1
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Pan Y, Su X, Liu Y, Fan P, Li X, Ying Y, Ping J. A laser-Engraved Wearable Electrochemical Sensing Patch for Heat Stress Precise Individual Management of Horse. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024:e2310069. [PMID: 38728620 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202310069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
In point-of-care diagnostics, the continuous monitoring of sweat constituents provides a window into individual's physiological state. For species like horses, with abundant sweat glands, sweat composition can serve as an early health indicator. Considering the salience of such metrics in the domain of high-value animal breeding, a sophisticated wearable sensor patch tailored is introduced for the dynamic assessment of equine sweat, offering insights into pH, potassium ion (K+), and temperature profiles during episodes of heat stress and under normal physiological conditions. The device integrates a laser-engraved graphene (LEG) sensing electrode array, a non-invasive iontophoretic module for stimulated sweat secretion, an adaptable signal processing unit, and an embedded wireless communication framework. Profiting from an admirable Truth Table capable of logical evaluation, the integrated system enabled the early and timely assessment for heat stress, with high accuracy, stability, and reproducibility. The sensor patch has been calibrated to align with the unique dermal and physiological contours of equine anatomy, thereby augmenting its applicability in practical settings. This real-time analysis tool for equine perspiration stands to revolutionize personalized health management approaches for high-value animals, marking a significant stride in the integration of smart technologies within the agricultural sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Pan
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Su
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China
| | - Peidi Fan
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Xunjia Li
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China
| | - Yibin Ying
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China
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2
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Wei C, Fu D, Ma T, Chen M, Wang F, Chen G, Wang Z. Sensing patches for biomarker identification in skin-derived biofluids. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 258:116326. [PMID: 38696965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
In conventional clinical disease diagnosis and screening based on biomarker detection, most analysis samples are collected from serum, blood. However, these invasive collection methods require specific instruments, professionals, and may lead to infection risks. Additionally, the diagnosis process suffers from untimely results. The identification of skin-related biomarkers plays an unprecedented role in early disease diagnosis. More importantly, these skin-mediated approaches for collecting biomarker-containing biofluid samples are noninvasive or minimally invasive, which is more preferable for point-of-care testing (POCT). Therefore, skin-based biomarker detection patches have been promoted, owing to their unique advantages, such as simple fabrication, desirable transdermal properties and no requirements for professional medical staff. Currently, the skin biomarkers extracted from sweat, interstitial fluid (ISF) and wound exudate, are achieved with wearable sweat patches, transdermal MN patches, and wound patches, respectively. In this review, we detail these three types of skin patches in biofluids collection and diseases-related biomarkers identification. Patch classification and the corresponding manufacturing as well as detection strategies are also summarized. The remaining challenges in clinical applications and current issues in accurate detection are discussed for further advancement of this technology (Scheme 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wei
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Danni Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Tianyue Ma
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada; Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Fangling Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Guojun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada; Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.
| | - Zejun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
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3
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Liu A, Liu Z, Liang R, Qin W. Polymeric membrane potentiometric antibiotic sensors using computer-aided screening of supramolecular macrocyclic carriers. Analyst 2024; 149:1738-1745. [PMID: 38324339 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02154h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Carrier-based polymeric membrane potentiometric sensors are an ideal tool for detecting ionic species. However, in the fabrication of these sensors, the screening of carriers still relies on empirical trial- and error-based optimization, which requires tedious and time-consuming experimental verification. In this work, computer-aided screening of carriers is applied in the preparation of polymeric membrane potentiometric sensors. Molecular docking is used to study the host-guest interactions between receptors and targets. Binding energies are employed as the standard to screen the appropriate carrier. As a proof-of-concept experiment, the antibiotic ciprofloxacin is selected as the target model. A series of supramolecular macrocyclic receptors including cyclodextrins, cucurbiturils and calixarenes are chosen as potential receptors. The proposed sensor based on the receptor calix[4]arene screened by molecular docking shows a lower detection limit of 0.5 μmol L-1 for ciprofloxacin. It can be expected that the proposed computer-aided screening technique of carriers can provide a simple but highly efficient method for the fabrication of carrier-based electrochemical and optical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aohua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China.
| | - Zhe Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China.
| | - Rongning Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China.
| | - Wei Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P.R. China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
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4
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Hui X, Asaduzzaman M, Zahed MA, Sharma S, Jeong S, Song H, Faruk O, Park JY. Multifunctional Siloxene-Decorated Laser-Inscribed Graphene Patch for Sweat Ion Analysis and Electrocardiogram Monitoring. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:9725-9735. [PMID: 38378454 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Potentiometric detection in complex biological fluids enables continuous electrolyte monitoring for personal healthcare; however, the commercialization of ion-selective electrode-based devices has been limited by the rapid loss of potential stability caused by electrode surface inactivation and biofouling. Here, we describe a simple multifunctional hybrid patch incorporating an Au nanoparticle/siloxene-based solid contact (SC) supported by a substrate made of laser-inscribed graphene on poly(dimethylsiloxane) for the noninvasive detection of sweat Na+ and K+. These SC nanocomposites prevent the formation of a water layer during ion-to-electron transfer, preserving 3 and 5 μV/h potential drift for the Na+ and K+ ion-selective electrodes, respectively, after 13 h of exposure. The lamellar structure of the siloxene sheets increases the SC area. In addition, the electroplated Au nanoparticles, which have a large surface area and excellent conductivity, further increased the electric double-layer capacitance at the interface between the ion-selective membranes and solid-state contacts, thus facilitating ion-to-electron transduction and ultimately improving the detection stability of Na+ and K+. Furthermore, the integrated temperature and electrocardiogram sensors in the flexible patch assist in monitoring body temperature and electrocardiogram signals, respectively. Featuring both electrochemical ion-selective and physical sensors, this patch offers immense potential for the self-monitoring of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Hui
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
- Human IoT Focused Research Center, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Asaduzzaman
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
- Human IoT Focused Research Center, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - M Abu Zahed
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
- Human IoT Focused Research Center, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudeep Sharma
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
- Human IoT Focused Research Center, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - SeongHoon Jeong
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
- Human IoT Focused Research Center, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesu Song
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
- Human IoT Focused Research Center, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Omar Faruk
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
- Human IoT Focused Research Center, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeong Park
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
- Human IoT Focused Research Center, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
- SnE Solution Co., Ltd, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
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5
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Chipangura YE, Spindler BD, Bühlmann P, Stein A. Design Criteria for Nanostructured Carbon Materials as Solid Contacts for Ion-Selective Sensors. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2309778. [PMID: 38105339 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The ability to miniaturize ion-selective sensors that enable microsensor arrays and wearable sensor patches for ion detection in environmental or biological samples requires all-solid-state sensors with solid contacts for transduction of an ion activity into an electrical signal. Nanostructured carbon materials function as effective solid contacts for this purpose. They can also contribute to improved potential signal stability, reducing the need for frequent sensor calibration. In this Perspective, the structural features of various carbon-based solid contacts described in the literature and their respective abilities to reduce potential drift during long-term, continuous measurements are compared. These carbon materials include nanoporous carbons with various architectures, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, graphene, and graphite-based solid contacts. The effects of accessibility of ionophores, ionic sites, and other components of an ion-selective membrane to the internal or external carbon surfaces are discussed, because this impacts double-layer capacitance and potential drift. The effects of carbon composition on water-layer formation are also considered, which is another contributor to potential drift during long-term measurements. Recommendations regarding the selection of solid contacts and considerations for their characterization and testing in solid-contact ion-selective electrodes are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevedzo E Chipangura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Brian D Spindler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Andreas Stein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
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6
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Lu Q, Wang Y, Lu Y, Ren Y, Fu R, Chen W, Jiang G. Strain-insensitive and multiplexed potentiometric ion sensors via printed PMMA molecular layer. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1287:342083. [PMID: 38182378 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Wearable biomimetic electronics have aroused tremendous attention due to their capability to continuously detect and deliver real-time dynamic physiological signals pertaining to the wearer's environment. However, upon close contact with the human skins, a wearable sensor undergoes mechanical strain which inevitably degrades the electrical performance. To address this issue, we demonstrate a universal design approach for stretchable and multiplexed biosensors that can yield unaltered ion sensing performance under variable mechanical tensile strains, which is achieved by introducing a PMMA molecular layer between stretchable substrate and ion sensors. Such design demonstrates reliable multiplexed ion sensing capability and provides high sensitivity (>50 mV/decade), reliable selectivity, as well as wide working range (0.1-100 mM) for sodium, ammonium, potassium and calcium ions in complex sweat biomarkers. Via this introduced PMMA molecular layer, our sensor even exhibits 95 % electrical performance maintained up to 30 % tensile strain, whereas the mechanical tensile property is far superior to original sensor performance. Besides, the sensors were also utilized for real-time monitoring of ions in sweat to validate its biomedical electronics applications. This sensing platform can be easily extended to other biomimetic sensors to enable stable signal acquisition for biomedical electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quansheng Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China; Department of Dermatology, The People's Hospital of Jiawang District of Xuzhou, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000,China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Dermatology, the Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, the Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223002, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The People's Hospital of Tongshan District of Xuzhou, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
| | - Yiping Ren
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China
| | - Ran Fu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, the Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, the Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223002, China
| | - Wenbin Chen
- Department of Dermatology, the Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, the Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223002, China; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Guan Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China.
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7
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Saha T, Del Caño R, De la Paz E, Sandhu SS, Wang J. Access and Management of Sweat for Non-Invasive Biomarker Monitoring: A Comprehensive Review. Small 2023; 19:e2206064. [PMID: 36433842 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sweat is an important biofluid presents in the body since it regulates the internal body temperature, and it is relatively easy to access on the skin unlike other biofluids and contains several biomarkers that are also present in the blood. Although sweat sensing devices have recently displayed tremendous progress, most of the emerging devices primarily focus on the sensor development, integration with electronics, wearability, and data from in vitro studies and short-term on-body trials during exercise. To further the advances in sweat sensing technology, this review aims to present a comprehensive report on the approaches to access and manage sweat from the skin toward improved sweat collection and sensing. It is begun by delineating the sweat secretion mechanism through the skin, and the historical perspective of sweat, followed by a detailed discussion on the mechanisms governing sweat generation and management on the skin. It is concluded by presenting the advanced applications of sweat sensing, supported by a discussion of robust, extended-operation epidermal wearable devices aiming to strengthen personalized healthcare monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamoghna Saha
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Rafael Del Caño
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Applied Thermodynamics, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, E-14014, Spain
| | - Ernesto De la Paz
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Samar S Sandhu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, CA, 92093, USA
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8
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Spindler BD, Graf KI, Dong XIN, Kim M, Chen XV, Bühlmann P, Stein A. Influence of the Composition of Plasticizer-Free Silicone-Based Ion-Selective Membranes on Signal Stability in Aqueous and Blood Plasma Samples. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12419-12426. [PMID: 37552138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (SC-ISEs) in direct long-term contact with physiological samples must be biocompatible and resistant to biofouling, but most wearable SC-ISEs proposed to date contain plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membranes, which have poor biocompatibility. Silicones are a promising alternative to plasticized PVC because of their excellent biocompatibility, but little work has been done to study the relationship between silicone composition and ISE performance. To address this, we prepared and tested K+ SC-ISEs with colloid-imprinted mesoporous (CIM) carbon as the solid contact and three different condensation-cured silicones: a custom silicone prepared in-house (Silicone 1), a commercial silicone (Dow 3140, Silicone 2), and a commercial fluorosilicone (Dow 730, Fluorosilicone 1). SC-ISEs prepared with each of these polymers and the ionophore valinomycin and added ionic sites exhibited Nernstian responses, excellent selectivities, and signal drifts as low as 3 μV/h in 1 mM KCl solution. All ISEs maintained Nernstian response slopes and had only very slightly worsened selectivities after 41 h exposure to porcine plasma (log KK,Na values of -4.56, -4.58, and -4.49, to -4.04, -4.00, and -3.90 for Silicone 1, Silicone 2, and Fluorosilicone 1, respectively), confirming that these sensors retain the high selectivity that makes them suitable for use in physiological samples. When immersed in porcine plasma, the SC-ISEs exhibited emf drifts that were still fairly low but notably larger than when measurements were performed in pure water. Interestingly, despite the very similar structures of these matrix polymers, SC-ISEs prepared with Silicone 2 showed lower drift in porcine blood plasma (-55 μV/h, over 41 h) compared to Silicone 1 (-495 μV/h) or Fluorosilicone 1 (-297 μV/h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Spindler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, United States
| | - Katerina I Graf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, United States
| | - Xin I N Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, United States
| | - Minog Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, United States
| | - Xin V Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, United States
| | - Andreas Stein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, United States
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9
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Khadka B, Lee B, Kim KT. Drug Delivery Systems for Personal Healthcare by Smart Wearable Patch System. Biomolecules 2023; 13:929. [PMID: 37371509 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart wearable patch systems that combine biosensing and therapeutic components have emerged as promising approaches for personalized healthcare and therapeutic platforms that enable self-administered, noninvasive, user-friendly, and long-acting smart drug delivery. Sensing components can continuously monitor physiological and biochemical parameters, and the monitoring signals can be transferred to various stimuli using actuators. In therapeutic components, stimuli-responsive carrier-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) provide on-demand drug delivery in a closed-loop manner. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in smart wearable patch systems, focusing on sensing components, stimuli, and therapeutic components. Additionally, this review highlights the potential of fully integrated smart wearable patch systems for personalized medicine. Furthermore, challenges associated with the clinical applications of this system and future perspectives are discussed, including issues related to drug loading and reloading, biocompatibility, accuracy of sensing and drug delivery, and largescale fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikram Khadka
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences (BK21 Four), Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute (BHRI), Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongmoon Lee
- Soft Hybrid Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Kim
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences (BK21 Four), Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute (BHRI), Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
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10
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Zhang Y, Liao J, Li Z, Hu M, Bian C, Lin S. All fabric and flexible wearable sensors for simultaneous sweat metabolite detection and high-efficiency collection. Talanta 2023; 260:124610. [PMID: 37146456 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat electrochemical sensors have attracted wide attention due to their advantages of non-invasive, portable, real-time monitoring, etc. However, existing sensors still have some problems with efficient sweat collection. Microfluidic channel technology and electrospinning technology are commonly used to collect sweat efficiently, but there are some limitations such as complex channel design and multiple spinning parameters. Besides, existing sensors are mostly based on flexible polymers, such as, PET, PDMS, PI and PI, which have limited wearability and permeability. Based on the above, all fabric and dual-function flexible wearable sweat electrochemical sensor is proposed in this paper. This sensor uses fabric as the raw material to implement the directional transport of sweat and the multi-component integrated detection dual functions. Meanwhile, the high-efficiency collection of sweat is obtained by a Janus fabric, wherein one side of the selected silk is superhydrophobic graft treated and the other side is hydrophilic plasma treated. Therefore, the resulting Janus fabric can effectively transfer sweat from the skin side to the electrode, and the minimum sweat droplet can reach 0.2 μL to achieve micro-volume collection. Besides, the patterned sensor, made of silk-based carbon cloth, is fabricated using a simple laser engraving, which could detect Na+, pH, and glucose instantaneously. As a result, these proposed sensors can achieve good sensing performance and high-efficiency sweat collection dual functionality; moreover, it has good flexibility and comfortable wearability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jianjun Liao
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Zehao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Mingxu Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Chao Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shiwei Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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11
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Huangfu X, Guo Y, Mugo SM, Zhang Q. Hydrovoltaic Nanogenerators for Self-Powered Sweat Electrolyte Analysis. Small 2023; 19:e2207134. [PMID: 36627268 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Human sweat comprises various electrolytes that are health status indicators. Conventional potentiometric electrolyte sensors require an electrical power source, which is expensive, bulky, and requires a complex architecture. Herein, this work demonstrates an electric nanogenerator fabricated using silicon nanowire (SiNW) arrays comprising modified carbon nanoparticles. The SiNW arrays platform is demonstrated as an effective self-powered sensor for sweat electrolyte analysis. It has been shown that an evaporation-induced water flow in nanochannels can yield an open-circuit voltage (Voc ) of 0.45 V and a short-circuit current of 10.2 µA at room temperature as a result of overlapped electric double layers. The electrolyte in the water flow results in a Voc decrease due to the charge shielding effect. The Voc is inversely proportional to the electrolyte concentration. The fabricated hydrovoltaic device shows the capability for sensing electrolytes in human sweat, which is useful in evaluating the hydration status of volunteers following intense physical exercise. The device depicts a novel response mechanism compared to conventional electrochemical sensors. Furthermore, the hydrovoltaic device shows a maximum output power of 1.42 µW, and as such has been successfully shown to drive various electronic devices including light-emitting diodes, a calculator, and an electronic timer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Huangfu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Samuel M Mugo
- Department of Physical Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, ABT5J4S2, Canada
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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12
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Ibáñez-Redín G, Rosso Cagnani G, O Gomes N, Raymundo-Pereira PA, S Machado SA, Gutierrez MA, Krieger JE, Oliveira ON Jr. Wearable potentiometric biosensor for analysis of urea in sweat. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 223:114994. [PMID: 36577175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we introduce wearable potentiometric biosensors on screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) for on-body and on-site monitoring of urea in sweat. The biosensor architecture was judiciously designed to detect urea at different pHs and incorporate a pH sensor, thus containing polyaniline ink, urease bioink and a polyvinylchloride membrane. Urea detection could be performed in the wide range from 5 to 200 mM at pH 7.0, encompassing urea levels in human sweat. The biosensor response was fast (incubation time 5 min), with no interference from other substances in sweat. Reliable urea detection could be done in undiluted human sweat with a skin-worn flexible device using the pH correction strategy afforded by the pH sensor. The performance of the epidermal biosensor was not affected by severe bending strains. The feasibility of mass production was demonstrated by fabricating epidermal flexible biosensors using slot-die coating with a roll-to-roll technique.
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13
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Faham S, Salimi A, Ghavami R. Electrochemical-based remote biomarker monitoring: Toward Internet of Wearable Things in telemedicine. Talanta 2023; 253:123892. [PMID: 36095939 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Internet of Wearable Things (IoWT) will be a major breakthrough for remote medical monitoring. In this scenario, wearable biomarker sensors have been developing not only to diagnose point-of-care (POC) of diseases, but also to continuously manage them. On-body tracking of biomarkers in biofluids is regarded as a proper substitution of conventional biomarker sensors for dynamic sampling and analyzing due to their high sensitivity, conformability, and affordability, creating ever-rising the market demand for them. In a wireless body area network (WBAN), data is captured from all sensors on the body to a smartphone/laptop, and sent the sensed data to a cloud for storing, processing, and retrieving, and ultimately displayed the data on custom applications (Apps). Wearable IoT biomarker sensors are used for early diseases diagnosis and continuous monitoring in developing countries in which people hardly access to healthcare systems. In this review, we aim to highlight a wide range of wearable electrochemical biomarker sensors, accompanied by microfluidics for continuous sampling, which will pave the way toward developing wearable IoT biomarker sensors to track health status. The current challenges and future perspective in skin-conformal biomarker sensors will be discussing their potential applicability for IoWT in cloud-based telemedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadab Faham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran
| | - Abdollah Salimi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran; Research Center for Nanotechnology, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran.
| | - Raouf Ghavami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran
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14
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Yang M, Sun N, Lai X, Wu J, Wu L, Zhao X, Feng L. Paper-Based Sandwich-Structured Wearable Sensor with Sebum Filtering for Continuous Detection of Sweat pH. ACS Sens 2023; 8:176-186. [PMID: 36604942 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat sensors, a product of the development of flexible electronics and microfluidic technologies, can continuously and noninvasively monitor abundant biomarkers in human sweat; however, sweat interferences, such as sebum, can reduce sensor reliability and accuracy. Herein, for the first time, the influence of sebum on the potentiometric response of an all-solid-state pH sensor was studied, and the obtained experimental results show that sebum mixed in sweat can decrease the potential response of the sensor and the slope of its calibration curve. A paper-based sandwich-structured pH sensor that can filter the sebum mixed in sweat was proposed based on commonly used oil-control sheets. Moreover, the hydrophilic properties, microstructure, and microfluidic performance of the sensor were investigated. The detection performance of the paper-based sandwich-structured pH sensor was comprehensively evaluated in terms of calibration in the presence of sebum and potentiometric response upon the addition of sebum. Furthermore, the anti-interference ability of the sensor was evaluated using different analytes under various deformation conditions. On-body trials were conducted to verify the performance, and their results showed that the proposed sensor can filter over 90% of the sebum in sweat, significantly enhancing sensor reliability and accuracy. Additionally, microfluidic channels could be simply fabricated using a scissor and paper, obviating the need for complex micromachining processes, such as photolithography and laser engraving. Overall, this work illustrates the influence of sebum on the detection performance of traditional potentiometric wearable sensors and paves the way for their development for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingpeng Yang
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Nan Sun
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiaochen Lai
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- Zhenyuan Applied Meteorological Research Institute, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Lifan Wu
- College of Electrical Engineering and Control Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xingqiang Zhao
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lihang Feng
- College of Electrical Engineering and Control Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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15
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Yin J, Li J, Reddy VS, Ji D, Ramakrishna S, Xu L. Flexible Textile-Based Sweat Sensors for Wearable Applications. Biosensors (Basel) 2023; 13:bios13010127. [PMID: 36671962 PMCID: PMC9856321 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The current physical health care system has gradually evolved into a form of virtual hospitals communicating with sensors, which can not only save time but can also diagnose a patient's physical condition in real time. Textile-based wearable sensors have recently been identified as detection platforms with high potential. They are developed for the real-time noninvasive detection of human physiological information to comprehensively analyze the health status of the human body. Sweat comprises various chemical compositions, which can be used as biomarkers to reflect the relevant information of the human physiology, thus providing references for health conditions. Combined together, textile-based sweat sensors are more flexible and comfortable than other conventional sensors, making them easily integrated into the wearable field. In this short review, the research progress of textile-based flexible sweat sensors was reviewed. Three mechanisms commonly used for textile-based sweat sensors were firstly contrasted with an introduction to their materials and preparation processes. The components of textile-based sweat sensors, which mainly consist of a sweat transportation channel and collector, a signal-selection unit, sensing elements and sensor integration and communication technologies, were reviewed. The applications of textile-based sweat sensors with different mechanisms were also presented. Finally, the existing problems and challenges of sweat sensors were summarized, which may contribute to promote their further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Jingcheng Li
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Vundrala Sumedha Reddy
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Dongxiao Ji
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Lan Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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16
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Kalasin S, Surareungchai W. Challenges of Emerging Wearable Sensors for Remote Monitoring toward Telemedicine Healthcare. Anal Chem 2023; 95:1773-1784. [PMID: 36629753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Digitized telemedicine tools with the Internet of Things (IoT) started advancing into our daily lives and have been incorporated with commercial wearable gadgets for noninvasive remote health monitoring. The newly established tools have been steered toward a new era of decentralized healthcare. The advancement of a telemedicine wearable monitoring system has attracted enormous interest in the multimodal big data acquisition of real-time physiological and biochemical information via noninvasive methods for any health-related industries. The expectation of telemedicine wearable creation has been focused on early diagnosis of multiple diseases and minimizing the cost of high-tech and invasive treatments. However, only limited progress has been directed toward the development of telemedicine wearable sensors. This Perspective addresses the advancement of these wearable sensors that encounter multiple challenges on the forefront and technological gaps hampering the realization of health monitoring at molecular levels related to smart materials mostly limited to single use, issues of selectivity to analytes, low sensitivity to targets, miniaturization, and lack of artificial intelligence to perform multiple tasks and secure big data transfer. Sensor stability with minimized signal drift, on-body sensor reusability, and long-term continuous health monitoring provides key analytical challenges. This Perspective also focuses on, promotes, and highlights wearable sensors with a distinct capability to interconnect with telemedicine healthcare for physical sensing and multiplex sensing at deeper levels. Moreover, it points out some critical challenges in different material aspects and promotes what it will take to advance the current state-of-art wearable sensors for telemedicine healthcare. Ultimately, this Perspective is to draw attention to some potential blind spots of wearable technology development and to inspire further development of this integrated technology in mitigating multimorbidity in aging societies through health monitoring at molecular levels to identify signs of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surachate Kalasin
- Faculty of Science and Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Graduate Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 10140 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Werasak Surareungchai
- Pilot Plant Research and Development Laboratory, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 10150 Bangkok, Thailand
- School of Bioresource and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 10150 Bangkok, Thailand
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17
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Coatsworth P, Gonzalez-macia L, Collins ASP, Bozkurt T, Güder F. Continuous monitoring of chemical signals in plants under stress. Nat Rev Chem 2022. [PMID: 37117825 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Time is an often-neglected variable in biological research. Plants respond to biotic and abiotic stressors with a range of chemical signals, but as plants are non-equilibrium systems, single-point measurements often cannot provide sufficient temporal resolution to capture these time-dependent signals. In this article, we critically review the advances in continuous monitoring of chemical signals in living plants under stress. We discuss methods for sustained measurement of the most important chemical species, including ions, organic molecules, inorganic molecules and radicals. We examine analytical and modelling approaches currently used to identify and predict stress in plants. We also explore how the methods discussed can be used for applications beyond a research laboratory, in agricultural settings. Finally, we present the current challenges and future perspectives for the continuous monitoring of chemical signals in plants.
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18
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Pei X, Sun M, Wang J, Bai J, Bo X, Zhou M. A Bifunctional Fully Integrated Wearable Tracker for Epidermal Sweat and Wound Exudate Multiple Biomarkers Monitoring. Small 2022; 18:e2205061. [PMID: 36180393 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fully integrated wearable electronics that combine the extraordinary feature of incessant and on-body operation with the distinctive external equipment-free trait are the ultimate goal of modern wearables. Epidermal sweat and wound exudate, as two noninvasively accessible biofluids on/surrounding the skin, reflect underlying health conditions. However, the design of universal wearable sensors with the bifunctional capability to monitor both epidermal secretions is still a challenge. Here, a single bifunctional fully integrated wearable tracker for wirelessly, simultaneously, and dynamically in situ measuring multiple epidermal sweat or wound exudate biomarkers is propos. Considering the electrolytes (e.g., Na+ , K+ , and H+ ) and metabolites (e.g., uric acid (UA)) levels in sweat or wound exudate may correlate with health or wound conditions, the dynamic and skin-on tracking of the biomarkers of Na+ , K+ , pH, and UA levels in sweat under subjects' exercise and in wound exudate during subjects' wound healing are performed through the seamless integration of microfluidic, sensing, and electronic modules. Its applicability is evaluated for noninvasive hyperuricemia management in hyperuricemia/healthy subjects through a purine-rich intake test and for wound management in subjects' infected wounds through a control medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Pei
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Mimi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Jingjuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Jing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Xiangjie Bo
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130024, P. R. China
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19
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Wang F, Zhang J, Zhang M, Xu C, Cheng S, Wang Q, Zhang F, He X, He P. A multi-calibration potentiometric sensing array based on diboronic acid-PtAu/CNTs nanozyme for home monitoring of urine glucose. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1237:340598. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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Colozza N, Casanova A, Fernández-Pérez BM, Crespo GA, Flores GA, Kavallieratos K, de Gracia J, Ahlquist M, Cuartero M. Insights into Tripodal tris(pyrazolyl) Compounds as Ionophores for Potentiometric Ammonium Ion Sensing. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Colozza
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology: Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan Department of Chemistry SWEDEN
| | - Ana Casanova
- KTH: Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan Department of Chemistry SWEDEN
| | | | | | | | | | - Juan de Gracia
- KTH: Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan Department of Chemistry SWEDEN
| | - Mårten Ahlquist
- KTH: Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan Department of Chemisytry SWEDEN
| | - María Cuartero
- Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan Department of Chemistry Teknikringen 30 11440 Stockholm SWEDEN
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22
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Zhang H, Qiu Y, Yu S, Ding C, Hu J, Qi H, Tian Y, Zhang Z, Liu A, Wu H. Wearable microfluidic patch with integrated capillary valves and pumps for sweat management and multiple biomarker analysis. Biomicrofluidics 2022; 16:044104. [PMID: 35915777 PMCID: PMC9338840 DOI: 10.1063/5.0092084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat sensors are essential for providing insight into human physiological health. The currently developed microfluidic sweat sensors have demonstrated the function of collecting and storing sweat. However, they detect more average concentrations of substances based on time periods, which leads to the fact that in situ real-time measurement for multiple biomarkers remains a grand challenge. Here, we propose a wearable epidermal microfluidic patch with integrated microfluidic pumps and micro-valves for accelerated and continuous collection of the sweat, where the micro-pumps ensure the complete separation of old and new sweat for real-time detection of real concentration of biomarkers in sweat. The biomarker concentration at different time periods is detected by introducing a burst valve, which is used to assist in the analysis of the real-time detection. A quantitative relationship between the minimum burst pressure difference required for sequential collection and the size of the microchannel structure is established to overcome the effects of additional resistance at the gas-liquid interface. Additionally, the sensing modules, including sodium ion, chlorine ion, glucose, and pH level in sweat, are integrated into the patch to realize in situ, real-time detection of multiple biomarkers in the human sweat, decoding the correlation between changes in substance concentrations and physiological conditions. This work provides a unique and simplifying strategy for developing wearable sweat sensors for potential applications in health monitoring and disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chen Ding
- Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, People’s Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | - Aiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaping Wu
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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23
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Liao J, Zhang X, Sun Z, Chen H, Fu J, Si H, Ge C, Lin S. Laser-Induced Graphene-Based Wearable Epidermal Ion-Selective Sensors for Noninvasive Multiplexed Sweat Analysis. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:bios12060397. [PMID: 35735545 PMCID: PMC9221044 DOI: 10.3390/bios12060397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat sensors are a rapidly rising research area owing to their convenience for personal healthcare and disease diagnosis in a real-time and noninvasive manner. However, the fast and scalable fabrication of flexible electrodes remains a major challenge. Here, we develop a wearable epidermal sensor for multiplexed sweat analysis based on the laser-induced graphene (LIG) technique. This simple and mask-free technique allows the direct manufacturing of graphene electrode patterns on commercial polyimide foils. The resulting LIG devices can simultaneously monitor the pH, Na+, and K+ levels in sweat with the sensitivities of 51.5 mV/decade (pH), 45.4 mV/decade (Na+), and 43.3 mV/decade (K+), respectively. Good reproducibility, stability, and selectivity are also observed. On-body testing of the LIG-based sensor integrated with a flexible printed circuit board during stationary cycling demonstrates its capability for real-time sweat analysis. The concentrations of ions can be remotely and wirelessly transmitted to a custom-developed smartphone application during the period in which the sensor user performs physical activities. Owing to the unique advantages of LIG technique, including facile fabrication, mass production, and versatile, more physiological signals (glucose, uric acid, tyrosine, etc.) could be easily expanded into the LIG-based wearable sensors to reflect the health status or clinical needs of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Liao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.L.); (X.Z.); (Z.S.); (C.G.)
| | - Xiangya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.L.); (X.Z.); (Z.S.); (C.G.)
| | - Zihan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.L.); (X.Z.); (Z.S.); (C.G.)
| | - Hande Chen
- Hainan Unican Science and Technology Innovation Institute, Haikou 571152, China; (H.C.); (J.F.)
| | - Jian Fu
- Hainan Unican Science and Technology Innovation Institute, Haikou 571152, China; (H.C.); (J.F.)
| | - Hewei Si
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
| | - Chengjun Ge
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.L.); (X.Z.); (Z.S.); (C.G.)
| | - Shiwei Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
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Polat EO, Cetin MM, Tabak AF, Bilget Güven E, Uysal BÖ, Arsan T, Kabbani A, Hamed H, Gül SB. Transducer Technologies for Biosensors and Their Wearable Applications. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:bios12060385. [PMID: 35735533 PMCID: PMC9221076 DOI: 10.3390/bios12060385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of new biosensor technologies and their active use as wearable devices have offered mobility and flexibility to conventional western medicine and personal fitness tracking. In the development of biosensors, transducers stand out as the main elements converting the signals sourced from a biological event into a detectable output. Combined with the suitable bio-receptors and the miniaturization of readout electronics, the functionality and design of the transducers play a key role in the construction of wearable devices for personal health control. Ever-growing research and industrial interest in new transducer technologies for point-of-care (POC) and wearable bio-detection have gained tremendous acceleration by the pandemic-induced digital health transformation. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of transducers for biosensors and their wearable applications that empower users for the active tracking of biomarkers and personal health parameters.
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25
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Chen L, Chen F, Liu G, Lin H, Bao Y, Han D, Wang W, Ma Y, Zhang B, Niu L. Superhydrophobic Functionalized Ti 3C 2T x MXene-Based Skin-Attachable and Wearable Electrochemical pH Sensor for Real-Time Sweat Detection. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7319-7328. [PMID: 35536877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Sweat pH is a critical indicator for evaluating human health. With the extensive attention on the wearable and flexible biosensing devices, the technology for the monitoring of human sweat can be realized. In this study, a sensitive, miniaturized, and flexible electrochemical sweat pH sensor was developed for the continuous and real-time monitoring of the hydrogen-ion concentration in human sweat. A flexible electrode was fabricated on the poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrate by a simple and low-cost screen-printing technology, which was based on the integration of fluoroalkyl silane-functionalized Ti3C2Tx (F-Ti3C2Tx) and the polyaniline (PANI) membrane technology instead of the traditional ion-sensitive membrane. The surface functionalization strategy for Ti3C2Tx with perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane can provide environmental stability. Functionalized Ti3C2Tx (F-Ti3C2Tx) was doped with PANI to obtain improved responsiveness, sensitivity, and reversibility. The constructed microsize, portable, and wearable F-Ti3C2Tx/PANI pH sensor aimed to real-time monitor the pH value of human sweat during exercise. On-body sweat pH monitoring for females and males, respectively, exhibited high accuracy and continuous stability compared with ex situ analyses. This study thus offers a facile and practical solution for developing a highly reliable MXene-based mini-type pH sensor to realize the online monitoring of human sweat pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Haoliang Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yu Bao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dongxue Han
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yingming Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Baohua Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Li Niu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Environment Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, P. R. China
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26
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Tang Y, Zhong L, Wang W, He Y, Han T, Xu L, Mo X, Liu Z, Ma Y, Bao Y, Gan S, Niu L. Recent Advances in Wearable Potentiometric pH Sensors. Membranes 2022; 12:membranes12050504. [PMID: 35629830 PMCID: PMC9147059 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors reflect the real–time physiological information and health status of individuals by continuously monitoring biochemical markers in biological fluids, including sweat, tears and saliva, and are a key technology to realize portable personalized medicine. Flexible electrochemical pH sensors can play a significant role in health since the pH level affects most biochemical reactions in the human body. pH indicators can be used for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases as well as the monitoring of biological processes. The performances and applications of wearable pH sensors depend significantly on the properties of the pH–sensitive materials used. At present, existing pH–sensitive materials are mainly based on polyaniline (PANI), hydrogen ionophores (HIs) and metal oxides (MOx). In this review, we will discuss the recent progress in wearable pH sensors based on these sensitive materials. Finally, a viewpoint for state–of–the–art wearable pH sensors and a discussion of their existing challenges are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Tang
- School of Civil Engineering, c/o Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.T.); (W.W.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.X.); (X.M.); (Z.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Lijie Zhong
- School of Civil Engineering, c/o Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.T.); (W.W.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.X.); (X.M.); (Z.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (L.N.)
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, c/o Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.T.); (W.W.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.X.); (X.M.); (Z.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Ying He
- School of Civil Engineering, c/o Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.T.); (W.W.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.X.); (X.M.); (Z.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Tingting Han
- School of Civil Engineering, c/o Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.T.); (W.W.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.X.); (X.M.); (Z.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Longbin Xu
- School of Civil Engineering, c/o Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.T.); (W.W.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.X.); (X.M.); (Z.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Xiaocheng Mo
- School of Civil Engineering, c/o Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.T.); (W.W.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.X.); (X.M.); (Z.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Zhenbang Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, c/o Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.T.); (W.W.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.X.); (X.M.); (Z.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.); (S.G.)
- School of Computer Science and Cyber Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingming Ma
- School of Civil Engineering, c/o Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.T.); (W.W.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.X.); (X.M.); (Z.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Yu Bao
- School of Civil Engineering, c/o Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.T.); (W.W.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.X.); (X.M.); (Z.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Shiyu Gan
- School of Civil Engineering, c/o Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.T.); (W.W.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.X.); (X.M.); (Z.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Li Niu
- School of Civil Engineering, c/o Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.T.); (W.W.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.X.); (X.M.); (Z.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (L.N.)
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27
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Paul Kunnel B, Demuru S. An epidermal wearable microfluidic patch for simultaneous sampling, storage, and analysis of biofluids with counterion monitoring. Lab Chip 2022; 22:1793-1804. [PMID: 35316321 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00183g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous access to different biofluids enables an accurate analysis of multiple analytes, leading to a precision diagnosis and appropriate medication. Additionally, establishing a relationship between various markers in different biofluids and their correlation to biomarkers in blood allows the development of an algorithmic approach, which aids non-invasive diagnosis through single parameter monitoring. However, the main bottleneck that exists in multiple biofluid analyses for its clinical implementation is the requirement of an advanced microfluidic coupled device design, which empowers simultaneous collection and monitoring. To tackle this challenge, an epidermal wearable bio-fluidic patch that facilitates simultaneous on-demand extraction, sampling, and storage of sweat and interstitial fluid (ISF) together with monitoring of their corresponding counterions is presented. The clean room free development of a biofluidic patch is realized through 3D integration of laser patterned optimized microfluidic structures, a low-cost screen-printed stimulation module, and a potentiometric chloride (Cl-) and calcium (Ca2+) ion sensing module for adequate dual biofluid sampling and analysis. The developed Cl- and Ca2+ ion-selective sensors exhibit good repeatability, selectivity, acceptable stability, and sensitivity. The proof-of-concept demonstration of the fabricated patch for simultaneous dual-sampling, storage, and monitoring of the sweat Cl- and ISF Ca2+ on a healthy volunteer during different periods of the day leverages its potential in real-time personalized healthcare clinical usages. Furthermore, the patch's electronic interface and use of wireless transmission facilitates a point-of-care non-invasive lab-on-skin application for monitoring the health status of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brince Paul Kunnel
- Soft Transducers Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
- Micro & Nano systems Centre, Tyndall National Institute, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland.
| | - Silvia Demuru
- Soft Transducers Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
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28
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Steijlen ASM, Jansen KMB, Bastemeijer J, French PJ, Bossche A. Low-Cost Wearable Fluidic Sweat Collection Patch for Continuous Analyte Monitoring and Offline Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6893-6901. [PMID: 35486709 PMCID: PMC9096792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sweat sensors allow for new unobtrusive ways to continuously monitor an athlete's performance and health status. Significant advances have been made in the optimization of sensitivity, selectivity, and durability of electrochemical sweat sensors. However, comparing the in situ performance of these sensors in detail remains challenging because standardized sweat measurement methods to validate sweat sensors in a physiological setting do not yet exist. Current collection methods, such as the absorbent patch technique, are prone to contamination and are labor-intensive, which limits the number of samples that can be collected over time for offline reference measurements. We present an easy-to-fabricate sweat collection system that allows for continuous electrochemical monitoring, as well as chronological sampling of sweat for offline analysis. The patch consists of an analysis chamber hosting a conductivity sensor and a sequence of 5 to 10 reservoirs that contain level indicators that monitor the filling speed. After testing the performance of the patch in the laboratory, elaborate physiological validation experiments (3 patch locations, 6 participants) were executed. The continuous sweat conductivity measurements were compared with laboratory [Na+] and [Cl-] measurements of the samples, and a strong linear relationship (R2 = 0.97) was found. Furthermore, sweat rate derived from ventilated capsule measurement at the three locations was compared with patch filling speed and continuous conductivity readings. As expected from the literature, sweat conductivity was linearly related to sweat rate as well. In short, a successfully validated sweat collection patch is presented that enables sensor developers to systematically validate novel sweat sensors in a physiological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarijn S M Steijlen
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics & Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Kaspar M B Jansen
- Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Landbergstraat 15, Delft 2628 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Bastemeijer
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics & Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Paddy J French
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics & Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Andre Bossche
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics & Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
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29
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Kalasin S, Sangnuang P, Surareungchai W. Intelligent Wearable Sensors Interconnected with Advanced Wound Dressing Bandages for Contactless Chronic Skin Monitoring: Artificial Intelligence for Predicting Tissue Regeneration. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6842-6852. [PMID: 35467846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Toward the adoption of artificial intelligence-enabled wearable sensors interconnected with intelligent medical objects, this contactless multi-intelligent wearable technology provides a solution for healthcare to monitor hard-to-heal wounds and create optimal efficiencies for clinical professionals by minimizing the risk of disease infection. This article addressed a flexible artificial intelligence-guiding (FLEX-AI) wearable sensor that can be operated with a deep artificial neural network (deep ANN) algorithm for chronic wound monitoring via short-range communication toward a seamless, MXENE-attached, radio frequency-tuned, and wound dressing-integrated (SMART-WD) bandage. Based on a supervised training set of on-contact pH-responsive voltage output, the confusion matrix for healing-stage recognition from this deep ANN machine learning revealed an accuracy of 94.6% for the contactless measurement. The core analytical design of these smart bandages integrated wound dressing of poly(vinyl acrylic) gel@PANI/Cu2O NPs for instigating pH-responsive current during the wound healing process. Effectively, a chip-free bandage tag was fabricated with a capacitive Mxene/PTFE electret and adhesive acrylic inductance to match the resonance frequency generated by the intelligent wearable antenna. Under zero-current electrochemical potential, the wound dressing attained a slope of -76 mV/pH. With the higher activation voltage applied toward the wound dressing electrodes, cuprous ions intercalated more into the hybrid PVA gel/PANI shell, resulting in an exponential increase of the two-terminal current response. The healing phase diagram was classified into regimes of fast-curing, slow-curing, and no-curing for skin disease treatment with corticosteroids. Ultimately, the near-field sensing technology offers adequate information for guiding treatment decisions as well as drug effectiveness for wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surachate Kalasin
- Faculty of Science and Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Graduate Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 10140 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pantawan Sangnuang
- Pilot Plant Research and Development Laboratory, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 10150 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Werasak Surareungchai
- Pilot Plant Research and Development Laboratory, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 10150 Bangkok, Thailand.,School of Bioresource and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 10150 Bangkok, Thailand
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30
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Liu H, Gu Z, Liu Y, Xiao X, Xiu G. Validation of the Application of Solid Contact Ion-Selective Electrode for Off-Body Sweat Ion Monitoring. Biosensors 2022; 12:bios12040229. [PMID: 35448288 PMCID: PMC9026306 DOI: 10.3390/bios12040229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The solid contact ion-selective electrode (ISE) is a promising skin-interfaced monitoring system for sweat ions. Despite a growing number of on-body usages of ISE with fancy new materials and device fabrications, there are very few reports attempting to validate ISE results with a gold standard technique. For this purpose, this work uses inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) as a reference technique to conduct a direct evaluation of the sweat sodium and potassium ion levels obtained by ISE in an off-body approach. Eight healthy male subjects were recruited to collect exercise-induced sweat. It was found that sweat sodium and potassium ions present a rather wide concentration range. The sweat sodium concentration did not vary greatly in an exercise period of half an hour, while the sweat potassium concentration typically decreased with exercise. Mineral drink intake had no clear impact on the sweat sodium level, but increased the sweat potassium level. A paired t-test and mean absolute relative difference (MARD) analysis, a method typically used for evaluating the performance of glucometers, was employed to compare the results of ISE and ICP-OES. The statistical analysis validated the feasibility of ISE for measuring sweat ions, although better accuracy is required. Our data suggests that overweight subjects are likely to possess a higher sweat sodium level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Liu
- Shanghai Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Environmental Standard and Risk Management of Chemical Pollutants, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhen Gu
- Department of Automation, School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;
| | - Yuan Liu
- COFCO Corporation, Chao Yang Men South St. No. 8, Beijng 100020, China;
| | - Xinxin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Correspondence: (X.X.); (G.X.)
| | - Guangli Xiu
- Shanghai Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Environmental Standard and Risk Management of Chemical Pollutants, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
- Correspondence: (X.X.); (G.X.)
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Komkova MA, Eliseev AA, Poyarkov AA, Daboss EV, Evdokimov PV, Eliseev AA, Karyakin AA. Simultaneous monitoring of sweat lactate content and sweat secretion rate by wearable remote biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 202:113970. [PMID: 35032921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.113970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report on the simultaneous monitoring of sweat lactate concentration and sweat secretion rate. For this aim lactate oxidase-Prussian Blue enzyme-nanozyme type lactate biosensors were elaborated. The use of siloxane-perfluorosulfonated ionomer composite membrane for enzyme-nanozyme immobilization results in the biosensor displaying flux independence in the whole range of physiological sweat secretion rates (0.025-2 μl cm-2 min-1). On the contrary, current response of the biosensor based on solely siloxane membranes becomes saturated at physiological sweat lactate concentration, depending mostly on the flow rate. Accordingly, for simultaneous monitoring of sweat lactate concentration and its secretion rate both flow-through biosensors were integrated with high-accuracy wearable electronic devices allowing real-time remote monitoring. As found, during exhaustive physical exercise sweat secretion rate and lactate content are independent of each other, thus, confirming that this excretory liquid is suitable for non-invasive diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Komkova
- Chemistry faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Artem A Eliseev
- Chemistry faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrei A Poyarkov
- Materials Science faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Elena V Daboss
- Chemistry faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel V Evdokimov
- Chemistry faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii prospect 31, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrei A Eliseev
- Materials Science faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Arkady A Karyakin
- Chemistry faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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32
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Lin T, Xu Y, Zhao A, He W, Xiao F. Flexible electrochemical sensors integrated with nanomaterials for in situ determination of small molecules in biological samples: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1207:339461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
The noble metal nanoparticle has been widely utilized as a plasmonic unit to enhance biosensors, by leveraging its electric and/or optical properties. Integrated with the "flexible" feature, it further enables opportunities in developing healthcare products in a conformal and adaptive fashion, such as wrist pulse tracers, body temperature trackers, blood glucose monitors, etc. In this work, we present a holistic review of the recent advance of flexible plasmonic biosensors for the healthcare sector. The technical spectrum broadly covers the design and selection of a flexible substrate, the process to integrate flexible and plasmonic units, the exploration of different types of flexible plasmonic biosensors to monitor human temperature, blood glucose, ions, gas, and motion indicators, as well as their applications for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and colorimetric detections. Their fundamental working principles and structural innovations are scoped and summarized. The challenges and prospects are articulated regarding the critical importance for continued progress of flexible plasmonic biosensors to improve living quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Song
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperative Base of Biomedical Materials and Technology, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chines Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315300, China
| | - Ben Bin Xu
- Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Youju Huang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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34
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Raza T, Qu L, Khokhar WA, Andrews B, Ali A, Tian M. Progress of Wearable and Flexible Electrochemical Biosensors With the Aid of Conductive Nanomaterials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:761020. [PMID: 34881233 PMCID: PMC8645837 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.761020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conductive nanomaterials have recently gained a lot of interest due to their excellent physical, chemical, and electrical properties, as well as their numerous nanoscale morphologies, which enable them to be fabricated into a wide range of modern chemical and biological sensors. This study focuses mainly on current applications based on conductive nanostructured materials. They are the key elements in preparing wearable electrochemical Biosensors, including electrochemical immunosensors and DNA biosensors. Conductive nanomaterials such as carbon (Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene), metals and conductive polymers, which provide a large effective surface area, fast electron transfer rate and high electrical conductivity, are summarized in detail. Conductive polymer nanocomposites in combination with carbon and metal nanoparticles have also been addressed to increase sensor performance. In conclusion, a section on current challenges and opportunities in this growing field is forecasted at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Raza
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijun Qu
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Boakye Andrews
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Mingwei Tian
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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35
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Parrilla M, Vanhooydonck A, Watts R, De Wael K. Wearable wristband-based electrochemical sensor for the detection of phenylalanine in biofluids. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 197:113764. [PMID: 34753096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electrochemical sensors are driven by the user-friendly capability of on-site detection of key biomarkers for health management. Despite the advances in biomolecule monitoring such as glucose, still, several unmet clinical challenges need to be addressed. For example, patients suffering from phenylketonuria (PKU) should be able to monitor their phenylalanine (PHE) level in a rapid, decentralized, and affordable manner to avoid high levels of PHE in the body which can lead to a profound and irreversible mental disability. Herein, we report a wearable wristband electrochemical sensor for the monitoring of PHE tackling the necessity of controlling PHE levels in PHE hydroxylase deficiency patients. The proposed electrochemical sensor is based on a screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with a membrane consisting of Nafion, to avoid interferences in biofluids. The membrane also consists of sodium 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonate for the in situ derivatization of PHE into an electroactive product, allowing its electrochemical oxidation at the surface of the SPE in alkaline conditions. Importantly, the electrochemical sensor is integrated into a wristband configuration to enhance user interaction and engage the patient with PHE self-monitoring. Besides, a paper-based sampling strategy is designed to alkalinize the real sample without the need for sample pretreatment, and thus simplify the analytical process. Finally, the wearable device is tested for the determination of PHE in saliva and blood serum. The proposed wristband-based sensor is expected to impact the PKU self-monitoring, facilitating the daily lives of PKU patients toward optimal therapy and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Parrilla
- A-Sense Lab, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andres Vanhooydonck
- Product Development Research Group, Faculty of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, Ambtmanstraat 1, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Regan Watts
- Product Development Research Group, Faculty of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, Ambtmanstraat 1, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Wael
- A-Sense Lab, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Abstract
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The rise of wearable
sensors to measure lactate content in human
sweat during sports activities has attracted the attention of physiologists
given the potential of these “analytical tools” to provide
real-time information. Beyond the assessment of the sensing technology per se, which, in fact, has not rigorously been validated
yet in controlled conditions, there are many open questions about
the true usefulness of such wearable sensors in real scenarios. On
the one hand, the evidence for the origin of sweat lactate (e.g.,
via the sweat gland, derivation from blood, or other alternative mechanisms),
its high concentration (1–25 mM or even higher) compared to
levels in the blood, and the possible correlation between different
biofluids (particularly blood) is rather contradictory and generates
vivid debate in the field. On the other hand, it is important to point
out that accurate detection of sweat lactate is highly dependent on
the procedure used to collect and/or reach the fluid, and this can
likely explain the large discrepancies reported in the literature.
In brief, this paper provides our vision of the current state of the
field and a thoughtful evaluation of the possible reasons for present
controversies, together with an analysis of the impact of wearable
sweat lactate sensors in the physiological context. Finally, although
there is not yet overwhelming scientific evidence to provide an unequivocal
answer to whether wearable sweat lactate sensors can contribute to
sports physiology, we still understand the importance to bring this
challenging question up-front to create awareness and guidance in
the development, validation, and implementation of wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Van Hoovels
- Kinetic Analysis, Sint Janssingel 92, 5211 DA ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
- Jheronimus Academy of Data Science, Sint Janssingel 92, 5211 DA ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Xing Xuan
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Cuartero
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maarten Gijssel
- Kinetic Analysis, Sint Janssingel 92, 5211 DA ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
- Jheronimus Academy of Data Science, Sint Janssingel 92, 5211 DA ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Mikael Swarén
- Swedish Unit of Metrology in Sports, Institution of Health and Welfare, Dalarna University, SE-791 88 Falun, Sweden
| | - Gaston A. Crespo
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Mazzaracchio V, Serani A, Fiore L, Moscone D, Arduini F. All-solid state ion-selective carbon black-modified printed electrode for sodium detection in sweat. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Promphet N, Ummartyotin S, Ngeontae W, Puthongkham P, Rodthongkum N. Non-invasive wearable chemical sensors in real-life applications. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1179:338643. [PMID: 34535258 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, non-invasive wearable chemical sensors have gained tremendous attention in the field of personal health monitoring and medical diagnosis. These sensors provide non-invasive, real-time, and continuous monitoring of targeted biomarkers with more simplicity than the conventional diagnostic approaches. This review primarily describes the substrate materials used for sensor fabrication, sample collection and handling, and analytical detection techniques that are utilized to detect biomarkers in different biofluids. Common substrates including paper, textile, and hydrogel for wearable sensor fabrication are discussed. Principles and applications of colorimetric and electrochemical detection in wearable chemical sensors are illustrated. Data transmission systems enabling wireless communication between the sensor and output devices are also discussed. Finally, examples of different designs of wearable chemical sensors including tattoos, garments, and accessories are shown. Successful development of non-invasive wearable chemical sensors will effectively help users to manage their personal health, predict the potential diseases, and eventually improve the overall quality of life.
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Abstract
Wearable epidermal sensors that can provide noninvasive and continuous analysis of metabolites and electrolytes in sweat have great significance for healthcare monitoring. This study reports an epidermal sensor that can wirelessly, noninvasively, and potentiometrically analyze metabolites and electrolytes. Potentiometry-based ion-selective electrodes (ISE) are most widely used for detecting electrolytes, such as Na+ and K+. We develop an enzyme-based glucose ISE for potentiometric analysis of sweat glucose. The glucose ISE sensor is obtained by modifying a glucose oxidase layer (GOD) on an H+ ISE sensor. GOD catalyzes glucose to generate H+. The generated H+ passes through the H+ selective membrane to change the potential of the electrode. We have fully examined the limit of detection, detecting range, and stability of our epidermal sensor. Meanwhile, using this epidermal sensor, we can easily analyze the relationship between blood glucose and sweat glucose. The concentration curve of sweat glucose can represent blood glucose concentration, significantly contributing to sports and chronic disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Mou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No 1088, Xueyuan Road, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yong Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No 1088, Xueyuan Road, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
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Choudhury S, Roy S, Bhattacharya G, Fishlock S, Deshmukh S, Bhowmick S, McLaughlign J, Roy SS. Potentiometric ion-selective sensors based on UV-ozone irradiated laser-induced graphene electrode. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Spehar-délèze A, Anastasova S, Vadgama P. Monitoring of Lactate in Interstitial Fluid, Saliva and Sweat by Electrochemical Biosensor: The Uncertainties of Biological Interpretation. Chemosensors 2021; 9:195. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9080195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lactate electrochemical biosensors were fabricated using Pediococcus sp lactate oxidase (E.C. 1.1.3.2), an external polyurethane membrane laminate diffusion barrier and an internal ionomeric polymer barrier (sulphonated polyether ether sulphone polyether sulphone, SPEES PES). In a needle embodiment, a Pt wire working electrode was retained within stainless steel tubing serving as pseudoreference. The construct gave linearity to at least 25 mM lactate with 0.17 nA/mM lactate sensitivity. A low permeability inner membrane was also unexpectedly able to increase linearity. Responses were oxygen dependent at pO2 < 70 mmHg, irrespective of the inclusion of an external diffusion barrier membrane. Subcutaneous tissue was monitored in Sprague Dawley rats, and saliva and sweat during exercise in human subjects. The tissue sensors registered no response to intravenous Na lactate, indicating a blood-tissue lactate barrier. Salivary lactate allowed tracking of blood lactate during exercise, but lactate levels were substantially lower than those in blood (0–3.5 mM vs. 1.6–12.1 mM), with variable degrees of lactate partitioning from blood, evident both between subjects and at different exercise time points. Sweat lactate during exercise measured up to 23 mM but showed highly inconsistent change as exercise progressed. We conclude that neither tissue interstitial fluid nor sweat are usable as surrogates for blood lactate, and that major reappraisal of lactate sensor use is indicated for any extravascular monitoring strategy for lactate.
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Abstract
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Wearable lactate
sensors for sweat analysis are highly appealing
for both the sports and healthcare fields. Electrochemical biosensing
is the approach most widely used for lactate determination, and this
technology generally demonstrates a linear range of response far below
the expected lactate levels in sweat together with a high influence
of pH and temperature. In this work, we present a novel analytical
strategy based on the restriction of the lactate flux that reaches
the enzyme lactate oxidase, which is immobilized in the biosensor
core. This is accomplished by means of an outer plasticized polymeric
layer containing the quaternary salt tetradodecylammonium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)
borate (traditionally known as ETH500). Also, this layer prevents
the enzyme from being in direct contact with the sample, and hence,
any influence with the pH and temperature is dramatically reduced.
An expanded limit of detection in the millimolar range (from 1 to
50 mM) is demonstrated with this new biosensor, in addition to an
acceptable response time; appropriate repeatability, reproducibility,
and reversibility (variations lower than 5% for the sensitivity);
good resiliency; excellent selectivity; low drift; negligible influence
of the flow rate; and extraordinary correlation (Pearson coefficient
of 0.97) with a standardized method for lactate detection such as
ion chromatography (through analysis of 22 sweat samples collected
from 6 different subjects performing cycling or running). The developed
lactate biosensor is suitable for on-body sweat lactate monitoring
via a microfluidic epidermal patch additionally containing pH and
temperature sensors. This applicability was demonstrated in three
different body locations (forehead, thigh, and back) in a total of
five on-body tests while cycling, achieving appropriate performance
and validation. Moreover, the epidermal patch for lactate sensing
is convenient for the analysis of sweat stimulated by iontophoresis
in the subjects’ arm, which is of great potential toward healthcare
applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xuan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clara Pérez-Ràfols
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Cuartero
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gaston A. Crespo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Al-Qahtani SD, Azher OA, Felaly R, Subaihi A, Alkabli J, Alaysuy O, El-Metwaly NM. Development of sponge-like cellulose colorimetric swab immobilized with anthocyanin from red-cabbage for sweat monitoring. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:2037-2047. [PMID: 34087294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel sponge-like biochromic swab was developed via immobilization of natural anthocyanin (Cy) biomolecular probe into microporous cellulose aerogel. The current biosensor is characterized with simple preparation, environmentally-friendly, biocompatibility, biodegradability, flexibility, portability and reversibility. This biochromic sponge-like aerogel detector displayed a color change from pink to green-yellow in response to the biochemical changes occurs to sweat. This could be ascribed to intramolecular charge transfer occurs to the molecular system of Cy. Thus, the anthocyanin probe displayed colorimetric variations in UV-Vis absorption spectra via a blue shifting from 620 to 529 nm when raising the pH value of the prepared mimic sweat solution. Natural pH sensitive anthocyanin spectroscopic probe was extracted from red-cabbage plant, characterized by HPLC, and encapsulated into microporous cellulose. The microporous sponge-like cellulose swab was prepared by activating wood pulp utilizing phosphoric acid, and then subjected to freeze-drying. This anthocyanin probe is highly soluble in water. Thus, it was encapsulated as a direct dye into cellulose substrate during the freeze-drying process. To allow a better fixation of this water-soluble anthocyanin probe to the cellulose substrate, potash alum was added to the freeze-dried mixture to act as a fixing agent or mordant (M) generating Cy/M coordination complex. The produced Cy/M nanoparticles (NPs) were explored by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The morphological features of the generated aerogels were investigated by scan electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra, and Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FT-IR). The cytotoxicity of the prepared aerogel-based biosensor was also evaluated. The naked-eye colorimetric changes were studied by exploring color strength, UV-Vis spectra and CIE Lab colorimetric coordinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salhah D Al-Qahtani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omer A Azher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biomedical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha Felaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdu Subaihi
- Department of Chemistry, University College in Al-Qunfudah, Umm-Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - J Alkabli
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts-Alkamil, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omaymah Alaysuy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nashwa M El-Metwaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Egypt.
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Bennet D, Khorsandian Y, Pelusi J, Mirabella A, Pirrotte P, Zenhausern F. Molecular and physical technologies for monitoring fluid and electrolyte imbalance: A focus on cancer population. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e461. [PMID: 34185420 PMCID: PMC8214861 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several clinical examinations have shown the essential impact of monitoring (de)hydration (fluid and electrolyte imbalance) in cancer patients. There are multiple risk factors associated with (de)hydration, including aging, excessive or lack of fluid consumption in sports, alcohol consumption, hot weather, diabetes insipidus, vomiting, diarrhea, cancer, radiation, chemotherapy, and use of diuretics. Fluid and electrolyte imbalance mainly involves alterations in the levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in extracellular fluids. Hyponatremia is a common condition among individuals with cancer (62% of cases), along with hypokalemia (40%), hypophosphatemia (32%), hypomagnesemia (17%), hypocalcemia (12%), and hypernatremia (1-5%). Lack of hydration and monitoring of hydration status can lead to severe complications, such as nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, seizures, cell swelling or shrinking, kidney failure, shock, coma, and even death. This article aims to review the current (de)hydration (fluid and electrolyte imbalance) monitoring technologies focusing on cancer. First, we discuss the physiological and pathophysiological implications of fluid and electrolyte imbalance in cancer patients. Second, we explore the different molecular and physical monitoring methods used to measure fluid and electrolyte imbalance and the measurement challenges in diverse populations. Hydration status is assessed in various indices; plasma, sweat, tear, saliva, urine, body mass, interstitial fluid, and skin-integration techniques have been extensively investigated. No unified (de)hydration (fluid and electrolyte imbalance) monitoring technology exists for different populations (including sports, elderly, children, and cancer). Establishing novel methods and technologies to facilitate and unify measurements of hydration status represents an excellent opportunity to develop impactful new approaches for patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devasier Bennet
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and MedicineThe University of ArizonaCollege of MedicinePhoenixUSA
| | - Yasaman Khorsandian
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and MedicineThe University of ArizonaCollege of MedicinePhoenixUSA
| | | | | | - Patrick Pirrotte
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass SpectrometryTranslational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenixUSA
| | - Frederic Zenhausern
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and MedicineThe University of ArizonaCollege of MedicinePhoenixUSA
- HonorHealth Research InstituteScottsdaleUSA
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass SpectrometryTranslational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenixUSA
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Karimi-Maleh H, Orooji Y, Karimi F, Alizadeh M, Baghayeri M, Rouhi J, Tajik S, Beitollahi H, Agarwal S, Gupta VK, Rajendran S, Ayati A, Fu L, Sanati AL, Tanhaei B, Sen F, Shabani-Nooshabadi M, Asrami PN, Al-Othman A. A critical review on the use of potentiometric based biosensors for biomarkers detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 184:113252. [PMID: 33895688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Potentiometric-based biosensors have the potential to advance the detection of several biological compounds and help in early diagnosis of various diseases. They belong to the portable analytical class of biosensors for monitoring biomarkers in the human body. They contain ion-sensitive membranes sensors can be used to determine potassium, sodium, and chloride ions activity while being used as a biomarker to gauge human health. The potentiometric based ion-sensitive membrane systems can be coupled with various techniques to create a sensitive tool for the fast and early detection of cancer biomarkers and other critical biological compounds. This paper discusses the application of potentiometric-based biosensors and classifies them into four major categories: photoelectrochemical potentiometric biomarkers, potentiometric biosensors amplified with molecular imprinted polymer systems, wearable potentiometric biomarkers and light-addressable potentiometric biosensors. This review demonstrated the development of several innovative biosensor-based techniques that could potentially provide reliable tools to test biomarkers. Some challenges however remain, but these can be removed by coupling techniques to maximize the testing sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Karimi-Maleh
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, P.O. Box 611731, Xiyuan Ave, Chengdu, PR China; Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, 9477177870, Iran; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, 2028 Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, South Africa.
| | - Yasin Orooji
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Fatemeh Karimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, 9477177870, Iran.
| | - Marzieh Alizadeh
- Laboratory of Basic Sciences, Mohammad Rasul Allah Research Tower, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Mehdi Baghayeri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, PO. Box 397, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Jalal Rouhi
- Faculty of Physics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 51566, Iran
| | - Somayeh Tajik
- Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, 7616913555, Iran
| | - Hadi Beitollahi
- Environment Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, 7631133131, Iran
| | - Shilpi Agarwal
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vinod K Gupta
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saravanan Rajendran
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tarapaca, Avda. General Velasquez, 1775 Arica, Chile
| | - Ali Ayati
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, 9477177870, Iran
| | - Li Fu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Afsaneh L Sanati
- Institute of Systems and Robotics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Coimbra, Polo II, 3030-290, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Bahareh Tanhaei
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, 9477177870, Iran
| | - Fatih Sen
- Sen Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupınar University, Evliya Çelebi Campus, 43100, Kütahya, Turkey
| | | | | | - Amani Al-Othman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, PO. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
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Chen LD, Wang WJ, Wang GJ. Electrochemical Detection of Electrolytes Using a Solid-State Ion-Selective Electrode of Single-Piece Type Membrane. Biosensors (Basel) 2021; 11:109. [PMID: 33917075 PMCID: PMC8067767 DOI: 10.3390/bios11040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop simple electrochemical electrodes for the fast detection of chloride, sodium and potassium ions in human serum. A flat thin-film gold electrode was used as the detection electrode for chloride ions; a single-piece type membrane based solid-state ion-selective electrode (ISE), which was formed by covering a flat thin-film gold electrode with a mixture of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and ion-selective membrane (ISM), was developed for sodium and potassium ions detection. Through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square-wave voltammetry (SWV), the detection data can be obtained within two minutes. The linear detection ranges in the standard samples of chloride, sodium, and potassium ions were 25-200 mM, 50-200 mM, and 2-10 mM, with the average relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.79%, 1.65%, and 0.47% and the average recovery rates of 101%, 100% and 96%, respectively. Interference experiments with Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, and Mg2+ ions demonstrated that the proposed detection electrodes have good selectivity. Moreover, the proposed detection electrodes have characteristics such as the ability to be prepared under relatively simple process conditions, excellent detection sensitivity, and low RSD, and the detection linear range is suitable for the Cl-, Na+ and K+ concentrations in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Da Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (L.-D.C.); (W.-J.W.)
| | - Wei-Jhen Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (L.-D.C.); (W.-J.W.)
| | - Gou-Jen Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (L.-D.C.); (W.-J.W.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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Zdrachek E, Bakker E. Ion-to-electron capacitance of single-walled carbon nanotube layers before and after ion-selective membrane deposition. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:149. [PMID: 33797650 PMCID: PMC8018922 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The capacitance of the ion-to-electron transducer layer helps to maintain a high potential stability of solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (SC-ISEs), and its estimation is therefore an essential step of SC-ISE characterization. The established chronopotentiometric protocol used to evaluate the capacitance of the single-walled carbon nanotube transducer layer was revised in order to obtain more reliable and better reproducible values and also to allow capacitance to be measured before membrane deposition for electrode manufacturing quality control purposes. The capacitance values measured with the revised method increased linearly with the number of deposited carbon nanotube-based transducer layers and were also found to correlate linearly before and after ion-selective membrane deposition, with correlation slopes close to 1 for nitrate-selective electrodes, to 0.7 and to 0.5 for potassium- and calcium-selective electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zdrachek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Ghaffari R, Rogers JA, Ray TR. Recent progress, challenges, and opportunities for wearable biochemical sensors for sweat analysis. Sens Actuators B Chem 2021; 332:129447. [PMID: 33542590 PMCID: PMC7853653 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.129447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Sweat is a promising, yet relatively unexplored biofluid containing biochemical information that offers broad insights into the underlying dynamic metabolic activity of the human body. The rich composition of electrolytes, metabolites, hormones, proteins, nucleic acids, micronutrients, and exogenous agents found in sweat dynamically vary in response to the state of health, stress, and diet. Emerging classes of skin-interfaced wearable sensors offer powerful capabilities for the real-time, continuous analysis of sweat produced by the eccrine glands in a manner suitable for use in athletics, consumer wellness, military, and healthcare industries. This perspective examines the rapid and continuous progress of wearable sweat sensors through the most advanced embodiments that address the fundamental challenges currently restricting widespread deployment. It concludes with a discussion of efforts to expand the overall utility of wearable sweat sensors and opportunities for commercialization, in which advances in biochemical sensor technologies will be critically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roozbeh Ghaffari
- -Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- -Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John A. Rogers
- -Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- -Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
- -Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- -Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tyler R. Ray
- -Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI
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Kim DS, Jeong JM, Park HJ, Kim YK, Lee KG, Choi BG. Highly Concentrated, Conductive, Defect-free Graphene Ink for Screen-Printed Sensor Application. Nanomicro Lett 2021; 13:87. [PMID: 34138339 PMCID: PMC8006523 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00617-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin and defect-free graphene ink is prepared through a high-throughput fluid dynamics process, resulting in a high exfoliation yield (53.5%) and a high concentration (47.5 mg mL-1). A screen-printed graphene conductor exhibits a high electrical conductivity of 1.49 × 104 S m-1 and good mechanical flexibility. An electrochemical sodium ion sensor based on graphene ink exhibits an excellent potentiometric sensing performance in a mechanically bent state. Real-time monitoring of sodium ion concentration in sweat is demonstrated. Conductive inks based on graphene materials have received significant attention for the fabrication of a wide range of printed and flexible devices. However, the application of graphene fillers is limited by their restricted mass production and the low concentration of their suspensions. In this study, a highly concentrated and conductive ink based on defect-free graphene was developed by a scalable fluid dynamics process. A high shear exfoliation and mixing process enabled the production of graphene at a high concentration of 47.5 mg mL-1 for graphene ink. The screen-printed graphene conductor exhibits a high electrical conductivity of 1.49 × 104 S m-1 and maintains high conductivity under mechanical bending, compressing, and fatigue tests. Based on the as-prepared graphene ink, a printed electrochemical sodium ion (Na+) sensor that shows high potentiometric sensing performance was fabricated. Further, by integrating a wireless electronic module, a prototype Na+-sensing watch is demonstrated for the real-time monitoring of the sodium ion concentration in human sweat during the indoor exercise of a volunteer. The scalable and efficient procedure for the preparation of graphene ink presented in this work is very promising for the low-cost, reproducible, and large-scale printing of flexible and wearable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Seok Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok, Gangwon-do, 25913, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Jeong
- Resources Utilization Research Center, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, 34132, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jun Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok, Gangwon-do, 25913, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Kyun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok, Gangwon-do, 25913, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung G Lee
- Center for Nano Bio Development, National Nanofab Center, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bong Gill Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok, Gangwon-do, 25913, Republic of Korea.
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García-Guzmán JJ, Pérez-Ràfols C, Cuartero M, Crespo GA. Microneedle based electrochemical (Bio)Sensing: Towards decentralized and continuous health status monitoring. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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