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Torres-Herrera S, González-Cortés JJ, Almenglo F, Ramírez M, Cantero D. Development and validation of a sampling and analysis method to determine biogenic sulfur in a desulfurization bioreactor by gas chromatography coupled with a pulsed flame photometric detector (GC-PFPD). J Hazard Mater 2022; 424:127667. [PMID: 34763924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Suspended biomass bioreactors can be operated to remove H2S from biogas under anoxic conditions and produce elemental sulfur, the commercial value of which has been demonstrated. In the present paper, a novel methodology comprising the optimization of a determination method performed in a gas chromatograph equipped with a pulsed flame photometric detector (GC-PFPD), combined with a simple preparation based on filtration and extraction with toluene, is proposed. The injector temperature and carrier gas flow rate (QHe) values were optimized using a response surface methodology based on a face-centred composite central design. This optimization revealed that the optimum conditions were an injector temperature and carrier gas flow rate of 222 °C and 7 mL min-1, respectively. The chromatographic method shows an analysis time of 48 min, a detection limit of more than 5.9 mg L-1, a relative standard deviation of less than 3.71%, and a sulfur recovery percentage of more than 98%. These values provide excellent linearity and a reasonable concentration range (10-200 mg L-1). Finally, a measurement error of 4.45% was obtained when using the present method in a selectivity test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Torres-Herrera
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technologies, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - J Joaquín González-Cortés
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technologies, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Fernando Almenglo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technologies, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Martín Ramírez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technologies, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Domingo Cantero
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technologies, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Pareek V, Chaudhury S, Singh S. Handling non-stationarity in E-nose design: a review. SR 2022; 42:39-61. [DOI: 10.1108/sr-02-2021-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Abstract
Purpose
The electronic nose is an array of chemical or gas sensors and associated with a pattern-recognition framework competent in identifying and classifying odorant or non-odorant and simple or complex gases. Despite more than 30 years of research, the robust e-nose device is still limited. Most of the challenges towards reliable e-nose devices are associated with the non-stationary environment and non-stationary sensor behaviour. Data distribution of sensor array response evolves with time, referred to as non-stationarity. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive introduction to challenges related to non-stationarity in e-nose design and to review the existing literature from an application, system and algorithm perspective to provide an integrated and practical view.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors discuss the non-stationary data in general and the challenges related to the non-stationarity environment in e-nose design or non-stationary sensor behaviour. The challenges are categorised and discussed with the perspective of learning with data obtained from the sensor systems. Later, the e-nose technology is reviewed with the system, application and algorithmic point of view to discuss the current status.
Findings
The discussed challenges in e-nose design will be beneficial for researchers, as well as practitioners as it presents a comprehensive view on multiple aspects of non-stationary learning, system, algorithms and applications for e-nose. The paper presents a review of the pattern-recognition techniques, public data sets that are commonly referred to as olfactory research. Generic techniques for learning in the non-stationary environment are also presented. The authors discuss the future direction of research and major open problems related to handling non-stationarity in e-nose design.
Originality/value
The authors first time review the existing literature related to learning with e-nose in a non-stationary environment and existing generic pattern-recognition algorithms for learning in the non-stationary environment to bridge the gap between these two. The authors also present details of publicly available sensor array data sets, which will benefit the upcoming researchers in this field. The authors further emphasise several open problems and future directions, which should be considered to provide efficient solutions that can handle non-stationarity to make e-nose the next everyday device.
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Pareek V, Chaudhury S, Singh S. Hybrid 3DCNN-RBM Network for Gas Mixture Concentration Estimation With Sensor Array. IEEE Sensors J 2021; 21:24263-24273. [DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2021.3105414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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Qi W, Wang X, Liu Z, Liu K, Long Y, Zhi W, Ma C, Yan Y, Huang J. Visual recognition of ortho-xylene based on its host-guest crystalline self-assembly with α-cyclodextrin. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 597:325-333. [PMID: 33887560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Distinguishing substituted aromatic isomers is a challenging task because of the great similarity of their physicochemical properties. Considering xylene isomers have drastically different geometrical shapes, we predict this would show great impact on the self-assembling behavior of various xylene isomer@cyclodextrin inclusion complex. EXPERIMENTS Through host-guest crystalline self-assembly, among three isomers, only ortho-xylene is capable to form hydrogels with α-cyclodextrin. ROESY NMR, molecular simulations and circular dichroism spectra suggest that the ortho selectivity comes from the difference in the conformation of host-guest building block. The larger volume, and steric hinderance of the ortho isomer make it most possibly decrease their tendency to adopt more mobile orientations in cyclodextrin-based complex as meta and para isomers do, resulting in gel formation. FINDINGS Herein, we report a novel, facile and environmentally-friendly protocol on the recognition of ortho benzene isomers using α-cyclodextrin through host-guest crystalline self-assembly. Visual recognition of ortho-xylene is achieved through amplifying the structural difference of xylene isomers at molecular scale into macroscopic scale. We believe this work unveils subtle rules to control macroscopic assemblies at the molecular level and highlights the potential of using macrocyclic compounds to improve the quality and reduce the energy bill for separation in petrochemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Qi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; Fujian Provincial University Engineering Research Center of Industrial Biocatalysis, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, PR China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Kaerdun Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yifan Long
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Wanwan Zhi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yun Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
| | - Jianbin Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
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Xie W, Jiang W, Xu GJ, Zhang SR, Xu YH, Su ZM. A luminescent metal–organic framework with tetragonal nanochannels as an efficient chemosensor for nitroaromatic explosives detection. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00331c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A 3D MOF with nanosized channels can act as an effective fluorescence probe, showing obvious fluorescence “turn-off” for nitroaromatic explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Jilin Normal University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Jilin Normal University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Guang-Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Jilin Normal University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Shu-Ran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Jilin Normal University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Yan-Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Jilin Normal University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Zhong-Min Su
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
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Pavlov J, Douce D, Bajic S, Attygalle AB. 1,4-Benzoquinone as a Highly Efficient Dopant for Enhanced Ionization and Detection of Nitramine Explosives on a Single-Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer Fitted with a Helium-Plasma Ionization (HePI) Source. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2019; 30:2704-2710. [PMID: 31673948 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous investigations have evaluated the efficacy of anions such as NO3-, Cl-, Br-, CH3COO-, and CF3COO- as additives to generate or enhance mass spectrometric signals from explosives under plasma ionization conditions. The results of this study demonstrate that for detecting nitramine-class explosives, such as 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane (HMX), 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) is a highly effective and efficient dopant. When used in conjunction with ambient-pressure negative-ion helium-plasma ionization (HePI), 1,4-benzoquinone readily captures an electron, forming an abundant molecular anion (m/z 108), which upon exposure to vapors of RDX and HMX generates adduct ions of m/z 330 and 404, respectively. The signal level recorded for RDX upon adduction to the radical anion of 1,4-benzoquinone under our experimental conditions was significantly higher than that realized by chloride adduction using dichloromethane (DCM) as the dopant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Pavlov
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | | | | | - Athula B Attygalle
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.
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NAKAGAMI K, SUMIYA O, TAKAHASHI K, KOBAYASHI A, UETA I, SAITO Y. On-Line Coupling of Gas Chromatography-Gas Chromatography for the Determination of Coumarin in Kerosene. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2019. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2019.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koki NAKAGAMI
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Ohjiro SUMIYA
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Kazuya TAKAHASHI
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Akira KOBAYASHI
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Ikuo UETA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Yamanashi
| | - Yoshihiro SAITO
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology
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Sun T, Shuai X, Ren K, Jiang X, Chen Y, Zhao X, Song Q, Hu S, Cai Z. Amphiphilic Block Copolymer PCL-PEG-PCL as Stationary Phase for Capillary Gas Chromatographic Separations. Molecules 2019; 24:E3158. [PMID: 31480234 PMCID: PMC6749289 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This work presents the first example of utilization of amphiphilic block copolymer PCL-PEG-PCL as a stationary phase for capillary gas chromatographic (GC) separations. The PCL-PEG-PCL capillary column fabricated by static coating provides a high column efficiency of 3951 plates/m for n-dodecane at 120 °C. McReynolds constants and Abraham system constants were also determined in order to evaluate the polarity and possible molecular interactions of the PCL-PEG-PCL stationary phase. Its selectivity and resolving capability were investigated by using a complex mixture covering analytes of diverse types and positional, structural, and cis-/trans-isomers. Impressively, it exhibits high resolution performance for aliphatic and aromatic isomers with diverse polarity, including those critical isomers such as butanol, dichlorobenzene, dimethylnaphthalene, xylenol, dichlorobenzaldehyde, and toluidine. Moreover, it was applied for the determination of isomer impurities in real samples, suggesting its potential for practical use. The superior separation performance demonstrates the potential of PCL-PEG-PCL and related block copolymers as stationary phases in GC and other separation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China.
| | - Xiaomin Shuai
- Liaoning Province Engineering Research Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang 111003, China
| | - Kaixin Ren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Xingxing Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Qianqian Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Shaoqiang Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Zhiqiang Cai
- Liaoning Province Engineering Research Center for Fine Chemical Engineering of Aromatics Downstream, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang 111003, China.
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NAKAGAMI K, SUMIYA O, TAZAWA T, MONOBE T, WATANABE M, UETA I, SAITO Y. Polyimide Filaments as a Novel Stationary Phase in Packed-Capillary Gas Chromatography. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2018. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2018.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koki NAKAGAMI
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Ohjiro SUMIYA
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Toshiaki TAZAWA
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Tomoya MONOBE
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Mitsuru WATANABE
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Ikuo UETA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Yamanashi
| | - Yoshihiro SAITO
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
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Murguía JS, Vergara A, Vargas-Olmos C, Wong TJ, Fonollosa J, Huerta R. Two-dimensional wavelet transform feature extraction for porous silicon chemical sensors. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 785:1-15. [PMID: 23764437 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José S Murguía
- BioCircuits Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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11
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Li S, Zheng J, Zhang W, Cao J, Li S, Rao Z. Molecular recognition and quantitative analysis of xylene isomers utilizing cataluminescence sensor array. Analyst 2013; 138:916-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an36544h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yang Z, Pavlov J, Attygalle AB. Quantification and remote detection of nitro explosives by helium plasma ionization mass spectrometry (HePI-MS) on a modified atmospheric pressure source designed for electrospray ionization. J Mass Spectrom 2012; 47:845-852. [PMID: 22791251 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Helium Plasma Ionization (HePI) generates gaseous negative ions upon exposure of vapors emanating from organic nitro compounds. A simple adaptation converts any electrospray ionization source to a HePI source by passing helium through the sample delivery metal capillary held at a negative potential. Compared with the demands of other He-requiring ambient pressure ionization sources, the consumption of helium by the HePI source is minimal (20-30 ml/min). Quantification experiments conducted by exposing solid deposits to a HePI source revealed that 1 ng of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) on a filter paper (about 0.01 ng/mm(2)) could be detected by this method. When vapor emanating from a 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) sample was subjected to helium plasma ionization mass spectrometry (HePI-MS), a peak was observed at m/z 268 for (RDX●NO(2))(-). This facile formation of NO(2)(-) adducts was noted without the need of any extra additives as dopants. Quantitative evaluations showed RDX detection by HePI-MS to be linear over at least three orders of magnitude. TNT samples placed even 5 m away from the source were detected when the sample headspace vapor was swept by a stream of argon or nitrogen and delivered to the helium plasma ion source via a metal tube. Among the tubing materials investigated, stainless steel showed the best performance for sample delivery. A system with a copper tube, and air as the carrier gas, for example, failed to deliver any detectable amount of TNT to the source. In fact, passing over hot copper appears to be a practical way of removing TNT or other nitroaromatics from ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Yang
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo UETA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Yamanashi
| | - Kazuya TAKAHASHI
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Yoshihiro SAITO
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
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Abstract
A disposable preoxidation technique that dramatically improves the detection and identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by a colorimetric sensor array is reported. Passing a vapor stream through a tube packed with chromic acid on silica immediately before the colorimetric sensor array substantially increases the sensitivity to less-reactive VOCs and improves the limits of detection (LODs) ~300-fold, permitting the detection, identification, and discrimination of 20 commonly found indoor VOC pollutants at both their immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) and permissible exposure limit (PEL) concentrations. The LODs of these pollutants were on average 1.4% of their respective PELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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16
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Vereb H, Dietrich AM, Alfeeli B, Agah M. The possibilities will take your breath away: breath analysis for assessing environmental exposure. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:8167-8175. [PMID: 21838235 DOI: 10.1021/es202041j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Human breath is the gaseous exchange with the blood and thus contains trace organic contaminants and metabolites representative of environmental doses. Sampling and analysis of gaseous components in human breath offers a noninvasive and quick means of qualitatively and quantitatively assessing internalized doses of environmental contaminants. Although the humid and complex nature of breath is a challenge for detection of part-per-trillion to part-per-billion concentrations of environmental contaminants, recent advances in chemical analysis and instrumentation are allowing determination of environmental exposure and disease detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Vereb
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0246, United States
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Manginell RP, Bauer JM, Moorman MW, Sanchez LJ, Anderson JM, Whiting JJ, Porter DA, Copic D, Achyuthan KE. A monolithically-integrated μGC chemical sensor system. Sensors (Basel) 2011; 11:6517-32. [PMID: 22163970 DOI: 10.3390/s110706517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography (GC) is used for organic and inorganic gas detection with a range of applications including screening for chemical warfare agents (CWA), breath analysis for diagnostics or law enforcement purposes, and air pollutants/indoor air quality monitoring of homes and commercial buildings. A field-portable, light weight, low power, rapid response, micro-gas chromatography (μGC) system is essential for such applications. We describe the design, fabrication and packaging of μGC on monolithically-integrated Si dies, comprised of a preconcentrator (PC), μGC column, detector and coatings for each of these components. An important feature of our system is that the same mechanical micro resonator design is used for the PC and detector. We demonstrate system performance by detecting four different CWA simulants within 2 min. We present theoretical analyses for cost/power comparisons of monolithic versus hybrid μGC systems. We discuss thermal isolation in monolithic systems to improve overall performance. Our monolithically-integrated μGC, relative to its hybrid cousin, will afford equal or slightly lower cost, a footprint that is 1/2 to 1/3 the size and an improved resolution of 4 to 25%.
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Inoue M, Saito Y, Ueta I, Miura T, Ohkita H, Fujimura K, Jinno K. Rapid temperature-programmed separation and retention prediction on a novel packed-capillary column in gas chromatography. ANAL SCI 2010; 26:687-91. [PMID: 20543501 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.26.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel packed-capillary columns for gas chromatography were developed with a thin-wall stainless-steel capillary of 1.0 mm i.d.; and rapid temperature-programmed separations have been carried out after a basic evaluation concerning the compatibility of these columns to the temperature program. With a numerical integration method, the retention of several test analytes during temperature-programmed elution was successfully estimated. In order to confirm the suitability of the packed-capillary columns to relatively fast temperature programming up to 40 degrees C/min, theoretically predicted retention data were compared with that actually measured. The results suggested a good separation performance of the newly developed packed-capillary columns as a particle-packed column conventionally used. Also, the compatibility to a rapid temperature-programmed operation was quite satisfactory for almost all of the separations currently done in typical analytical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Inoue
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
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Nilles JM, Connell TR, Stokes ST, Dupont Durst H. Explosives Detection Using Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) Mass Spectrometry. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.200900084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Malcolm A, Wright S, Syms RRA, Dash N, Schwab MA, Finlay A. Miniature mass spectrometer systems based on a microengineered quadrupole filter. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1751-8. [PMID: 20108919 DOI: 10.1021/ac902349k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two miniature mass spectrometer systems based on a microengineered quadrupole mass filter have been developed. One of the instruments has a footprint of 27 cm x 20 cm and is intended for laboratory use when space is at a premium. The other is portable and intended for use in the field. It is battery powered, weighs 14.9 kg, and is housed in a rugged case. This is the first example of a portable mass spectrometer incorporating an analyzer fabricated using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) techniques. The starting material for construction of the filters is a bonded silicon on insulator substrate, which is selectively etched using batch processing techniques to form coupling optics and springs that accurately hold 0.5 mm diameter stainless steel rods in the required geometry. Assembled filters measure 35 mm x 6 mm x 1.5 mm and are mounted, together with an ion source and channeltron detector, in small, interchangeable cartridges, which plug into a 220 cm(3) vacuum chamber. Recovery from accidental contamination or when servicing is required can be achieved within 5-10 min, as the cartridge is easily exchanged with a spare. A potential application to environmental monitoring has been investigated. The headspace above water spiked with dibutyl mercaptan was sampled with a solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber, which was then injected directly into the vacuum chamber of the mass spectrometer. Using this method, the limit of detection was found to be approximately 5 ppm for a 15 s sampling period.
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Schocker A, Kleinert T. Integration der Prozessanalysentechnik in die Prozessführung: Beispiele aus der industriellen Praxis bei BASF. CHEM-ING-TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200900143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bhushan A, Yemane D, McDaniel S, Goettert J, Murphy MC, Overton EB. Hybrid integration of injector and detector functions for microchip gas chromatography. Analyst 2010; 135:2730-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00322k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Aldaeus F, Thewalim Y, Colmsjö A. Prediction of retention times and peak widths in temperature-programmed gas chromatography using the finite element method. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:134-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Harynuk J, Kwong A, Marriott P. Modulation-induced error in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic separations. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1200:17-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank L Dorman
- Restek Corporation, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, and Chemistry Department, Juniata College, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania 16652, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Lavine
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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Westman-Brinkmalm A, Silberring J, Brinkmalm G. Separation Methods. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470395813.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Zhong Q, Veeneman RA, Steinecker WH, Jia C, Batterman SA, Zellers ET. Rapid determination of ETS markers with a prototype field-portable GC employing a microsensor array detector. J Environ Monit 2007; 9:440-8. [PMID: 17492089 DOI: 10.1039/b700216e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The adaptation of a portable gas chromatograph (GC) prototype with several unique design features to the determination of vapor-phase markers of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is described. This instrument employs a dual-stage adsorbent preconcentrator, two series-coupled separation columns that can be independently temperature programmed, and a detector consisting of an array of nanoparticle-coated chemiresistors, whose response patterns are used together with retention times for vapor recognition. An adsorbent pre-trap was developed to remove semi-volatile organics from the sample stream. Conditions were established to quantitatively capture two ETS markers, 2,5-dimethylfuran (2,5-DMF) and 4-ethenylpyridine (4-EP, as a surrogate for 3-EP), and to separate them from the 34 most prominent co-contaminants present in ETS using ambient air as the carrier gas. A complete analysis can be performed every 15 min. Projected detection limits are 0.58 and 0.08 ppb for 2,5-DMF and 4-EP, respectively, assuming a 1 L sample volume, which are sufficiently low to determine these markers in typical smoking-permitted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyan Zhong
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 109 S. Observatory, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
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