1
|
Bergamo A, Sava G. Lysozyme: A Natural Product with Multiple and Useful Antiviral Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:652. [PMID: 38338396 PMCID: PMC10856218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysozyme, especially the one obtained from hen's egg white, continues to show new pharmacological properties. The fact that only a few of these properties can be translated into therapeutic applications is due to the lack of suitable clinical studies. However, this lack cannot hide the evidence that is emerging from scientific research. This review for the first time examines, from a pharmacological point of view, all the relevant studies on the antiviral properties of lysozyme, analyzing its possible mechanism of action and its ability to block viral infections and, in some cases, inhibit viral replication. Lysozyme can interact with nucleic acids and alter their function, but this effect is uncoupled from the catalytic activity that determines its antibacterial activity; it is present in intact lysozyme but is equally potent in a heat-degraded lysozyme or in a nonapeptide isolated by proteolytic digestion. An analysis of the literature shows that lysozyme can be used both as a disinfectant for raw and processed foods and as a drug to combat viral infections in animals and humans. To summarize, it can be said that lysozyme has important antiviral properties, as already suspected in the initial studies conducted over 50 years ago, and it should be explored in suitable clinical studies on humans.
Collapse
|
2
|
Bergamo A, Sava G. Pharmacological Modulation of Host Immunity with Hen Egg White Lysozyme (HEWL)-A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:5027. [PMID: 37446691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the 100 years since its discovery, lysozyme has become an important molecule, both as model for studies in different fields and as a candidate for the therapy of various pathological conditions. Of the dozens of known lysozymes, in this review we focus on one in particular, lysozyme extracted from hen egg white (HEWL), and its interaction with the immune system when it is administered orally. Experimental data show that there is an axis that directs immune system activation from GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue) and the intestinal lymphocyte clusters. Although a contribution of peptidoglycans from digestion of the bacterial cell wall in the intestinal lumen cannot be excluded, immune stimulation is not dependent on the enzymatic activity of HEWL. The immune responses suggest that HEWL is able to recover from immunodepression caused by tumor growth or immunosuppressants, and that it also improves the success of chemotherapy. The positive results obtained in a small Phase 2 study in patients, the ease of oral administration of this protein, and the absence of adverse effects suggest that HEWL may play an important role in all diseases where the immune system is weakened or where its enhancement plays a critical role in the resolution of the pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberta Bergamo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianni Sava
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Italian Society of Pharmacology, 20129 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Venturini Díaz M, Vidal Oribe I, D’elia Torrence D, Hernández Alfonso P, Alarcón Gallardo E. New Challenges in Drug Allergy: the Resurgence of Excipients. Curr Treat Options Allergy. [PMID: 35910462 PMCID: PMC9308858 DOI: 10.1007/s40521-022-00313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
4
|
Dhanapala P, De Silva C, Doran T, Suphioglu C. Cracking the egg: An insight into egg hypersensitivity. Mol Immunol 2015; 66:375-83. [PMID: 25965316 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypersensitivity to the chicken egg is a widespread disorder mainly affecting 1-2% of children worldwide. It is the second most common food allergy in children, next to cow's milk allergy. Egg allergy is mainly caused by hypersensitivity to four allergens found in the egg white; ovomucoid, ovalbumin, ovotransferrin and lysozyme. However, some research suggests the involvement of allergens exclusively found in the egg yolk such as chicken serum albumin and YGP42, which may play a crucial role in the overall reaction. In egg allergic individuals, these allergens cause conditions such as itching, atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma, vomiting, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, laryngeal oedema and chronic urticaria, and anaphylaxis. Currently there is no permanent cure for egg allergy. Upon positive diagnosis for egg allergy, strict dietary avoidance of eggs and products containing traces of eggs is the most effective way of avoiding future hypersensitivity reactions. However, it is difficult to fully avoid eggs since they are found in a range of processed food products. An understanding of the mechanisms of allergic reactions, egg allergens and their prevalence, egg allergy diagnosis and current treatment strategies are important for future studies. This review addresses these topics and discusses both egg white and egg yolk allergy as a whole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pathum Dhanapala
- NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong 3216, Australia; Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, East Geelong 3219, Victoria, Australia; Poultry CRC, PO Box U242, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Chamika De Silva
- NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong 3216, Australia
| | - Tim Doran
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, East Geelong 3219, Victoria, Australia; Poultry CRC, PO Box U242, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Cenk Suphioglu
- NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong 3216, Australia; Poultry CRC, PO Box U242, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
|
7
|
Benedé S, Pérez-Rangel I, Lozano-Ojalvo D, Molina E, Ibañez MD, López-Fandiño R, López-Expósito I. Anaphylaxis Induced by a Drug Containing Lysozyme and Papain: Influence of Papain on the IgE Response. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2014; 165:83-90. [DOI: 10.1159/000366101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
8
|
Scientific Opinion related to a notification from the Oenological Products and Practices International Association (OENOPPIA) on lysozyme from hen's egg to be used in the manufacture of wine as an anti-microbial stabilizer/additive pursuant to Article 6,. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
9
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Allergy to hen's egg is common in infancy and childhood. Oral food challenges are often required to diagnose egg allergy, because of the limitation in the diagnostic accuracy of skin test and specific IgE to egg white. New molecular diagnostic technologies have been recently introduced into allergological research. In this article, we will review the recent literature regarding the potential value of these tests for the clinical management of egg-allergic patients. RECENT FINDINGS Component-resolved diagnosis that can be combined with the microarray technology is promising as measurement of specific IgE antibodies to individual egg white components has been shown to predict different clinical patterns of egg allergy. Specific IgE to ovomucoid has been identified as a risk factor for persistent allergy and could indicate reactivity to heated egg. Ovomucoid and ovalbumin IgE and IgG4-binding epitope profiling could also help distinguish different clinical phenotypes of egg allergy. Particularly, egg-allergic patients with IgE antibodies reacting against sequential epitopes tend to have more persistent allergy. SUMMARY Using recombinant allergens, IgE-binding epitopes, and microarrays, molecular-based technologies show promising results. However, none of these tests is ready to be used in clinical practice and oral food challenge remains the standard for the diagnosis of egg allergy.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The primary treatment of food allergy is to avoid the culprit foods. This is a complex undertaking that requires education about reading the labels of manufactured products, understanding how to avoid cross-contact with allergens during food preparation, and communicating effectively with persons who are providing allergen-safe meals including relatives and restaurant personnel. Successful avoidance also requires a knowledge of nuances such as appropriate cleaning practices, an understanding of the risks of ingestion compared to skin contact or inhalation, that exposure could occur through unanticipated means such as through sharing utensils or passionate kissing, and that food may be a component of substances that are not ingested such as cosmetics, bath products, vaccines and medications. The authors review the necessary tools of avoidance that physicians and medical practitioners can use to guide their patients through the complexities of food avoidance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Kim
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1198, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Egg is one of the most important allergens in childhood feeding, and egg allergy can pose quality-of-life concerns. A clear clinical history and the detection of egg white-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) will confirm the diagnosis of IgE-mediated reactions. Non-IgE-mediated symptoms, such as those of eosinophilic diseases of the gut, might also be observed. Egg avoidance and education regarding the treatment of allergic reactions are the cornerstones of management of egg allergy. This article discusses epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and natural history of egg allergy.
Collapse
|
12
|
Fadeeva T, Asin JLE, Horrillo ML, Baraut TG, Vela RFO, Conde SLR, Hontoria OE, Valero CB, Molina AMM. Results of the oral egg-challenge test performed on two different groups of children. One group with a history, suggestive of allergic reaction with egg intake and the other group sensitised to hen's egg without previous egg intake. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2010; 38:233-40. [PMID: 20619526 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 01/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Egg allergy is an adverse immune-system reaction of an IgE-mediated type, which can happen in children after egg intake and several times after their first egg intake. OBJECTIVES Compare the results of the oral egg-challenge test in two groups of egg-sensitised children, with and without prior intake. PATIENTS AND METHODS Retrospective study of two egg-sensitised groups (72 subjects). Group 1: 22 children without prior egg-intake. Group 2: 50 children with a clinical history of adverse reactions after egg intake. Skin prick tests, egg-white specific IgE (sIgE) and yolk specific IgE, were performed on all children. The oral egg-challenge tests were performed after a period of egg-avoidance diet and when egg-white specific IgE levels were lower than 1.5K U/L. RESULTS 31.8% of the children in Group 1 did not tolerate egg-intake whereas 38% of the children in Group 2 did not tolerate egg-intake. Egg-avoidance periods lasted 19.5 and 18 months, respectively. Egg-white specific IgE levels went down in both groups after an egg-avoidance diet. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups and the positivity of oral egg-challenge test. CONCLUSIONS No statistically significant differences were found in the behaviour of the two groups studied. Given the high risk of adverse reactions, it was recommended that any egg-introduction tests were to be performed in a hospital environment on the children who were sensitised to hen's egg (including children without prior egg intake).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Fadeeva
- The Maternity and Children's Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Allergy Department, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Scala E, Alessandri C, Bernardi ML, Ferrara R, Palazzo P, Pomponi D, Quaratino D, Rasi C, Zaffiro A, Zennaro D, Mari A. Cross-sectional survey on immunoglobulin E reactivity in 23,077 subjects using an allergenic molecule-based microarray detection system. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 40:911-21. [PMID: 20214663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The availability of allergenic molecules and high-throughput microtechnologies allow the collection of a large number of IgE results at the same time in a single test. This can be carried out applying the test in the routine diagnostic work-up. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to make a cross-sectional evaluation of the raw prevalence of IgE reactivity to allergenic molecules in serum samples from a cohort of Italian patients using an innovative tool. METHODS The ISAC, a microarray system, has been used for specific IgE detection using 75 different allergenic molecules. Sera were collected from 23,077 unselected consecutive individuals complaining about any allergic disease. RESULTS Sixteen thousand four hundred and eight of 23,077 patients had IgE to at least one of 75 allergenic molecules. The top-ranked molecules in this cohort were Cup a 1 (42.7%), Der f 2 (38.7%), and Phl p 1 (37.9%), whereas all the other allergens tested scored in a range between 36.8% and 0.04%, including the first food allergen, Pru p 3, ranked 15th (9.79%). Prevalence varied quite markedly depending on the age range considered, and showing a different behaviour in the lifetime sensitization process. Unsupervised two-way hierarchical clustering analysis generated distinctive patterns of reactivity as the result of IgE recognition of either homologous allergens belonging to different biological sources or non-homologous belonging to the same biological source. CONCLUSIONS Allergen-based microarray is a tool for the detection of IgE-related sensitization to panels of allergens and gives a more precise and comprehensive evaluation for an IgE-based epidemiology. This insight brings data for better understanding of the sensitization process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Scala
- Centre for Clinical and Experimental Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|