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Zlatić K, Popović M, Uzelac L, Kralj M, Basarić N. Antiproliferative activity of meso-substituted BODIPY photocages: Effect of electrophiles vs singlet oxygen. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115705. [PMID: 37544182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of BODIPY compounds with a methylphenol substituent at the meso-position and halogen atoms on the BODIPY core, or OCH3 or OAc substituents at the phenolic moiety was synthesized. Their spectral and photophysical properties and the photochemical reactivity upon irradiation in CH3OH were investigated. The molecules with the phenolic substituent at the meso-position undergo more efficient photo-methanolysis at the boron atom, while the introduction of the OCH3 group at the phenolic moiety changes the reaction selectivity towards the cleavage at the meso-position. The introduction of the halogen atoms into the BODIPY increases the photo-cleavage reaction efficiency, as well as the ability of the molecules to sensitize oxygen and form reactive oxygen species (ROS). The efficiency of the ROS formation was measured in comparison with that of tetraphenylporphyrin. The antiproliferative effect of BODIPY molecules was investigated against three human cancer cell lines MCF-7 (breast carcinoma), H460 (lung carcinoma), HCT116 (colon carcinoma), and two non-cancer cell lines, HEK293T (embryonic kindey) and HaCaT (keratinocytes), with the cells kept in the dark or irradiated with visible light. For most of the compounds a modest or no antiproliferative activity was observed for cells in the dark. However, when cells were irradiated, a dramatic increase in cytotoxicity was observed (more than 100-fold), with IC50 values in the submicromolar concentration range. The enhancement of the cytotoxic effect was explained by the formation of ROS, which was studied for cells in vitro. However, for some BODIPY compounds, the effects due to the formation of electrophilic species (carbocations and quinone methides, which react with biomolecules) cannot be disregarded. Confocal fluorescence microscopy images of H460 cells and HEK293T show that the compounds enter the cells and are retained in the cytoplasm and membranes of the various organelles. When the cells treated with the compounds are irradiated, photo-processes lead to cell death by apoptosis. The study performed is important because it provides bases for the development of novel photo-therapeutics capable of exerting photo-cytotoxic effects in both oxygenated and hypoxic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Zlatić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia; Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Matija Popović
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lidija Uzelac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijeta Kralj
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nikola Basarić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Racané L, Zlatić K, Cindrić M, Mehić E, Karminski-Zamola G, Taylor MC, Kelly JM, Malić SR, Stojković MR, Kralj M, Hranjec M. Synthesis and Biological Activity of 2-Benzo[b]thienyl and 2-Bithienyl Amidino-Substituted Benzothiazole and Benzimidazole Derivatives. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300261. [PMID: 37376962 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Novel benzo[b]thienyl- and 2,2'-bithienyl-derived benzothiazoles and benzimidazoles were synthesized to study their antiproliferative and antitrypanosomal activities in vitro. Specifically, we assessed the impact that amidine group substitutions and the type of thiophene backbone have on biological activity. In general, the benzothiazole derivatives were more active than their benzimidazole analogs as both antiproliferative and antitrypanosomal agents. The 2,2'-bithienyl-substituted benzothiazoles with unsubstituted and 2-imidazolinyl amidine showed the most potent antitrypanosomal activity, and the greatest selectivity was observed for the benzimidazole derivatives bearing isopropyl, unsubstituted and 2-imidazolinyl amidine. The 2,2'-bithiophene derivatives showed most selective antiproliferative activity. Whereas the all 2,2'-bithienyl-substituted benzothiazoles were selectively active against lung carcinoma, the benzimidazoles were selective against cervical carcinoma cells. The compounds with an unsubstituted amidine group also produced strong antiproliferative effects. The more pronounced antiproliferative activity of the benzothiazole derivatives was attributed to different cytotoxicity mechanisms. Cell cycle analysis, and DNA binding experiments provide evidence that the benzimidazoles target DNA, whereas the benzothiazoles have a different cellular target because they are localized in the cytoplasm and do not interact with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Racané
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, Prilaz baruna Filipovića, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katarina Zlatić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Cindrić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Emina Mehić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Grace Karminski-Zamola
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martin C Taylor
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - John M Kelly
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Silvana Raić Malić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijana Radić Stojković
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijeta Kralj
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijana Hranjec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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Zlatić K, Bogomolec M, Cindrić M, Uzelac L, Basarić N. Synthesis, photophysical properties, anti-Kasha photochemical reactivity and biological activity of vinyl- and alkynyl-BODIPY derivatives. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zlatić K, Cindrić M, Antol I, Uzelac L, Mihaljević B, Kralj M, Basarić N. Wavelength dependent photochemistry of BODIPY-phenols and their applications in the fluorescent labeling of proteins. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:4891-4903. [PMID: 34106112 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00278c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of BODIPY dyes were synthesized, that were at the 3, or 3 and 5 positions, substituted by photochemically reactive quinone methide (QM) precursor moieties. Fluorescence properties of the molecules were investigated and we demonstrated that the molecules undergo wavelength dependent photochemistry. Photodeamination to deliver QMs takes place only upon excitation to higher excited singlet states, showing unusual anti-Kasha photochemical reactivity. The findings were corroborated by TD-DFT computations. Laser flash photolysis experiments could not reveal QMs due to the low efficiency of their formation, but enabled the detection of phenoxyl radicals. The applicability of the molecules for the fluorescent labeling of bovine serum albumin as a model protein upon photoexcitation at 350 nm was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Zlatić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Matej Cindrić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Antol
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Lidija Uzelac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Branka Mihaljević
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijeta Kralj
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nikola Basarić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Zlatić K, Ayouchia HBE, Anane H, Mihaljević B, Basarić N, Rohand T. Spectroscopic and photophysical properties of mono- and dithiosubstituted BODIPY dyes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.112206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Zlatić K, Antol I, Uzelac L, Mikecin Dražić AM, Kralj M, Bohne C, Basarić N. Labeling of Proteins by BODIPY-Quinone Methides Utilizing Anti-Kasha Photochemistry. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:347-351. [PMID: 31829548 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach for the photolabeling of proteins by a BODIPY fluorophore is reported that is based on an anti-Kasha photochemical reaction from an upper singlet excited state (Sn) leading to the deamination of the BODIPY quinone methide precursor. On the other hand, the high photochemical stability of the dye upon excitation by visible light to S1 allows for the selective fluorescence detection from the dye or dye-protein adduct, without concomitant bleaching or hydrolysis of the protein-dye adduct. Therefore, photolabeling and fluorescence monitoring can be uncoupled by using different excitation wavelengths. Combined theoretical and experimental studies by preparative irradiations, fluorescence, and laser flash photolysis fully disclose the photophysical properties of the dye and its anti-Kasha photochemical reactivity. The application of the dye was demonstrated on photolabeling of bovine serum albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Zlatić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Ivana Antol
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Lidija Uzelac
- Division of Molecular Medicine , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Ana-Matea Mikecin Dražić
- Division of Molecular Medicine , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Marijeta Kralj
- Division of Molecular Medicine , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Cornelia Bohne
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria , British Columbia V8W 2Y2 , Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC) , University of Victoria , Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria , British Columbia V8W 2Y2 , Canada
| | - Nikola Basarić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
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