, which was 8-fold better than the 2,6-difluorobenzyl analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Rowbottom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, 10555 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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13
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Zhu Y, Chen C, Scott Struthers R. Nonpeptide Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Antagonists. Elsevier; 2004. pp. 99-110. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(04)39008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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14
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Tucci FC, Zhu YF, Guo Z, Gross TD, Connors PJ, Struthers RS, Reinhart GJ, Saunders J, Chen C. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 1-arylmethyl-3-(1-methyl-2-amino)ethyl-5-aryl-6-methyluracils as antagonists of the human GnRH Receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:3317-22. [PMID: 12951117 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new class of small molecule GnRH antagonists, the 1-arylmethyl-3-(1-methyl-2-amino)ethyl-5-aryl-6-methyluracils, was designed and a novel stereoselective synthesis for these compounds was developed. The stereochemical integrities of key intermediates (S)-6 and (R)-6 were confirmed by a combination of X-ray crystallography and chiral HPLC determinations. SAR studies were performed, which allowed the identification of derivatives (R)-9f, (R)-9h and (R)-12 as potent hGnRH antagonists (K(i)=20 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio C Tucci
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 10555 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Guo Z, Zhu YF, Tucci FC, Gao Y, Struthers RS, Saunders J, Gross TD, Xie Q, Reinhart GJ, Chen C. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 1-arylmethyl-3-(2-aminopropyl)-5-aryl-6-methyluracils as potent GnRH receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:3311-5. [PMID: 12951116 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00620-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The novel synthesis and SAR studies of 6-methyluracils as human GnRH receptor antagonists are discussed. Introduction of a small methyl substituent at the beta-position from N3 of the uracil improved the GnRH binding potency by 5- to 10-fold. The best compound from the series had binding affinity of 5 nM (K(i)) to the human GnRH receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 10555 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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16
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Guo Z, Chen Y, Wu D, Zhu YF, Struthers RS, Saunders J, Xie Q, Chen C. Synthesis and structure–Activity relationships of thieno[2,3- d ]pyrimidine-2,4-dione derivatives as potent GnRH receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:3617-22. [PMID: 14505682 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and SAR studies of thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-diones as human GnRH receptor antagonists to treat reproductive diseases are discussed. It was found that the 2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl group on the 5-aminomethyl functionality of the core structure was a key feature for good receptor binding activity. SAR study of the 6-(4-aminophenyl) group suggests that hydrophobic substituents were preferred. The best compound from this series had binding affinity (K(i)) of 0.4 nM to the human GnRH receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 10555 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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17
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Wang J, Mason R, VanDerveer D, Feng K, Bu XR. Convenient preparation of a novel class of imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines: decisive role by ammonium acetate in chemoselectivity. J Org Chem 2003; 68:5415-8. [PMID: 12816512 DOI: 10.1021/jo0342020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A facile and one-pot straightforward methodology has been developed to prepare a novel class of imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines. A key role played by ammonium acetate in chemoselectivity has been examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Chemistry and NASA Center for High Performance Polymers and Composites, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
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18
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Wilcoxen KM, Zhu YF, Connors PJ, Saunders J, Gross TD, Gao Y, Reinhart GJ, Struthers RS, Chen C. Synthesis and initial structure-activity relationships of a novel series of imidazolo[1,2-a]pyrimid-5-ones as potent GnRH receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2179-83. [PMID: 12127532 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SAR studies of 2-arylimidazolo[1,2-a]pyrimid-5-ones 10a-m, which were derived from initial lead 3a, resulted in the discovery of a series of potent nonpeptide human GnRH receptor antagonists. Compounds with good potency (e.g., 10e, K(i)=7.5 nM) were prepared by introduction of a 2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl at the basic nitrogen and a 3-pentyl ester at the 6-position of the bicyclic core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Wilcoxen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 10555 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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