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Mohapatra S, Xian JLL, Galvez-Rodriguez A, Ekande OS, Drewes JE, Gin KYH. Photochemical fate of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) and degradation pathways predication through computational analysis. J Hazard Mater 2024; 465:133483. [PMID: 38232547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are commonly used in many products, such as disinfectants, detergents and personal care products. However, their widespread use has led to their ubiquitous presence in the environment, posing a potential risk to human and environmental health. Several methods, including direct and indirect photodegradation, have been explored to remove QACs such as benzylalkyldimethyl ammonium compounds (BACs) and alkyltrimethyl ammonium compounds (ATMACs) from the environment. Hence, in this research, a systematic review of the literature was conducted using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) method to understand the fate of these QACs during direct and indirect photodegradation in UV/H2O2, UV/PS, UV/PS/Cu2+, UV/chlorine, VUV/UV/chlorine, O3/UV and UV/O3/TiO2 systems which produce highly reactive radicals that rapidly react with the QACs, leading to their degradation. As a result of photodegradation, several transformation products (TPs) of QACs are formed, which can pose a greater risk to the environment and human health than the parent QACs. Only limited research in this area has been conducted with fewer QACs. Hence, quantum mechanical calculations such as density functional theory (DFT)-based computational calculations using Gaussian09 software package were used here to explain better the photo-resistant nature of a specific type of QACs, such as BACs C12-18 and ATMACs C12, C14, C18, and their transformation pathways, providing insights into active sites participating in the phototransformation. Recognizing that different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) come with pros and cons in the elimination of QACs, this review also highlighted the importance of implementing each AOP concerning the formation of toxic transformation products and electrical energy per order (EEO), especially when QACs coexist with other emerging contaminants (ECs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 CREATE Way, 138602, Singapore; Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jovina Lew Li Xian
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | | | - Onkar Sudhir Ekande
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 CREATE Way, 138602, Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore.
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2
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Mahony AK, McNamara PJ, Arnold WA. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) in Wastewater Influent and Effluent Throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:20148-20158. [PMID: 37934083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are used in consumer and industrial products, including disinfectants. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, disinfectant use has increased, purportedly increasing loads to wastewater treatment plants and the environment. To understand how the increased usage has affected QAC loadings to treatment plants and to determine how effectively plants remove QACs from liquid effluent that is discharged to surface and groundwaters, influent and effluent wastewater samples were collected from four treatment plants (treatment capacities < 5 MGD to > 100 MGD) for 21 months beginning in May 2020. Influent QAC concentrations were hundreds of μg/L and effluent QAC concentrations were < 1 μg/L, corresponding to an average removal of 98% from all four plants. The most prevalent QACs in influent were those used most commonly in disinfectants, specifically benzylalkyldimethylammonium compounds (BACs) and short-chain dialkyldimethylammonium compounds (DADMACs), and influent levels of these compounds were correlated with QAC sales. Prior to this study, ethylbenzylalkyldimethylammonium compounds (EtBACs) had not been studied, and they comprised 13 ± 6% of QACs in influent. While removal was high at all plants, low μg/L concentrations were still continuously discharged into the environment. For QACs with equivalent alkyl chain lengths, those with aromatic substituents (BACs and EtBACs) appear to be removed more effectively than those with only alkyl chains (DADMACs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Mahony
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Dr. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Patrick J McNamara
- Department of Civil, Construction, Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1515 West Wisconsin Ave, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233 United States
| | - William A Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Dr. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Mohapatra S, Yutao L, Goh SG, Ng C, Luhua Y, Tran NH, Gin KYH. Quaternary ammonium compounds of emerging concern: Classification, occurrence, fate, toxicity and antimicrobial resistance. J Hazard Mater 2023; 445:130393. [PMID: 36455328 PMCID: PMC9663149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Amplified hygiene and precautionary measures are of utmost importance to control the spread of COVID-19 and future infection; however, these changes in practice are projected to trigger a rise in the purchase, utilisation and hence, discharge of many disinfectants into the environment. While alcohol-based, hydrogen peroxide-based, and chlorine-based compounds have been used widely, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) based disinfectants are of significant concern due to their overuse during this pandemic. This review presents the classification of disinfectants and their mechanism of action, focusing on QACs. Most importantly, the occurrence, fate, toxicity and antimicrobial resistance due to QACs are covered in this paper. Here we collated evidence from multiple studies and found rising trends of concern, including an increase in the mass load of QACs at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) by 331% compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as an increases in the concentration of 62% in residential dust, resulting in high concentrations of QACs in human blood and breast milk and suggesting that these could be potential sources of persistent QACs in infants. In addition to increased toxicity to human and aquatic life, increased use of QACs and accelerated use of antibiotics and antimicrobials during the COVID-19 pandemic could multiply the threat to antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Lin Yutao
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Shin Giek Goh
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Charmaine Ng
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - You Luhua
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Ngoc Han Tran
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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Sanidad KZ, Wang G, Panigrahy A, Zhang G. Triclosan and triclocarban as potential risk factors of colitis and colon cancer: Roles of gut microbiota involved. Sci Total Environ 2022; 842:156776. [PMID: 35724794 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades there has been a dramatic increase in the incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic inflammatory disease of the intestinal tissues and a major risk factor of developing colon cancer. While accumulating evidence supports that the rapid increase of IBD is mainly caused by exposure to environmental risk factors, the identities of the risk factors, as well as the mechanisms connecting environmental exposure with IBD, remain largely unknown. Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are high-volume chemicals that are used as antimicrobial ingredients in consumer and industrial products. They are ubiquitous contaminants in the environment and are frequently detected in human populations. Recent studies showed that exposure to TCS/TCC, at human exposure-relevant doses, increases the severity of colitis and exacerbates colon tumorigenesis in mice, suggesting that they could be risk factors of IBD and associated diseases. The gut toxicities of these compounds require the presence of gut microbiota, since they fail to induce colonic inflammation in mice lacking the microbiota. Regarding the functional roles of the microbiota involved, gut commensal microbes and specific microbial β-glucuronidase (GUS) enzymes mediate colonic metabolism of TCS, leading to metabolic reactivation of TCS in the colon and contributing to its subsequent gut toxicity. Overall, these results support that these commonly used compounds could be environmental risk factors of IBD and associated diseases through gut microbiota-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Z Sanidad
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Guangqiang Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Anand Panigrahy
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Maculewicz J, Świacka K, Stepnowski P, Dołżonek J, Białk-Bielińska A. Ionic liquids as potentially hazardous pollutants: Evidences of their presence in the environment and recent analytical developments. J Hazard Mater 2022; 437:129353. [PMID: 35738170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are considered to be very promising group of chemicals and the number of their potential applications is growing rapidly. However, while these compounds were originally proposed as a green alternative to classical solvents, there are certain doubts as to whether this classification is correct. Although in recent years there have been first reports published proving the presence of some ILs in the environment and even in human blood, at this point the scale of this possible problem is not yet fully understood. However, there is no doubt that as the number of ILs applications increases, analytical capabilities for rapid detection of possible environmental contamination should be also considered. Therefore, in this review paper, recent evidences for the ILs environmental contamination as well as analytical achievements related to the extraction of ILs from various environmental matrices have been summarized and important gaps and future perspectives have been pointed out. Based on the presented data it might be concluded that there is the urgent need for further development towards risk assessment of these potential environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Maculewicz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Klaudia Świacka
- Department of Marine Ecosystems Functioning, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Av. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Dołżonek
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Białk-Bielińska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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6
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Xiao ZY, Huang N, Wang Q, Wang WL, Wu QY, Hu HY. Advanced oxidation of dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride by VUV/UV/chlorine: Synergistic effect, radicals, and degradation pathway. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Freemantle R, Butson N, Goodfellow J, Konzuk J, Longstaffe JG. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Analysis of Anaerobic Microbial Metabolic Response to Benzalkonium Chloride Disinfectant. Applied Sciences 2022; 12:4620. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are disinfection agents used in industrial cleaning processes that are known to interfere with the proper functioning of anaerobic waste digestion directly impacting the quality and quantity of the biogas produced (i.e., CO2 and CH4). While the impact of these contaminants on waste digestors are well known, the impact these compounds have on the metabolic profile of an anaerobic digestor is less understood. This paper describes the use nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy as a non-targeted tool to monitor variations in the metabolic profile of anaerobic bioreactor microcosms simulating the treatment of food production wastewater exposed to benzalkonium chloride (BAC), a key QAC. Using NMR, the variation in the metabolic profile of these wastewater microcosms is compared to variations in the quality and quantity of the biogas produced. A clear development of propionic, isobutyric, isovaleric, and other volatile fatty acids (VFAs) is observed indicating a disruption to the overall ability of the system to convert fatty acids to methane. The ability of NMR to successfully identify the overall metabolic profile, the occurrence of the individual VFAs, and the occurrence of BAC itself in one analysis helps to provide valuable information on the metabolic pathways involved in the disruption of these anaerobic processes.
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8
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Pascale R, Acquavia MA, Onzo A, Cataldi TRI, Calvano CD, Bianco G. Analysis of surfactants by mass spectrometry: Coming to grips with their diversity. Mass Spectrom Rev 2021. [PMID: 34570373 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are surface-active agents widely used in numerous applications in our daily lives as personal care products, domestic, and industrial detergents. To determine complex mixtures of surfactants and their degradation products, unselective and rather insensitive methods, based on colorimetric and complexometric analyses are no longer employable. Analytical methodologies able to determine low concentration levels of surfactants and closely related compounds in complex matrices are required. The recent introduction of robust, sensitive, and selective mass spectrometry (MS) techniques has led to the rapid expansion of the surfactant research field including complex mixtures of isomers, oligomers, and homologues of surfactants as well as their chemically and biodegradation products at trace levels. In this review, emphasis is given to the state-of-the-art MS-based analysis of surfactants and their degradation products with an overview of the current research landscape from traditional methods involving hyphenate techniques (gas chromatography-MS and liquid chromatography-MS) to the most innovative approaches, based on high-resolution MS. Finally, we outline a detailed explanation on the utilization of MS for mechanistic purposes, such as the study of micelle formation in different solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria A Acquavia
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- ALMAGISI S.r.l Corso Italia, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alberto Onzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Giuliana Bianco
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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Abbott T, Kor-Bicakci G, Islam MS, Eskicioglu C. A Review on the Fate of Legacy and Alternative Antimicrobials and Their Metabolites during Wastewater and Sludge Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239241. [PMID: 33287448 PMCID: PMC7729486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial compounds are used in a broad range of personal care, consumer and healthcare products and are frequently encountered in modern life. The use of these compounds is being reexamined as their safety, effectiveness and necessity are increasingly being questioned by regulators and consumers alike. Wastewater often contains significant amounts of these chemicals, much of which ends up being released into the environment as existing wastewater and sludge treatment processes are simply not designed to treat many of these contaminants. Furthermore, many biotic and abiotic processes during wastewater treatment can generate significant quantities of potentially toxic and persistent antimicrobial metabolites and byproducts, many of which may be even more concerning than their parent antimicrobials. This review article explores the occurrence and fate of two of the most common legacy antimicrobials, triclosan and triclocarban, their metabolites/byproducts during wastewater and sludge treatment and their potential impacts on the environment. This article also explores the fate and transformation of emerging alternative antimicrobials and addresses some of the growing concerns regarding these compounds. This is becoming increasingly important as consumers and regulators alike shift away from legacy antimicrobials to alternative chemicals which may have similar environmental and human health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Abbott
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Gokce Kor-Bicakci
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohammad S. Islam
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Cigdem Eskicioglu
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-250-807-8544 (C.E)
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10
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Onzo A, Acquavia MA, Cataldi TRI, Ligonzo M, Coviello D, Pascale R, Martelli G, Bondoni M, Scrano L, Bianco G. Coceth sulfate characterization by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2020; 34:e8884. [PMID: 32648966 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The anionic surfactants, among which are alkyl ether sulfates (AESs), are the most used class of surfactants in cleansing applications. The negatively charged head group of AESs is a sulfate moiety linked with a variable number of ethylene oxide units, i.e. a polyethylene glycol chain. The hydrophobic part of an AES is constituted by a linear alkyl chain of carbon atoms, generally obtained from natural fatty acids. Coconut oil fatty acids, including the sodium salts of coceth sulfate (CES) with chemical formula Cx Hy (OCH2 CH2 )n OSO3 Na, are widely used as feedstock for AESs synthesis. CES is added to many cleaning products and detergents defined as non-aggressive. Currently, no detailed structural information concerning the alkyl chain length x and, more importantly, the degree of ethoxylation n has been reported. METHODS A commercial standard solution of CES was characterized by tandem mass spectrometry, employing direct injection into the electrospray ionization (ESI) source of a a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. RESULTS Two series of oligomeric species, characterized by a C12 and C14 alkyl chains, i.e. [C12 H25 (OCH2 CH2 )nOSO3 ]- and [C14 H29 (OCH2 CH2 )n OSO3 ]- with n ranging from 0 to 7, were successfully identified. The interpretation of these data was very useful for CES identification in three commercial dishwasher cleaning products. CONCLUSIONS Direct injection MS/MS analysis of CES revealed a well-defined molecular weight distribution and allowed the alkyl chain composition and the number of ethylene oxide units to be to identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Onzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, 85100, Italy
| | - Maria A Acquavia
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, 85100, Italy
- ALMAGISI s.r.l, Corso Italia, 27, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | - Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona 4, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Mattia Ligonzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, 85100, Italy
| | - Donatella Coviello
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, 85100, Italy
| | - Raffaella Pascale
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, 85100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Martelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, 85100, Italy
| | | | - Laura Scrano
- Dipartimento delle Culture Europee e del Mediterraneo: Arch, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Ambiente, Patrimoni Culturali, Via Lanera, 20, Matera, 75100, Italy
| | - Giuliana Bianco
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, 85100, Italy
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11
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Zhang M, Lian K, Ai L, Kang W, Zhao T. Simultaneous determination of 11 antiseptic ingredients in surface water based on polypyrrole decorated magnetic nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2020; 10:37473-37481. [PMID: 35521266 PMCID: PMC9057185 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07064e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the emergence and spread of coronavirus COVID-19, the use of personal cleansing, medical and household disinfectant products have increased significantly. In this work, a new magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) method for the determination of 11 antiseptic ingredients in surface water by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for 6 months based on Fe3O4@PPy magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was established. The MSPE method possessed the advantages of simple processing, little time consumption and less organic solvent consumption, and the MNPs could be reused several times. The analytical parameters influencing the extraction efficiency, such as sample pH, amount of MNPs and extraction time, were optimized in detail. It was indicated that the method had satisfactory linearities in the range of 0.50 to 1000.0 μg L-1 with the correlation coefficients (r) higher than 0.9996. Additionally, satisfactory spiked recoveries were achieved in the range of 80.21-107.33% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) from 1.98% to 8.05%. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) were in the range of 0.20 to 2.0 μg L-1 and 0.50 to 5.0 μg L-1. Therefore, the developed MSPE-HPLC-MS/MS method has high selectivity and stability, and satisfactory quantitative capability for the antiseptic ingredients in surface water. Furthermore, this method can provide relevant technical support for the development of surface water standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyan Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050017 PR China
| | - Kaoqi Lian
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050017 PR China
| | - Lianfeng Ai
- Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs Shijiazhuang 050051 China
| | - Weijun Kang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050017 PR China
| | - Tangjuan Zhao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050017 PR China
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12
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Hora PI, Pati SG, McNamara PJ, Arnold WA. Increased Use of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic and Beyond: Consideration of Environmental Implications. Environ Sci Technol Lett 2020; 7:622-631. [PMID: 37566314 PMCID: PMC7341688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are active ingredients in over 200 disinfectants currently recommended by the U.S. EPA for use to inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus. The amounts of these compounds used in household, workplace, and industry settings has very likely increased, and usage will continue to be elevated given the scope of the pandemic. QACs have been previously detected in wastewater, surface waters, and sediments, and effects on antibiotic resistance have been explored. Thus, it is important to assess potential environmental and engineering impacts of elevated QAC usage, which may include disruption of wastewater treatment unit operations, proliferation of antibiotic resistance, formation of nitrosamine disinfection byproducts, and impacts on biota in surface waters. The threat caused by COVID-19 is clear, and a reasonable response is elevated use of QACs to mitigate spread of infection. Exploration of potential effects, environmental fate, and technologies to minimize environmental releases of QACs, however, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya I. Hora
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-
Engineering, University of Minnesota − Twin Cities, 500
Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sarah G. Pati
- Department of Environmental Sciences,
University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel,
Switzerland
| | - Patrick J. McNamara
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental
Engineering, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee,
Wisconsin 53233, United States
| | - William A. Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-
Engineering, University of Minnesota − Twin Cities, 500
Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Paijens C, Bressy A, Frère B, Moilleron R. Biocide emissions from building materials during wet weather: identification of substances, mechanism of release and transfer to the aquatic environment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:3768-3791. [PMID: 31656996 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Biocides are added to or applied on building materials to prevent microorganisms from growing on their surface or to treat them. They are leached into building runoff and contribute to diffuse contamination of receiving waters. This review aimed at summarizing the current state of knowledge concerning the impact of biocides from buildings on the aquatic environment. The objectives were (i) to assess the key parameters influencing the leaching of biocides and to quantify their emission from buildings, (ii) to determine the different pathways from urban sources into receiving waters and (iii) to assess the associated environmental risk. Based on consumption data and leaching studies, a list of substances to monitor in receiving water was established. Literature review of their concentrations in the urban water cycle showed evidences of contamination and risk for aquatic life, which should put them into consideration for inclusion to European or international monitoring programs. However, some biocide concentration data in urban and receiving waters is still missing to fully assess their environmental risk, especially for isothiazolinones, iodopropynyl carbamate, zinc pyrithione and quaternary ammonium compounds, and little is known about their transformation products. Although some models supported by actual data were developed to extrapolate emissions on larger scales (watershed or city scales), they are not sufficient to prioritize the pathways of biocides from urban sources into receiving waters during both dry and wet weathers. Our review highlights the need to reduce emissions and limit their transfer into rivers and reports several solutions to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Paijens
- Leesu, UMR-MA-102, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Université Paris-Est Créteil, AgroParisTech, 6 et 8 avenue Blaise Pascal - Cité Descartes, 77455, Champs-sur-Marne Cedex 2, France
- Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police, 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Adèle Bressy
- Leesu, UMR-MA-102, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Université Paris-Est Créteil, AgroParisTech, 6 et 8 avenue Blaise Pascal - Cité Descartes, 77455, Champs-sur-Marne Cedex 2, France.
| | - Bertrand Frère
- Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police, 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Régis Moilleron
- Leesu, UMR-MA-102, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, AgroParisTech, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil Cedex, France
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Yang Y, Wang W. Benzyldimethyldodecyl ammonium chloride shifts the proliferation of functional genes and microbial community in natural water from eutrophic lake. Environ Pollut 2018; 236:355-365. [PMID: 29414358 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Benzylalkyldimethylethyl ammonium compounds are pervasive in natural environments and toxic at high concentrations. The changes in functional genes and microbial diversity in eutrophic lake samples exposed to benzyldimethyldodecyl ammonium chloride (BAC) were assessed. BAC exerted negative effects on bacteria abundance, particularly at concentrations of 100 μg L-1 and higher. A significant increase in the number of the quaternary ammonium compound-resistant gene qacA/B was recorded within the 10 μg L-1 treatment after the first day of exposure. Not all antibiotic resistance genes increased in abundance as the concentrations of BAC increased; rather, gene abundances were dependent on the gene type, concentrations of BAC, and contact time. The nitrogen fixation-related gene nifH and ammonia monooxygenase gene amoA were inhibited by high concentrations of BAC after the first day, whereas an increase of the nitrite reductase gene nirK was stimulated by exposure. Microbial communities within higher treatment levels (1000 and 10 000 μg L-1) exhibited significantly different community composition compared to other treatment levels and the control. Selective enrichment of Rheinheimera, Pseudomonas, and Vogesella were found in the higher treatment levels, suggesting that these bacteria have some resistance or degradation capacity to BAC. Genes related with RNA processing and modification, transcription, lipid transport and metabolism, amino acid transport and metabolism, and cell motility of microbial community function were involved in the process exposed to the BAC stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Weibo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Sanidad KZ, Yang H, Wang W, Ozay EI, Yang J, Gu M, Karner E, Zhang J, Kim D, Minter LM, Xiao H, Zhang G. Effects of Consumer Antimicrobials Benzalkonium Chloride, Benzethonium Chloride, and Chloroxylenol on Colonic Inflammation and Colitis-Associated Colon Tumorigenesis in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Z Sanidad
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Haixia Yang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China 710061
| | - Weicang Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - E Ilker Ozay
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Min Gu
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Emmet Karner
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Jianan Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Daeyoung Kim
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Lisa M Minter
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Hang Xiao
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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Slimani K, Féret A, Pirotais Y, Maris P, Abjean J, Hurtaud-pessel D. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry multiresidue method for the analysis of quaternary ammonium compounds in cheese and milk products: Development and validation using the total error approach. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1517:86-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Moreira RC, Lopes MS, Medeiros Junior I, Coltro WKT. High performance separation of quaternary amines using microchip non-aqueous electrophoresis coupled with contactless conductivity detection. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1499:190-5. [PMID: 28396087 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the development of an analytical methodology for the separation of quaternary amines using non-aqueous microchip electrophoresis (NAME) coupled with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D). All experiments were performed using a commercial microchip electrophoresis system consisting of a C4D detector, a high-voltage sequencer and a microfluidic platform to assemble a glass microchip with integrated sensing electrodes. The detection parameters were optimized and the best response was reached applying a 700-kHz sinusoidal wave with 14Vpp excitation voltage. The running electrolyte composition was optimized aiming to achieve the best analytical performance. The mixture containing methanol and acetonitrile at the proportion of 90:10 (v:v) as well as sodium deoxycholate provided separations of ten quaternary amines with high efficiency and baseline resolution. The separation efficiencies ranged from 8.7×104 to 3.0×105 plates/m. The proposed methodology provided linear response in the concentration range between 50 and 1000μmol/L and limits of detection between 2 and 27μmol/L. The analytical feasibility of the proposed methodology was tested in the determination of quaternary amines in corrosion inhibitor samples often used for coating oil pipelines. Five quaternary amines (dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, tetradecyltrimetylammonium bromide, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, tetraoctylammonium bromide and tetradodecylammonium bromide) were successfully detected at concentration levels from 0.07 to 6.45mol/L. The accuracy of the developed methodology was investigated and the achieved recovery values varied from 85 to 122%. Based on the reported data, NAME-C4D devices exhibited great potential to provide high performance separations of hydrophobic compounds. The developed methodology can be useful for the analysis of species that usually present strong adsorption on the channel inner walls.
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18
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Timmer N, Droge STJ. Sorption of Cationic Surfactants to Artificial Cell Membranes: Comparing Phospholipid Bilayers with Monolayer Coatings and Molecular Simulations. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:2890-2898. [PMID: 28187261 PMCID: PMC5343551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the distribution coefficient between phospholipid bilayer membranes and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) medium (DMW,PBS) for 19 cationic surfactants. The method used a sorbent dilution series with solid supported lipid membranes (SSLMs). The existing SSLM protocol, applying a 96 well plate setup, was adapted to use 1.5 mL glass autosampler vials instead, which facilitated sampling and circumvented several confounding loss processes for some of the cationic surfactants. About 1% of the phospholipids were found to be detached from the SSLM beads, resulting in nonlinear sorption isotherms for compounds with log DMW values above 4. Renewal of the medium resulted in linear sorption isotherms. DMW values determined at pH 5.4 demonstrated that cationic surfactant species account for the observed DMW,PBS. Log DMW,PBS values above 5.5 are only experimentally feasible with lower LC-MS/MS detection limits and/or concentrated extracts of the aqueous samples. Based on the number of carbon atoms, dialkylamines showed a considerably lower sorption affinity than linear alkylamine analogues. These SSLM results closely overlapped with measurements on a chromatographic tool based on immobilized artificial membranes (IAM-HPLC) and with quantum-chemistry based calculations with COSMOmic. The SSLM data suggest that IAM-HPLC underestimates the DMW of ionized primary and secondary alkylamines by 0.8 and 0.5 log units, respectively.
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19
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Gallart-Mateu D, Armenta S, Esteve-Turrillas FA, de la Guardia M. Ion mobility spectrometry as a fast analytical tool in benzalkonium chloride homologs determination. Talanta 2017; 164:110-115. [PMID: 28107903 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel procedure is proposed for the determination by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) of C12, C14 and C16 benzalkonium chloride (BAC) homologs. The proposed method requires minimum sample treatment and the measurement was made in less than one minute. A high sensitivity was obtained for BAC determination by IMS with limit of detection values from 37 to 69µgL-1. Accuracy of the proposed methodology was evaluated through the analysis of aqueous and alcoholic samples spiked with BAC at concentration levels from 0.002% to 20% (w/v), providing recovery values from 91% to 104%. BAC was determined in sanitary alcohols, nasal sprays, postharvest products, algaecides, and treated swimming pool water. Results obtained by the proposed IMS methodology were statistically comparable to those provided by a liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (LC-UV) reference methodology. The Green Certificate evaluation of the proposed IMS methodology provided 91 score points in the Eco-Scale as compared with 77 for LC-UV method.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gallart-Mateu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jeroni Muñoz Building, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - S Armenta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jeroni Muñoz Building, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - F A Esteve-Turrillas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jeroni Muñoz Building, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M de la Guardia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jeroni Muñoz Building, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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20
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Zhang C, Cui F, Zeng GM, Jiang M, Yang ZZ, Yu ZG, Zhu MY, Shen LQ. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs): a review on occurrence, fate and toxicity in the environment. Sci Total Environ 2015; 518-519:352-62. [PMID: 25770948 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are widely applied in household and industrial products. Most uses of QACs can be expected to lead to their release to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and then dispersed into various environmental compartments through sewage effluent and sludge land application. Although QACs are considered to be aerobically biodegradable, the degradation is affected by its chemical structures, dissolved oxygen concentration, complexing with anionic surfactants, etc. High abundance of QACs has been detected in sediment and sludge samples due to its strong sorption and resistance to biodegradation under anoxic/anaerobic conditions. QACs are toxic to a lot of aquatic organisms including fish, daphnids, algae, rotifer and microorganisms employed in wastewater treatment systems. And antibiotic resistance has emerged in microorganisms due to excessive use of QACs in household and industrial applications. The occurrence of QACs in the environment is correlated with anthropogenic activities, such as wastewater discharge from WWTPs or single source polluters, and sludge land application. This article also reviews the analytical methods for determination of QACs in environmental compartments including surface water, wastewater, sewage sludge and sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Fang Cui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Guang-ming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Min Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhong-zhu Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhi-gang Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Meng-ying Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Liu-qing Shen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yan Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Liangqia Guo
- Department
of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Ruan T, Song S, Wang T, Liu R, Lin Y, Jiang G. Identification and composition of emerging quaternary ammonium compounds in municipal sewage sludge in China. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:4289-97. [PMID: 24654682 DOI: 10.1021/es4050314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have raised considerable attention due to their wide commercial applications and recent discovery of unknown persistent analogues in aqueous environment. In this work, the occurrence and distribution of alkyltrimethylammonium (ATMAC), benzylakyldimethylethylammonium (BAC) and dialkyldimethylammonium (DADMAC) homologues were investigated in fifty-two municipal sewage sludge samples. ATMAC C10-18, BAC C8-18 and paired DADMAC C8:8-C18:18 as well as emerging homologues such as ATMAC-20, 22 and mixed DADMAC-16:18 and 14:16 were present. Furthermore, paired DADMAC-20:20 and mixed DADMAC-14:18, 18:20 were identified for the first time by nontarget qualitative strategies. A triple quadruple mass spectrometer quantification method was also initially verified with the aid of laboratory synthesized standards for the analysis of the mixed DADMACs with no certificated commercial standards currently available. The total concentrations of ATMACs, BACs and DADMACs were in the range of 0.38-293, 0.09-191 and 0.64-344 μg/g dry weight, respectively, and particularly, mixed DADMACs constituted 39 ± 7% of total DADMAC concentrations. The concentrations and profiles of individual homologues further suggested different QAC applications and fate in China. Significant correlations were also found among the concentrations of various QAC homologues as well as wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) characteristics (total organic carbon contents and daily treatment volumes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
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Liu HY, Ding WH. Trace Determination of Benzalkonium Chlorides in River and Wastewater by Capillary Electrophoresis following Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled with Salting-Out Extraction. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200800153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Cheng CY, Liu LL, Ding WH. Determination of Xenoestrogens Alkylphenols in Oyster and Snail Tissues by Extractive Steam Distillation and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200500181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Chen Y, Droge ST, Hermens JL. Analyzing freely dissolved concentrations of cationic surfactant utilizing ion-exchange capability of polyacrylate coated solid-phase microextraction fibers. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1252:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Van de Voorde A, Lorgeoux C, Gromaire MC, Chebbo G. Analysis of quaternary ammonium compounds in urban stormwater samples. Environ Pollut 2012; 164:150-7. [PMID: 22361053 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A method for benzalkonium analysis has been developed to measure benzalkonium concentration in dissolved and particulate fractions from urban runoff samples. The analysis was performed by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The dissolved matrix was extracted by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE), with cationic exchange and the particles by microwave extraction with acidified methanol. Recovery percentages were closed to 100% for benzalkonium C12 and C14. The protocol was applied to roof runoff samples collected after a roof demossing treatment, and to separative stormwater samples from a 200 ha catchment. The results illustrate an important contamination of the roof runoff, with a maximum concentration close to 27 mg/L during the first rain. The benzalkonium concentration (sum of C12 and C14) stayed high (up to 1 mg/L) even 5 months after the treatment. Benzalkonium concentration measured in stormwaters was low (0.2 μg/L) but with contaminated suspended solids (up to 80 μg/g).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Van de Voorde
- Leesu (Laboratoire Eau, Environnement et Systèmes Urbains), 6-8 avenue Blaise Pascal, Cité Descartes, Champs-sur-Marne, 77455 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France.
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Chang H, Chen C, Wang G. Identification of potential nitrogenous organic precursors for C-, N-DBPs and characterization of their DBPs formation. Water Res 2011; 45:3753-3764. [PMID: 21555141 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nitrosamines are a class of emerging disinfection by-products (DBPs), which are mainly formed when water is treated by chloramination. Nitrosamines are highly carcinogenic and are hence a major concern for drinking water supplies. Although dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) compounds such as dimethylamine (DMA) have been recognized as important precursors of nitrosamines, many of them have not been identified, especially those used in consumer products. In this study, nine representative nitrogenous organic compounds with different DON characteristics and structures were selected to react with free chlorine, chlorine dioxide and monochloramine, respectively, for their DBP formation characteristics (nitrosamines, trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs)). It was found that in addition to DMA, benzyldimethyltetradecylamine (benzalkonium chloride, BKC) and 3-(N,N-dimethyloctyl-ammonio)propanesulfonate (3-N,N-DAPSIS) inner salt were potent precursors for carbonated DBPs (C-DBPs) and nitrogenated DBPs (N-DBPs). The DBP formation potential (DBPFP) tests showed that 1 mM of BKC formed more than 2 × 10(5) ng/L of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) when treated with monochloramine and high levels of C-DBPs (2713 ± 145 μg/L of THMs and 356 ± 5 μg/L of HAAs) when treated with chlorine. 3-N,N-DAPSIS was a less potent DBP precursor: 1 mM of 3-N,N-DAPSIS generated 1155 ± 7 ng/L of NDMA, 1351 ± 66 μg/L of THMs and 188 ± 1 μg/L of HAAs. DMA, 3-N,N-DAPSIS and BKC were examined for their DBPFPs at various pH and temperatures to determine the impact of pH and reaction temperature on DBP yields and their formation mechanisms. The results showed that DBP yields apparently increased with rising temperature. However, no consistent correlations were observed between DBPs yields and pH. Bromide shifted the DBP species into brominated DBPs, and this phenomenon was more apparent when BKC was treated with chloramine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihsien Chang
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Taipei 10055, Taiwan
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Li X, Brownawell BJ. Quaternary ammonium compounds in urban estuarine sediment environments--a class of contaminants in need of increased attention? Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44:7561-8. [PMID: 20804121 DOI: 10.1021/es1011669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The distributions of wastewater-derived quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) were determined in surficial sediments (n = 47) collected from the urbanized lower Hudson River basin. The most abundant class of QACs were dialkyldimethylammonium compounds (DADMACs, with C8 to C18 carbon chain lengths; median ΣDADMAC = 26 μg/g), followed by benzylalkyldimethylammonium compounds (BAC, C12-C18; 1.5 μg/g), and alkyltrimethylammonium compounds (ATMAC, primarily C16 and C18; 0.52 μg/g). The concentrations of total QACs are higher than those of other conventional organic contaminants determined on the same samples (e.g., median ΣPAH level of 2.1 μg/g). Comparatively high concentrations, correlations with sewage derived contaminants, and the relatively constant compositions of QACs observed over large areas suggest that many sediment-sorbed QACs can be relatively persistent in receiving waters. Unusually large concentration-dependent sorption is considered as a mechanism that likely affects persistence of these intrinsically biodegradable chemicals under field conditions. There has been comparatively little field-based research on these classes of cationic surfactants; given the levels of QACs observed here, it is suggested that further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Li
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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Wulf V, Wienand N, Wirtz M, Kling HW, Gäb S, Schmitz OJ. Analysis of special surfactants by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:749-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The effect and transformation potential of benzalkonium chlorides (BAC) under nitrate reducing conditions were investigated at concentrations up to 100 mg/L in batch assays using a mixed, mesophilic (35 degrees C) methanogenic culture. Glucose was used as the carbon and energy source and the initial nitrate concentration was 70 mg N/L Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA) and to dinitrogen (DNRN) were observed at BAC concentrations up to 25 mg/L At and above 50 mg BAC/L, DNRA was inhibited and DNRN was incomplete resulting in accumulation of nitrous oxide. Long-term inhibition of methanogenesis and accumulation of volatile fatty acids were observed at and above 50 mg BAC/L Over 99% of the added BAC was recovered from all cultures except the one amended with 100 mg BAC/L where 37% of the initially added BAC was transformed during the 100 day incubation period. Abiotic and biotic assays performed with 100 mg/L of BAC and 5 mM (in the liquid phase) of either nitrate, nitrite, or nitric oxide demonstrated that BAC transformation was abiotic and followed the modified Hofmann degradation pathway, i.e., bimolecular nucleophilic substitution with nitrite. Alkyl dimethyl amines (tertiary amines) were produced at equamolar levels to BAC transformed, but were not further degraded. This is the first report demonstrating the transformation of BAC under nitrate reducing conditions and elucidating the BAC transformation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulas Tezel
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0512, USA
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31
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Im SH, Jeong YH, Ryoo JJ. Simultaneous analysis of anionic, amphoteric, nonionic and cationic surfactant mixtures in shampoo and hair conditioner by RP-HPLC/ELSD and LC/MS. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 619:129-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Li CT, Cheng CY, Ding WH. Determination of alkylphenol residues in baby-food purees by steam distillation extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:803-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Electron capture dissociation was implemented in a digital ion trap without using any magnetic field to focus the electrons. Since rectangular waveforms are employed in the DIT for both trapping and dipole excitation, electrons can be injected into the trap when the electric field is constant. Following deceleration, electrons reach the precursor ion cloud. The fragment ions produced by interactions with the electron beam are subsequently analyzed by resonant ejection. [Glu(1)]-Fibrinopeptide B and substance P were used to evaluate the performance of the current design. Fragmentation efficiency of 5.5% was observed for substance P peptide ions. Additionally, analysis of the monophosphorylated peptide FQ[pS]EEQQQTEDELQDK shows that in the resulting c- and z-type ions, the phosphate group is retained on the phophoserine residue, providing information on which amino acid residue the modification is located.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- Shimadzu Research Laboratory (Europe), Manchester, UK
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35
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Yang DK, Ding WH. Determination of alkylphenolic residues in fresh fruits and vegetables by extractive steam distillation and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1088:200-4. [PMID: 16130752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a simple and sensitive method for determining the alkylphenolic compounds, 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP), 4-nonylphenol isomers (4-NPs), and their monoethoxylates (4-t-OP1EO and 4-NP1EOs), in fresh fruits and vegetables. The method involves extracting a sample by a modified Nielson-Kryger steam distillation extraction using n-hexane for 1 h. The alkylphenolic compounds were identified and quantitated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Various pH values and amounts of NaCl added to the sample solution were evaluated as extraction conditions. The quantitation limit of this method was less than 0.2 ng/g in 10 g (fresh weight) of sample. Recovery of alkylphenolic compounds in spiked samples exceeded 64% while R.S.D. ranged from 1.0 to 9.8%. Alkylphenolic residues were detected in fresh fruits and vegetables at concentrations of 4-NPs and 4-t-OP from n.d. to 16 ng/g and from n.d. to 4.8 ng/g (fresh weight), respectively. NP1EO and OP1EO were always below the quantitation limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Kai Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li 32054, Taiwan
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36
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Autry JK, Vaught EG, Conte ED. Preconcentration of benzalkonium chloride using sodium dodecyl sulfate attached to a strong anion exchange resin. Microchem J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2004.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tsai PC, Ding WH. Determination of alkyltrimethylammonium surfactants in hair conditioners and fabric softeners by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with electron-impact and chemical ionization. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1027:103-8. [PMID: 14971489 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The commercial hair conditioners and fabric softeners were analyzed for the content of alkyltrimethylammonium compounds (ATMACs) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with electron impact (EI) and low-pressure positive-ion chemical ionization (PICI) modes. The method involves mixed diluted samples (adjust pH to 10.0) with potassium iodide to enhance the extraction of iodide-ATMA+ ion pairs by direct liquid-liquid extraction. The iodide-ATMA+ pairs were then demethylated to their corresponding nonionic alkyldimethylamines (ADMAs) by thermal decomposition in a GC injection-port. A high abundance of ADMAs was detected at the temperature above 300 degrees C in the GC injection-port. The enhanced selectivity of quasi-molecular ion chromatograms of C12-C18-ADMA, obtained using methanol PICI-MS enables ADMAs to be identified. The accuracy and precision of the method was validated and was successfully applied to determine contents of ATMAC in commercial hair conditioners and fabric softeners. The contents of total measured ATMAC ranged from 0.4 to 6.9% for hair conditioners, and from 3.3 to 4.6% for fabric softeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chuan Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li 32054, Taiwan
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Abstract
This investigation describes a reliable and sensitive method for simultaneously determining bisphenol A (BPA) and two major phytoestrogens, daidzein and genistein, in powdered milks and infant formulas by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis after trimethylsilylation. To reduce the matrix interference associated with the constituents of the formulas, the dissolved formula solutions were firstly ultra-centrifuged and the analytes in the supernatant were then extracted using a C18 solid-phase extraction column. The accuracy and precision of the method were determined and the technique was successfully employed to measure trace concentrations of BPA, daidzein and genistein in powdered formulas. The results show that BPA, daidzein and genistein were detected in all the testing samples (n = 6) at concentrations from 45 to 113 ng/g (except one infant formula), 20 to 2050 ng/g and 21 to 6510 ng/g, respectively. The highest concentrations of daidzein and genistein (i.e., 2050 and 6510 ng/g) were detected in a soy-based powdered infant formula. The quantitation limits were 1.0 ng/g for BPA, and 10 ng/g for daidzein and genistein using 0.5 g powdered milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Wen Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li 32054, Taiwan
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Hou YH, Wu CY, Ding WH. Development and validation of a capillary zone electrophoresis method for the determination of benzalkonium chlorides in ophthalmic solutions. J Chromatogr A 2002; 976:207-13. [PMID: 12462611 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00943-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A systematic investigation of optimal conditions for determining the benzalkonium chlorides in ophthalmic products by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was presents. The most effective separation conditions was 40 mM phosphate buffer with 40% acetonitrile at pH 4.0, and the sample hydrodynamic injection of up to 10 s at 2 p.s.i. (1 p.s.i.=6892.86 Pa) (approximately 35.15 nl), and an applied voltage of 15 kV. The reproducibility of the migration time and quantitative analysis can be improved by using internal standard, triethylbenzylammonium chloride, giving the relative standard deviation less than 0.2% for the relative migration times, and 5.0-7.8% for the relative peak areas. A good linearity of CZE analysis was obtained in the range of 1.0-20 microg/ml with r2 values of above 0.99. The established HPLC with UV-Vis detection was applied to evaluate the CZE method, and compatible results were obtained by using CZE with much shorter analysis time and a small quantity of solvents consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Hou
- Institute for Reference Materials and Methods, Joint Research Center, European Commission (CE-JRC-IRMM), Retieseweg, B-2240 Geel, Belgium
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Sun HF, Hase T, Hata N, Kasahara I, Taguchi S. Extraction and separation of cationic surfactants from river sediments: application to a spectrophotometric determination of cationic surfactant in an aquatic environment using membrane filters. ANAL SCI 2001; 17:1291-4. [PMID: 11759511 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.17.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The quantitative extraction of cationic surfactant (CS+) in river sediments was studied. Further, the developed method was applied to the spectrophotometric determination of CS+ in urban river sediment samples by solid-phase extraction with membranes. A mixture of methanol and hydrochloric acid was proposed as an eluent. Dried sediment was digested in the eluent under ultrasonic irradiation. After elution, the eluent was evaporated to almost dryness. The residue was dissolved in a small volume of methanol and diluted to a certain volume with water. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 4-5 to separate iron and some other metals as precipitates of hydroxides. The solution was passed through two-piled membranes: first glass-fiber and then polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes. A small volume of methanol was passed through the membranes to elute any CS+ retaining on the membranes. After passing the methanol solution through a cationic exchange resin column, the retained CS+ was eluted with methanol containing a high concentration of sodium chloride. Water, Bromophenol Blue (BPB) and hydrochloric acid were added to the solution. The solution was passed through a mixed cellulose ester membrane filter to retain an ion associate of CS+.BPB-. The retained ion associate was dissolved in a small volume of N,N-dimethylformamide together with the membrane filter, followed by the addition of triethanolamine to make the solution alkaline. The absorbance due to BPB2- was measured at 603 nm against a reagent blank. This method was applied to the determination of CS+ in river water and sediment. A cationic surfactant in sediments at 10(-5) mol kg-1 levels was detected with satisfactory precision. It was found that CS+ was about 500-fold enriched in the sediment from water at the place where domestic wastewater was discharged.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Sun
- Faculty of Science, Toyama University, Gofuku 3190, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
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Current awareness. Current literature in mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 2001; 36:581-8. [PMID: 11391815 DOI: 10.1002/jms.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to keep subscribers up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of mass spectrometry. Each bibliography is divided into 11 sections: 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 Instrumental Techniques & Methods; 3 Gas Phase Ion Chemistry; 4 Biology/Biochemistry: Amino Acids, Peptides & Proteins; Carbohydrates; Lipids; Nucleic Acids; 5 Pharmacology/Toxicology; 6 Natural Products; 7 Analysis of Organic Compounds; 8 Analysis of Inorganics/Organometallics; 9 Surface Analysis; 10 Environmental Analysis; 11 Elemental Analysis. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author (3 Weeks journals - Search completed at 7th. Mar. 2001)
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