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Sonmez UM, Frey N, LeDuc PR, Minden JS. Fly Me to the Micron: Microtechnologies for Drosophila Research. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2024; 26:441-473. [PMID: 38959386 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-050423-054647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Multicellular model organisms, such as Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), are frequently used in a myriad of biological research studies due to their biological significance and global standardization. However, traditional tools used in these studies generally require manual handling, subjective phenotyping, and bulk treatment of the organisms, resulting in laborious experimental protocols with limited accuracy. Advancements in microtechnology over the course of the last two decades have allowed researchers to develop automated, high-throughput, and multifunctional experimental tools that enable novel experimental paradigms that would not be possible otherwise. We discuss recent advances in microtechnological systems developed for small model organisms using D. melanogaster as an example. We critically analyze the state of the field by comparing the systems produced for different applications. Additionally, we suggest design guidelines, operational tips, and new research directions based on the technical and knowledge gaps in the literature. This review aims to foster interdisciplinary work by helping engineers to familiarize themselves with model organisms while presenting the most recent advances in microengineering strategies to biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utku M Sonmez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA;
- Current affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Research, San Diego, California, USA
- Current affiliation: Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nolan Frey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Philip R LeDuc
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA;
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan S Minden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Chadha R, Guerrero JA, Wei L, Sanchez LM. Seeing is Believing: Developing Multimodal Metabolic Insights at the Molecular Level. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:758-774. [PMID: 38680555 PMCID: PMC11046475 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
This outlook explores how two different molecular imaging approaches might be combined to gain insight into dynamic, subcellular metabolic processes. Specifically, we discuss how matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, which have significantly pushed the boundaries of imaging metabolic and metabolomic analyses in their own right, could be combined to create comprehensive molecular images. We first briefly summarize the recent advances for each technique. We then explore how one might overcome the inherent limitations of each individual method, by envisioning orthogonal and interchangeable workflows. Additionally, we delve into the potential benefits of adopting a complementary approach that combines both MSI and SRS spectro-microscopy for informing on specific chemical structures through functional-group-specific targets. Ultimately, by integrating the strengths of both imaging modalities, researchers can achieve a more comprehensive understanding of biological and chemical systems, enabling precise metabolic investigations. This synergistic approach holds substantial promise to expand our toolkit for studying metabolites in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahuljeet
S Chadha
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125 United States
| | - Jason A. Guerrero
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa Cruz, Santa
Cruz, California 95064 United States
| | - Lu Wei
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125 United States
| | - Laura M. Sanchez
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa Cruz, Santa
Cruz, California 95064 United States
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3
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Li HW, Hu Z, Chen X, Ren J, Cui H, Zhang M, Chen L, Hua X, Song J, Long YT. Investigation of Lipid Metabolism in Dynamic Progression of Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis of Humans by Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3839-3847. [PMID: 33587603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in lipid metabolites in coronary artery tissues are phenotypic changes in the progression of atherosclerosis (AS). A full picture of the spatiotemporal distribution of lipid metabolites in coronary AS is needed for a deeper understanding of its pathology and the identification of potential biomarkers of disease progression. In this work, the changes in species, quantity, and distribution of lipid metabolites at different stages of AS, which were standardized by the disease areas, were analyzed through the high spatial resolution- and high sensitivity-time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) under delayed extraction mode. Based on high lateral resolution imaging, we further analyzed the ToF-SIMS data extracted from the subregions of AS lesion tissues at different disease progression stages by semiquantitative comparison, clustering analysis (t-stochastic neighbor embedding and HCA), and KEGG enrichment. Thus, a much-detailed description of lipids' features in coronary AS was achieved. We constructed a ToF-SIMS mass spectrometry database of coronary AS lipids. 40 specific lipid metabolites with distinctive patterns between different pathological stages were obtained. Chemical imaging unveiled further details regarding the spatial distribution of lipids. Moreover, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid metabolic pathway were predicted to be critical in AS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Wen Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P. R. China
| | - Zhan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital; National Center for Cardiovascular Disease. Chinese Academy of Medicine Science (CAMS) and Perking Union Medical College (PUMC), 167A Beilishi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital; National Center for Cardiovascular Disease. Chinese Academy of Medicine Science (CAMS) and Perking Union Medical College (PUMC), 167A Beilishi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - Jie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital; National Center for Cardiovascular Disease. Chinese Academy of Medicine Science (CAMS) and Perking Union Medical College (PUMC), 167A Beilishi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - Hao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital; National Center for Cardiovascular Disease. Chinese Academy of Medicine Science (CAMS) and Perking Union Medical College (PUMC), 167A Beilishi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital; National Center for Cardiovascular Disease. Chinese Academy of Medicine Science (CAMS) and Perking Union Medical College (PUMC), 167A Beilishi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - Xin Hua
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jiangping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital; National Center for Cardiovascular Disease. Chinese Academy of Medicine Science (CAMS) and Perking Union Medical College (PUMC), 167A Beilishi Road, Xi Cheng District, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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4
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Yang FY, Chen JH, Ruan QQ, Saqib HSA, He WY, You MS. Mass spectrometry imaging: An emerging technology for the analysis of metabolites in insects. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 103:e21643. [PMID: 31667894 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) can visualize the composition, abundance, and spatial distribution of molecules in tissues or cells, which has been widely used in the research of life science. Insects, especially the agricultural pests, have received a great deal of interests from the scientists in biodiversity and food security. This review introduces the major characteristics of MSI, summarizes its application to the investigation of insect endogenous metabolites, exogenous metabolites, and the spatiotemporal changes of metabolites between insects and plants, and discusses its shortfalls and perspectives. The significance of these concerns is beneficial for future insect research such as physiology and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun-Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qian-Qian Ruan
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hafiz S A Saqib
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei-Yi He
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Min-Sheng You
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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5
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Holzlechner M, Eugenin E, Prideaux B. Mass spectrometry imaging to detect lipid biomarkers and disease signatures in cancer. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2019; 2:e1229. [PMID: 32729258 PMCID: PMC7941519 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current methods to identify, classify, and predict tumor behavior mostly rely on histology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular determinants. However, better predictive markers are required for tumor diagnosis and evaluation. Due, in part, to recent technological advancements, metabolomics and lipid biomarkers have become a promising area in cancer research. Therefore, there is a necessity for novel and complementary techniques to identify and visualize these molecular markers within tumors and surrounding tissue. RECENT FINDINGS Since its introduction, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has proven to be a powerful tool for mapping analytes in biological tissues. By adding the label-free specificity of mass spectrometry to the detailed spatial information of traditional histology, hundreds of lipids can be imaged simultaneously within a tumor. MSI provides highly detailed lipid maps for comparing intra-tumor, tumor margin, and healthy regions to identify biomarkers, patterns of disease, and potential therapeutic targets. In this manuscript, recent advancement in sample preparation and MSI technologies are discussed with special emphasis on cancer lipid research to identify tumor biomarkers. CONCLUSION MSI offers a unique approach for biomolecular characterization of tumor tissues and provides valuable complementary information to histology for lipid biomarker discovery and tumor classification in clinical and research cancer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Holzlechner
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and AnatomyThe University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB)GalvestonTexas
| | - Eliseo Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and AnatomyThe University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB)GalvestonTexas
| | - Brendan Prideaux
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and AnatomyThe University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB)GalvestonTexas
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6
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Bestard-Escalas J, Maimó-Barceló A, Pérez-Romero K, Lopez DH, Barceló-Coblijn G. Ins and Outs of Interpreting Lipidomic Results. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:5039-5062. [PMID: 31422112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Membrane lipids are essential for life; however, research on how cells regulate cell lipid composition has been falling behind for quite some time. One reason was the difficulty in establishing analytical methods able to cope with the cell lipid repertoire. Development of a diversity of mass spectrometry-based technologies, including imaging mass spectrometry, has helped to demonstrate beyond doubt that the cell lipidome is not only greatly cell type dependent but also highly sensitive to any pathophysiological alteration such as differentiation or tumorigenesis. Interestingly, the current popularization of metabolomic studies among numerous disciplines has led many researchers to rediscover lipids. Hence, it is important to underscore the peculiarities of these metabolites and their metabolism, which are both radically different from protein and nucleic acid metabolism. Once differences in lipid composition have been established, researchers face a rather complex scenario, to investigate the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms accounting for their results. Thus, a detail often overlooked, but of crucial relevance, is the complex networks of enzymes involved in controlling the level of each one of the lipid species present in the cell. In most cases, these enzymes are redundant and promiscuous, complicating any study on lipid metabolism, since the modification of one particular lipid enzyme impacts simultaneously on many species. Altogether, this review aims to describe the difficulties in delving into the regulatory mechanisms tailoring the lipidome at the activity, genetic, and epigenetic level, while conveying the numerous, stimulating, and sometimes unexpected research opportunities afforded by this type of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Bestard-Escalas
- Lipids in Human Pathology, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands), Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Albert Maimó-Barceló
- Lipids in Human Pathology, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands), Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Karim Pérez-Romero
- Lipids in Human Pathology, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands), Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Daniel H Lopez
- Lipids in Human Pathology, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands), Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Gwendolyn Barceló-Coblijn
- Lipids in Human Pathology, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands), Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.
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Abstract
Imaging techniques greatly facilitate the comprehensive knowledge of biological systems. Although imaging methodology for biomacromolecules such as protein and nucleic acids has been long established, microscopic techniques and contrast mechanisms are relatively limited for small biomolecules, which are equally important participants in biological processes. Recent developments in Raman imaging, including both microscopy and tailored vibrational tags, have created exciting opportunities for noninvasive imaging of small biomolecules in living cells, tissues, and organisms. Here, we summarize the principle and workflow of small-biomolecule imaging by Raman microscopy. Then, we review recent efforts in imaging, for example, lipids, metabolites, and drugs. The unique advantage of Raman imaging has been manifested in a variety of applications that have provided novel biological insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Fanghao Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Wei Min
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
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8
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Yoon S, Lee TG. Biological tissue sample preparation for time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) imaging. NANO CONVERGENCE 2018; 5:24. [PMID: 30467706 PMCID: PMC6153193 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-018-0157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) imaging is an analytical technique rapidly expanding in use in biological studies. This technique is based on high spatial resolution (50-100 nm), high surface sensitivity (1-2 nm top-layer), and statistical analytic power. In mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), sample preparation is a crucial step to maintaining the natural state of the biomolecules and providing accurate spatial information. However, a number of problems associated with temperature changes in tissue samples such as loss of original distribution due to undesired molecular migration during the sample preparation or reduced ionization efficiency make it difficult to accurately perform MSI. Although frozen hydrate analysis is the ideal sample preparation method to eliminate the effects of temperature, this approach is hindered by mechanical limitations. Alternatively, an adhesive-tape-supported mounting and freeze-drying preparation has been proposed. This paper provides a concise review of the sample preparation procedures, a review of current issues, and proposes efficacious solutions for ToF-SIMS imaging in biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Yoon
- Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
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Holzlechner M, Bonta M, Lohninger H, Limbeck A, Marchetti-Deschmann M. Multisensor Imaging—From Sample Preparation to Integrated Multimodal Interpretation of LA-ICPMS and MALDI MS Imaging Data. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8831-8837. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Holzlechner
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Bonta
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans Lohninger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Limbeck
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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10
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Comparison between thaw-mounting and use of conductive tape for sample preparation in ToF-SIMS imaging of lipids in Drosophila microRNA-14 model. Biointerphases 2018; 13:03B414. [PMID: 29602282 DOI: 10.1116/1.5019597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) imaging elucidates molecular distributions in tissue sections, providing useful information about the metabolic pathways linked to diseases. However, delocalization of the analytes and inadequate tissue adherence during sample preparation are among some of the unfortunate phenomena associated with this technique due to their role in the reduction of the quality, reliability, and spatial resolution of the ToF-SIMS images. For these reasons, ToF-SIMS imaging requires a more rigorous sample preparation method in order to preserve the natural state of the tissues. The traditional thaw-mounting method is particularly vulnerable to altered distributions of the analytes due to thermal effects, as well as to tissue shrinkage. In the present study, the authors made comparisons of different tissue mounting methods, including the thaw-mounting method. The authors used conductive tape as the tissue-mounting material on the substrate because it does not require heat from the finger for the tissue section to adhere to the substrate and can reduce charge accumulation during data acquisition. With the conductive-tape sampling method, they were able to acquire reproducible tissue sections and high-quality images without redistribution of the molecules. Also, the authors were successful in preserving the natural states and chemical distributions of the different components of fat metabolites such as diacylglycerol and fatty acids by using the tape-supported sampling in microRNA-14 (miR-14) deleted Drosophila models. The method highlighted here shows an improvement in the accuracy of mass spectrometric imaging of tissue samples.
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Rae Buchberger A, DeLaney K, Johnson J, Li L. Mass Spectrometry Imaging: A Review of Emerging Advancements and Future Insights. Anal Chem 2018; 90:240-265. [PMID: 29155564 PMCID: PMC5959842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rae Buchberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kellen DeLaney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jillian Johnson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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