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Zlatić K, Popović M, Uzelac L, Kralj M, Basarić N. Antiproliferative activity of meso-substituted BODIPY photocages: Effect of electrophiles vs singlet oxygen. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115705. [PMID: 37544182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of BODIPY compounds with a methylphenol substituent at the meso-position and halogen atoms on the BODIPY core, or OCH3 or OAc substituents at the phenolic moiety was synthesized. Their spectral and photophysical properties and the photochemical reactivity upon irradiation in CH3OH were investigated. The molecules with the phenolic substituent at the meso-position undergo more efficient photo-methanolysis at the boron atom, while the introduction of the OCH3 group at the phenolic moiety changes the reaction selectivity towards the cleavage at the meso-position. The introduction of the halogen atoms into the BODIPY increases the photo-cleavage reaction efficiency, as well as the ability of the molecules to sensitize oxygen and form reactive oxygen species (ROS). The efficiency of the ROS formation was measured in comparison with that of tetraphenylporphyrin. The antiproliferative effect of BODIPY molecules was investigated against three human cancer cell lines MCF-7 (breast carcinoma), H460 (lung carcinoma), HCT116 (colon carcinoma), and two non-cancer cell lines, HEK293T (embryonic kindey) and HaCaT (keratinocytes), with the cells kept in the dark or irradiated with visible light. For most of the compounds a modest or no antiproliferative activity was observed for cells in the dark. However, when cells were irradiated, a dramatic increase in cytotoxicity was observed (more than 100-fold), with IC50 values in the submicromolar concentration range. The enhancement of the cytotoxic effect was explained by the formation of ROS, which was studied for cells in vitro. However, for some BODIPY compounds, the effects due to the formation of electrophilic species (carbocations and quinone methides, which react with biomolecules) cannot be disregarded. Confocal fluorescence microscopy images of H460 cells and HEK293T show that the compounds enter the cells and are retained in the cytoplasm and membranes of the various organelles. When the cells treated with the compounds are irradiated, photo-processes lead to cell death by apoptosis. The study performed is important because it provides bases for the development of novel photo-therapeutics capable of exerting photo-cytotoxic effects in both oxygenated and hypoxic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Zlatić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia; Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Matija Popović
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lidija Uzelac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijeta Kralj
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nikola Basarić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Amendoeira AF, Luz A, Valente R, Roma-Rodrigues C, Ali H, van Lier JE, Marques F, Baptista PV, Fernandes AR. Cell Uptake of Steroid-BODIPY Conjugates and Their Internalization Mechanisms: Cancer Theranostic Dyes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36835012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Estradiol-BODIPY linked via an 8-carbon spacer chain and 19-nortestosterone- and testosterone-BODIPY linked via an ethynyl spacer group were evaluated for cell uptake in the breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 and prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and LNCaP, as well as in normal dermal fibroblasts, using fluorescence microscopy. The highest level of internalization was observed with 11β-OMe-estradiol-BODIPY 2 and 7α-Me-19-nortestosterone-BODIPY 4 towards cells expressing their specific receptors. Blocking experiments showed changes in non-specific cell uptake in the cancer and normal cells, which likely reflect differences in the lipophilicity of the conjugates. The internalization of the conjugates was shown to be an energy-dependent process that is likely mediated by clathrin- and caveolae-endocytosis. Studies using 2D co-cultures of cancer cells and normal fibroblasts showed that the conjugates are more selective towards cancer cells. Cell viability assays showed that the conjugates are non-toxic for cancer and/or normal cells. Visible light irradiation of cells incubated with estradiol-BODIPYs 1 and 2 and 7α-Me-19-nortestosterone-BODIPY 4 induced cell death, suggesting their potential for use as PDT agents.
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Xu S, Liu Y, Wang Z, He A, Jin G. Symmetry dual functional pyrimidine-BODIPY probes for imaging targeting and activity study. Front Chem 2022; 10:977008. [PMID: 36204148 PMCID: PMC9530934 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.977008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nondestructive diagnosis of tumor has always been the goal of scientists. Fluorescent dyes have become the rising star in the field of cancer diagnosis because of their excellent characteristics. Therefore, in this work, fluorescence probes d-Y-B and dO-Y-B with anti-tumor activity were constructed by introducing pyrimidine groups with high anti-tumor activity using fluorescence dye BODIPY as parent nucleus. The modified BODIPY group in the structure had the advantage of fluorescent dye, ensuring the strong fluorescence and photosensitivity of the target compound. That ethylenediamine acts as a bridge with two -NH- groups to increase molecular hydrogen bonding, and can bind firmly to multiple proteins. Co-localization of the target compounds d-Y-B and dO-Y-B with the hoechst dye for labeling living cells showed that these compounds had high biocompatibility and photostability for localization to HeLa cells. In vivo imaging in mice can realize specific localization and real-time visualization of tumor cells. The results of cytotoxicity experiments in vitro and computer software simulating molecular docking confirmed the potential of the target compounds as an anticancer agents. The bifunctional probe realized visualization of cancer cells in mice, and can kill cancer cells by anti-proliferation, which may provide a direction for future anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Xu
- The People’s Hospital of Danyang, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- College of Vanadium and Titanium, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, China
| | - Aolin He
- Affiliated Kunshan Hospital, Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guofan Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Guofan Jin,
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Zlatić K, Bogomolec M, Cindrić M, Uzelac L, Basarić N. Synthesis, photophysical properties, anti-Kasha photochemical reactivity and biological activity of vinyl- and alkynyl-BODIPY derivatives. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Forjan M, Vdović S, Šekutor M, Škalamera Đ, Kabacinskc P, Cerullo G. Photodehydration mechanisms of quinone methide formation from 2-naphthol derivatives. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cheng W, Ren C, Liu S, Jiang W, Zhu X, Jia W, Cheng JB, Liu Z. A highly selective A-π-A “turn-on” fluorescent probe for hypochlorite in tap water. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01792j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly selective fluorescence probe (BON) for hypochlorite (ClO-) was designed and synthesized. The probe was based on boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dye as the fluorophore and diaminomaleonitrile (DAMN) as the recognition...
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Ni W, Gurzadyan GG, Sun L, Gelin MF. Toward efficient photochemistry from upper excited electronic states: Detection of long S 2 lifetime of perylene. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:191102. [PMID: 34800965 DOI: 10.1063/5.0069398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A long 0.9 ps lifetime of the upper excited singlet state in perylene is resolved by femtosecond pump-probe measurements under ultraviolet (4.96 eV) excitation and further validated by theoretical simulations of transient absorption kinetics. This finding prompts exploration and development of novel perylene-based materials for upper excited state photochemistry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Gagik G Gurzadyan
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels, School of Science, Westlake University, 310024 Hangzhou, China
| | - Licheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Maxim F Gelin
- School of Sciences, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 310018 Hangzhou, China
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Abstract
The merging of click chemistry with discrete photochemical processes has led to the creation of a new class of click reactions, collectively known as photoclick chemistry. These light-triggered click reactions allow the synthesis of diverse organic structures in a rapid and precise manner under mild conditions. Because light offers unparalleled spatiotemporal control over the generation of the reactive intermediates, photoclick chemistry has become an indispensable tool for a wide range of spatially addressable applications including surface functionalization, polymer conjugation and cross-linking, and biomolecular labeling in the native cellular environment. Over the past decade, a growing number of photoclick reactions have been developed, especially those based on the 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions and Diels-Alder reactions owing to their excellent reaction kinetics, selectivity, and biocompatibility. This review summarizes the recent advances in the development of photoclick reactions and their applications in chemical biology and materials science. A particular emphasis is placed on the historical contexts and mechanistic insights into each of the selected reactions. The in-depth discussion presented here should stimulate further development of the field, including the design of new photoactivation modalities, the continuous expansion of λ-orthogonal tandem photoclick chemistry, and the innovative use of these unique tools in bioconjugation and nanomaterial synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangam Srikanth Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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Zlatić K, Cindrić M, Antol I, Uzelac L, Mihaljević B, Kralj M, Basarić N. Wavelength dependent photochemistry of BODIPY-phenols and their applications in the fluorescent labeling of proteins. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:4891-4903. [PMID: 34106112 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00278c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of BODIPY dyes were synthesized, that were at the 3, or 3 and 5 positions, substituted by photochemically reactive quinone methide (QM) precursor moieties. Fluorescence properties of the molecules were investigated and we demonstrated that the molecules undergo wavelength dependent photochemistry. Photodeamination to deliver QMs takes place only upon excitation to higher excited singlet states, showing unusual anti-Kasha photochemical reactivity. The findings were corroborated by TD-DFT computations. Laser flash photolysis experiments could not reveal QMs due to the low efficiency of their formation, but enabled the detection of phenoxyl radicals. The applicability of the molecules for the fluorescent labeling of bovine serum albumin as a model protein upon photoexcitation at 350 nm was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Zlatić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Matej Cindrić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Antol
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Lidija Uzelac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Branka Mihaljević
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijeta Kralj
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nikola Basarić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Chen X, Gao C, Fu C, Zhu T, Liu Z, Liu C. Synthesis and Recognition Properties of Fluoroborodipyrrole Fluorescent Probes Based on Fluorine Triggered Cascade Releasing. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202007008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Boase NRB. Shining a Light on Bioorthogonal Photochemistry for Polymer Science. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000305. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R. B. Boase
- Centre for Materials Science Queensland University of Technology 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
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