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Moradifar P, Liu Y, Shi J, Siukola Thurston ML, Utzat H, van Driel TB, Lindenberg AM, Dionne JA. Accelerating Quantum Materials Development with Advances in Transmission Electron Microscopy. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37979189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum materials are driving a technology revolution in sensing, communication, and computing, while simultaneously testing many core theories of the past century. Materials such as topological insulators, complex oxides, superconductors, quantum dots, color center-hosting semiconductors, and other types of strongly correlated materials can exhibit exotic properties such as edge conductivity, multiferroicity, magnetoresistance, superconductivity, single photon emission, and optical-spin locking. These emergent properties arise and depend strongly on the material's detailed atomic-scale structure, including atomic defects, dopants, and lattice stacking. In this review, we describe how progress in the field of electron microscopy (EM), including in situ and in operando EM, can accelerate advances in quantum materials and quantum excitations. We begin by describing fundamental EM principles and operation modes. We then discuss various EM methods such as (i) EM spectroscopies, including electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), cathodoluminescence (CL), and electron energy gain spectroscopy (EEGS); (ii) four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM); (iii) dynamic and ultrafast EM (UEM); (iv) complementary ultrafast spectroscopies (UED, XFEL); and (v) atomic electron tomography (AET). We describe how these methods could inform structure-function relations in quantum materials down to the picometer scale and femtosecond time resolution, and how they enable precision positioning of atomic defects and high-resolution manipulation of quantum materials. For each method, we also describe existing limitations to solve open quantum mechanical questions, and how they might be addressed to accelerate progress. Among numerous notable results, our review highlights how EM is enabling identification of the 3D structure of quantum defects; measuring reversible and metastable dynamics of quantum excitations; mapping exciton states and single photon emission; measuring nanoscale thermal transport and coupled excitation dynamics; and measuring the internal electric field and charge density distribution of quantum heterointerfaces- all at the quantum materials' intrinsic atomic and near atomic-length scale. We conclude by describing open challenges for the future, including achieving stable sample holders for ultralow temperature (below 10K) atomic-scale spatial resolution, stable spectrometers that enable meV energy resolution, and high-resolution, dynamic mapping of magnetic and spin fields. With atomic manipulation and ultrafast characterization enabled by EM, quantum materials will be poised to integrate into many of the sustainable and energy-efficient technologies needed for the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parivash Moradifar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jiaojian Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road MS69, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - Hendrik Utzat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tim B van Driel
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road MS69, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Wang Y, Yang S, Fischer A, Grotjohn T, Ponce F, Crozier PA. Exploring the Effect of Diffraction Conditions on Off-Axis Phonon EELS. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:653-655. [PMID: 37613386 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Shize Yang
- Eyring Materials Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Alec Fischer
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Timothy Grotjohn
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Fernando Ponce
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Peter A Crozier
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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Yan X, Li J, Gu L, Gadre CA, Moore SL, Aoki T, Wang S, Zhang G, Gao Z, Basov DN, Wu R, Pan X. Curvature-Induced One-Dimensional Phonon Polaritons at Edges of Folded Boron Nitride Sheets. Nano Lett 2022; 22:9319-9326. [PMID: 36413202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Generation and manipulation of phonon polaritons are of paramount importance for understanding the interaction between an electromagnetic field and dielectric materials and furthering their application in mid-infrared optical communication. However, the formation of tunable one-dimensional phonon polaritons has been rarely realized in van der Waals layered structures. Here we report the discovery of curvature-induced phonon polaritons localized at the crease of folded hexagonal boron nitrides (h-BNs) with a few atomic layers using monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Compared to bulk regions, the creased-localized signals undergo an abnormal blue-shift of 1.4 meV. First-principles calculations reveal that the energy shift arises from the optical phonon hardening in the curled region. Interestingly, the curvature-induced phonon polariton can also be controllably achieved via an electron-beam etching approach. This work opens an avenue of tailoring local electromagnetic response and creating unique phonon polariton modes in van der Waals layered materials for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxu Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Irvine Materials Research Institute, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Lei Gu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Chaitanya Avinash Gadre
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Samuel L Moore
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Toshihiro Aoki
- Irvine Materials Research Institute, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Shuopei Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoli Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Dimitri N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ruqian Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Irvine Materials Research Institute, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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