1
|
Lu Y, Song W, Tang Z, Shi W, Gao S, Wu J, Wang Y, Pan H, Wang Y, Huang H. The Preparation of Golgi Apparatus-Targeted Polymer Dots Encapsulated with Carbon Nanodots of Bright Near-Infrared Fluorescence for Long-Term Bioimaging. Molecules 2023; 28:6366. [PMID: 37687195 PMCID: PMC10488926 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As a vital organelle in eukaryotic cells, the Golgi apparatus is responsible for processing and transporting proteins in cells. Precisely monitoring the status of the Golgi apparatus with targeted fluorescence imaging technology is of enormous importance but remains a dramatically challenging task. In this study, we demonstrate the construction of the first Golgi apparatus-targeted near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent nanoprobe, termed Golgi-Pdots. As a starting point of our investigation, hydrophobic carbon nanodots (CNDs) with bright NIR fluorescence at 674 nm (fluorescence quantum yield: 12.18%), a narrow emission band of 23 nm, and excellent stability were easily prepared from Magnolia Denudata flowers using an ultrasonic method. Incorporating the CNDs into a polymer matrix modified with Golgi-targeting molecules allowed for the production of the water-soluble Golgi-Pdots, which showed high colloidal stability and similar optical properties compared with pristine CNDs. Further studies revealed that the Golgi-Pdots showed good biocompatibility and Golgi apparatus-targeting capability. Based on these fascinating merits, utilizing Golgi-Pdots for the long-term tracking of the Golgi apparatus inside live cells was immensely successful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Lu
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China (Z.T.)
| | - Wei Song
- Institute for Agri-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Zhiquan Tang
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China (Z.T.)
| | - Wenru Shi
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China (Z.T.)
| | - Shumei Gao
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China (Z.T.)
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China (Z.T.)
| | - Hu Pan
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China (Z.T.)
| | - Yangang Wang
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China (Z.T.)
| | - Hong Huang
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China (Z.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li RS, Wen C, Huang CZ, Li N. Functional molecules and nano-materials for the Golgi apparatus-targeted imaging and therapy. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
3
|
Liu C, Zhu H, Zhang Y, Su M, Liu M, Zhang X, Wang X, Rong X, Wang K, Li X, Zhu B. Recent advances in Golgi-targeted small-molecule fluorescent probes. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
4
|
Rong X, Liu C, Li M, Zhu H, Zhang Y, Su M, Wang X, Li X, Wang K, Yu M, Sheng W, Zhu B. An Integrated Fluorescent Probe for Ratiometric Detection of Glutathione in the Golgi Apparatus and Activated Organelle-Targeted Therapy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16105-16112. [PMID: 34797641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a serious threat to human health, and there is an urgent need to develop new treatment methods to overcome it. Organelle targeting therapy, as a highly effective and less toxic side effect treatment strategy, has great research significance and development prospects. Being an essential organelle, the Golgi apparatus plays a particularly major role in the growth of cancer cells. Acting as an indispensable and highly expressed antioxidant in cancer cells, glutathione (GSH) also contributes greatly during the Golgi oxidative stress. Therefore, it counts for much to track the changes of GSH concentration in Golgi for monitoring the occurrence and development of tumor cells, and exploring Golgi-targeted therapy is also extremely important for effective treatment of cancer. In this work, we designed and synthesized a simple Golgi-targeting fluorescent probe GT-GSH for accurately detecting GSH. The probe GT-GSH reacting with GSH decomposes toxic substances to Golgi, thereby killing cancer cells. At the same time, the ratiometric fluorescent probe can detect the concentration changes of GSH in Golgi stress with high sensitivity and selectivity in living cells. Therefore, such a GSH-responsive fluorescent probe with a Golgi-targeted therapy effect gives a new method for accurate treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Rong
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Caiyun Liu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Hanchuang Zhu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Meijun Su
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xiwei Li
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Miaohui Yu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
| | - Wenlong Sheng
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
| | - Baocun Zhu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yin J, Huang L, Wu L, Li J, James TD, Lin W. Small molecule based fluorescent chemosensors for imaging the microenvironment within specific cellular regions. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12098-12150. [PMID: 34550134 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00645b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment (local environment), including viscosity, temperature, polarity, hypoxia, and acidic-basic status (pH), plays indispensable roles in cellular processes. Significantly, organelles require an appropriate microenvironment to perform their specific physiological functions, and disruption of the microenvironmental homeostasis could lead to malfunctions of organelles, resulting in disorder and disease development. Consequently, monitoring the microenvironment within specific organelles is vital to understand organelle-related physiopathology. Over the past few years, many fluorescent probes have been developed to help reveal variations in the microenvironment within specific cellular regions. Given that a comprehensive understanding of the microenvironment in a particular cellular region is of great significance for further exploration of life events, a thorough summary of this topic is urgently required. However, there has not been a comprehensive and critical review published recently on small-molecule fluorescent chemosensors for the cellular microenvironment. With this review, we summarize the recent progress since 2015 towards small-molecule based fluorescent probes for imaging the microenvironment within specific cellular regions, including the mitochondria, lysosomes, lipid drops, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, nucleus, cytoplasmic matrix and cell membrane. Further classifications at the suborganelle level, according to detection of microenvironmental factors by probes, including polarity, viscosity, temperature, pH and hypoxia, are presented. Notably, in each category, design principles, chemical synthesis, recognition mechanism, fluorescent signals, and bio-imaging applications are summarized and compared. In addition, the limitations of the current microenvironment-sensitive probes are analyzed and the prospects for future developments are outlined. In a nutshell, this review comprehensively summarizes and highlights recent progress towards small molecule based fluorescent probes for sensing and imaging the microenvironment within specific cellular regions since 2015. We anticipate that this summary will facilitate a deeper understanding of the topic and encourage research directed towards the development of probes for the detection of cellular microenvironments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junling Yin
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Luling Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Jiangfeng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tony D James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK. .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bae SH, Yoo JE, Choe YH, Kwak SH, Choi JY, Jung J, Hyun YM. Neutrophils infiltrate into the spiral ligament but not the stria vascularis in the cochlea during lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:2522-2533. [PMID: 33456557 PMCID: PMC7806478 DOI: 10.7150/thno.49121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been challenging to apply intravital imaging for monitoring the inner ear, as the anatomical location and intricate structure hamper the access of imaging instruments to the inner ear of live mice. By employing intravital imaging of the cochlea in live mice with two-photon microscopy, we investigated neutrophil infiltration into the cochlea tissue and its characteristics under a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory state. Methods: Cochlea inflammation was induced by LPS injection to the middle ear. Using two-photon intravital microscopy with specifically designed surgical exteriorization of the cochlea in live mice, we investigated the dynamic features of neutrophils in the lateral wall of the cochlea. The molecular expression pattern of the cochlea lateral wall was also investigated during the LPS-induce inflammation. Results: Despite the contention of whether neutrophils are recruited to the spiral ligament (SL) during inflammation, we observed that LPS-induced inflammation of the middle ear, which mimics acute otitis media, triggered neutrophil migration to the SL in the lateral wall. Notably, massive neutrophil infiltration to the SL occurred 2 days after LPS inoculation, but there was no neutrophil infiltration into the stria vascularis (SV) region. At 1 day after LPS-induced cochlear inflammation, increased mRNA expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 were identified in both the SL and SV, while the ICAM-1 mRNA expression increased only in the SL. The differential reactivity of ICAM-1 is likely responsible for the different neutrophil recruitment pattern in the cochlea. Conclusion: Intravital imaging of the cochlea revealed that neutrophil recruitment and infiltration during inflammation are spatially controlled and exclusively observed in the SL but not in the SV and organ of Corti.
Collapse
|
7
|
Choi JW, Ju YH, Choi Y, Hyeon SJ, Gadhe CG, Park JH, Kim MS, Baek S, Kim Y, Park KD, Pae AN, Ryu H, Lee CJ, Cho BR. PyrPeg, a Blood-Brain-Barrier-Penetrating Two-Photon Imaging Probe, Selectively Detects Neuritic Plaques, Not Tau Aggregates. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1801-1810. [PMID: 32421307 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) tracers have made a significant contribution to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by allowing a definitive diagnosis in living patients. Unfortunately, they also detect tau and other protein aggregates that compromise test accuracy. In AD research, there has been a growing need for in vivo Aβ imaging by two-photon microscopy, which enables deep-brain-fluorescence imaging. There is no suitable neuritic Aβ probe for two-photon microscopy. Here we report PyrPeg, a novel two-photon fluorescent probe that can selectively target insoluble Aβ rather than tau and α-synuclein aggregates in the AD model brain and postmortem brain. When injected intravenously, PyrPeg detects the neuritic plaques in the brain and olfactory bulb of the AD model. PyrPeg may serve as a useful blood-brain-barrier-penetrating diagnostic tool for optical and functional monitoring of insoluble forms of Aβ aggregates in the living AD brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Woo Choi
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ha Ju
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 55 Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
- IBS School, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunsook Choi
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Seung Jae Hyeon
- Centers for Neuromedicine and Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, KIST, 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Changdev G. Gadhe
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, KIST, 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, KIST, 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Seok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Daejin University, 1007 Hoguk-ro, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 11159, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyeop Baek
- Integrated Science and Engineering Division, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Biotechnology, and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - YoungSoo Kim
- Integrated Science and Engineering Division, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Biotechnology, and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Duk Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, KIST, 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, KIST, 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Centers for Neuromedicine and Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, KIST, 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center (BU ADC) and Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - C. Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 55 Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
- IBS School, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Rae Cho
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Daejin University, 1007 Hoguk-ro, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 11159, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Su P, Zhu Z, Tian Y, Liang L, Wu W, Cao J, Cheng B, Liu W, Tang Y. A TAT peptide-based ratiometric two-photon fluorescent probe for detecting biothiols and sequentially distinguishing GSH in mitochondria. Talanta 2020; 218:121127. [PMID: 32797884 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although biothiols, including cysteine (Cys), glutathione (GSH), and homocysteine (Hcy) can be used to diagnose many diseases and research physiological metabolism in many physiological processes, in situ real-time detection and differentiation of biothiols is still challenging because their similar chemical properties and molecular structures. Herein, we utilized the native chemical ligation (NCL) reaction mechanism to develop a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) strategy for designing a cell penetration peptide TAT-modified ratiometric two-photon biothiols probe (TAT-probe). The TAT-probe can not only rapidly enter into mitochondria assisted by TAT peptide, but also simultaneously detect biothiols and sequentially distinguish GSH. When the TAT-probe was excited with 404/820 nm wavelength light, it showed a change in the ratio of fluorescence after adding biothiols, including a quenched red fluorescence intensity (λem = 585 nm) and an enhanced signal in green fluorescence intensity (λem = 520 nm). Excitingly, the TAT-probe excited at 545 nm could display a red fluorescence (λem = 585 nm) towards GSH and a quenched signal towards Hcy or Cys. This specific fluorescence response indicated the TAT-probe could effectively detect biothiols and differentiate GSH from Cys/Hcy in mitochondria. This work pioneered a new approach to design and synthesize biothiol-probes based on peptides and NCL reaction mechanism.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hong ST, Koh B, Choi SJ, Yoon E, Pyo MC, Choi JW, Kim MS, Lee EJ, Paik KC, Han MS, Chun HJ, Heo JN, Kim ES, Cho BR. Two-Photon Probe for TNF-α. Assessment of the Transmembrane TNF-α Level in Human Colon Tissue by Two-Photon Microscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15769-15776. [PMID: 31663332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We developed Pyr1-infliximab: a two-photon probe for TNF-α. Pyr1-infliximab showed absorption maxima at 280 and 438 nm and an emission maximum at 610 nm in an aqueous buffer and effective two-photon action cross-section values of (520-2830) × 10-50 cm4s/photon in RAW 264.7 cells. After this probe was labeled, it was possible to detect Pyr1-infliximab-transmembrane TNF-α complexes in a live cell and to determine the relative proportion of these complexes in human colon tissues. This proportion among healthy, possibly inflamed, and inflamed tissues of patients with ulcerative colitis was found to be 1.0/4.5/10. This probe may find useful applications for selective detection of transmembrane TNF-α in a live cell or tissue, for quantification of inflammation in human colon tissue or of antidrug antibodies in patients who stop responding to anti-TNF therapy, and for monitoring of the response to this therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Taek Hong
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Byumseok Koh
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeong-ro , Daejeon 34114 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ji Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine , Korea University College of Medicine , 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Yoon
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeong-ro , Daejeon 34114 , Republic of Korea
| | - Min Cheol Pyo
- Department of Biotechnology , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Woo Choi
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Seok Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Daejin University , 1007 Hoguk-ro , Pocheon-si , Gyeonggi-do 11159 , Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Daejin University , 1007 Hoguk-ro , Pocheon-si , Gyeonggi-do 11159 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Cheol Paik
- Department of Chemistry , Daejin University , 1007 Hoguk-ro , Pocheon-si , Gyeonggi-do 11159 , Republic of Korea
| | - Man So Han
- Department of Chemistry , Daejin University , 1007 Hoguk-ro , Pocheon-si , Gyeonggi-do 11159 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Jai Chun
- Department of Internal Medicine , Korea University College of Medicine , 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Nyoung Heo
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeong-ro , Daejeon 34114 , Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development , Chungnam National University , 99 Daehak-ro , Daejeon 34134 , Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine , Korea University College of Medicine , 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Rae Cho
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry , Daejin University , 1007 Hoguk-ro , Pocheon-si , Gyeonggi-do 11159 , Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|