1
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Chen J, Mo Y. Wireless Electrochemical Reactor for Accelerated Exploratory Study of Electroorganic Synthesis. ACS Cent Sci 2023; 9:1820-1826. [PMID: 37780362 PMCID: PMC10540286 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis is an emerging tool to construct value-added fine chemicals under mild and sustainable conditions. However, the complex apparatus required impedes the facile development of new electrochemistry in the laboratory. Herein, we proposed and demonstrated the concept of wireless electrochemistry (Wi-eChem) based on wireless power transfer technology. The core of this concept is the dual-function wireless electrochemical magnetic stirrer that provides an electrolysis driving force and mixing simultaneously in a miniaturized form factor. This Wi-eChem system allowed electrochemists to execute electrochemical reactions in a manner similar to traditional organic chemistry without handling wire connections. The controllability, reusability, and versatility were validated with a series of modern electrosynthesis reactions, including electrodecarboxylative etherification, electroreductive olefin-ketone coupling, and electrochemical nickel-catalyzed oxygen atom transfer reaction. Its remarkably simplified operation enabled its facile integration into a fully automated robotic synthesis platform to achieve autonomous parallel electrosynthesis screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- College
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiming Mo
- College
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou
Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Abstract
Although 3D printers are becoming more common in households, they are still under-represented in many laboratories worldwide and regarded as toys rather than as laboratory equipment. This short review wants to change this conservative point of view. This mini-review focuses on fused deposition modeling printers and what happens after acquiring your first 3D printer. In short, these printers melt plastic filament and deposit it layer by layer to create the final object. They are getting cheaper and easier to use, and nowadays it is not difficult to find good 3D printers for less than €500. At such a price, a 3D printer is one, if not the most, versatile piece of equipment you can have in a laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Saggiomo
- Department of BioNanoTechnologyWageningen UniversityBornse Weilanden 9Wageningen6708WGThe Netherlands
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3
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Bubliauskas A, Blair DJ, Powell‐Davies H, Kitson PJ, Burke MD, Cronin L. Digitizing Chemical Synthesis in 3D Printed Reactionware. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116108. [PMID: 35257447 PMCID: PMC9186708 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemistry digitization requires an unambiguous link between experiments and the code used to generate the experimental conditions and outcomes, yet this process is not standardized, limiting the portability of any chemical code. What is needed is a universal approach to aid this process using a well-defined standard that is composed of syntheses that are employed in modular hardware. Herein we present a new approach to the digitization of organic synthesis that combines process chemistry principles with 3D printed reactionware. This approach outlines the process for transforming unit operations into digitized hardware and well-defined instructions that ensure effective synthesis. To demonstrate this, we outline the process for digitizing 3 MIDA boronate building blocks, an ester hydrolysis, a Wittig olefination, a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction, and synthesis of the drug sulfanilamide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J. Blair
- Roger Adams Laboratory, School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbana-ChampaignIL 61801USA
| | | | | | - Martin D. Burke
- Roger Adams Laboratory, School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbana-ChampaignIL 61801USA
| | - Leroy Cronin
- School of ChemistryThe University of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
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4
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Straube C, Yang G, Voll D, Meyer J, Théato P, Dittler A. Influence of 3D printed downstream support structures on pressure drop and entrainment of oleophilic and oleophobic oil mist filters. Sep Purif Technol 2022; 290:120802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Göttert S, Salomatov I, Eder S, Seyfang BC, Sotelo DC, Osma JF, Weiss CK. Continuous Nanoprecipitation of Polycaprolactone in Additively Manufactured Micromixers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081509. [PMID: 35458259 PMCID: PMC9032806 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The polymeric ouzo effect is an energy-efficient and robust method to create nanoparticles with biologically degradable polymers. Usually, a discontinuous or semi-continuous process is employed due to its low technical effort and the fact that the amount of dispersions needed in a laboratory is relatively small. However, the number of particles produced in this method is not enough to make this process economically feasible. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the productivity of the process and create a controllable and robust continuous process with the potential to control parameters, such as the particle size or surface properties. In this study, nanoparticles were formulated from polycaprolactone (PCL) in a continuous process using additively manufactured micromixers. The main goal was to be able to exert control on the particle parameters in terms of size and zeta potential. The results showed that particle size could be adjusted in the range of 130 to 465 nm by using different flow rates of the organic and aqueous phase and varying concentrations of PCL dissolved in the organic phase. Particle surface charge was successfully shifted from a slightly negative potential of −14.1 mV to a negative, positive, or neutral value applying the appropriate surfactant. In summary, a continuous process of nanoprecipitation not only improves the cost of the method, but furthermore increases the control over the particle’s parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon Göttert
- Technische Hochschule Bingen, Life Sciences and Engineering, Berlinstrasse 109, 55411 Bingen, Germany; (S.G.); (I.S.); (S.E.); (B.C.S.)
| | - Irina Salomatov
- Technische Hochschule Bingen, Life Sciences and Engineering, Berlinstrasse 109, 55411 Bingen, Germany; (S.G.); (I.S.); (S.E.); (B.C.S.)
| | - Stephan Eder
- Technische Hochschule Bingen, Life Sciences and Engineering, Berlinstrasse 109, 55411 Bingen, Germany; (S.G.); (I.S.); (S.E.); (B.C.S.)
| | - Bernhard C. Seyfang
- Technische Hochschule Bingen, Life Sciences and Engineering, Berlinstrasse 109, 55411 Bingen, Germany; (S.G.); (I.S.); (S.E.); (B.C.S.)
| | - Diana C. Sotelo
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19A-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (D.C.S.); (J.F.O.)
| | - Johann F. Osma
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19A-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (D.C.S.); (J.F.O.)
| | - Clemens K. Weiss
- Technische Hochschule Bingen, Life Sciences and Engineering, Berlinstrasse 109, 55411 Bingen, Germany; (S.G.); (I.S.); (S.E.); (B.C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6721-409270
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6
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Bubliauskas A, Blair DJ, Powell‐Davies H, Kitson PJ, Burke MD, Cronin L, Acknow. Digitizing Chemical Synthesis in 3D Printed Reactionware. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J. Blair
- Roger Adams Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign IL 61801 USA
| | | | - Philip J. Kitson
- School of Chemistry The University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Martin D. Burke
- Roger Adams Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign IL 61801 USA
| | - Leroy Cronin
- School of Chemistry The University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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Volk AA, Campbell ZS, Ibrahim MYS, Bennett JA, Abolhasani M. Flow Chemistry: A Sustainable Voyage Through the Chemical Universe en Route to Smart Manufacturing. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2022; 13:45-72. [PMID: 35259931 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092120-024449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices and systems have entered many areas of chemical engineering, and the rate of their adoption is only increasing. As we approach and adapt to the critical global challenges we face in the near future, it is important to consider the capabilities of flow chemistry and its applications in next-generation technologies for sustainability, energy production, and tailor-made specialty chemicals. We present the introduction of microfluidics into the fundamental unit operations of chemical engineering. We discuss the traits and advantages of microfluidic approaches to different reactive systems, both well-established and emerging, with a focus on the integration of modular microfluidic devices into high-efficiency experimental platforms for accelerated process optimization and intensified continuous manufacturing. Finally, we discuss the current state and new horizons in self-driven experimentation in flow chemistry for both intelligent exploration through the chemical universe and distributed manufacturing. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Volk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Zachary S Campbell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Malek Y S Ibrahim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Jeffrey A Bennett
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Milad Abolhasani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
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8
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Abstract
The explosion in the use of machine learning for automated chemical reaction optimization is gathering pace. However, the lack of a standard architecture that connects the concept of chemical transformations universally to software and hardware provides a barrier to using the results of these optimizations and could cause the loss of relevant data and prevent reactions from being reproducible or unexpected findings verifiable or explainable. In this Perspective, we describe how the development of the field of digital chemistry or chemputation, that is the universal code-enabled control of chemical reactions using a standard language and ontology, will remove these barriers allowing users to focus on the chemistry and plug in algorithms according to the problem space to be explored or unit function to be optimized. We describe a standard hardware (the chemical processing programming architecture-the ChemPU) to encompass all chemical synthesis, an approach which unifies all chemistry automation strategies, from solid-phase peptide synthesis, to HTE flow chemistry platforms, while at the same time establishing a publication standard so that researchers can exchange chemical code (χDL) to ensure reproducibility and interoperability. Not only can a vast range of different chemistries be plugged into the hardware, but the ever-expanding developments in software and algorithms can also be accommodated. These technologies, when combined will allow chemistry, or chemputation, to follow computation-that is the running of code across many different types of capable hardware to get the same result every time with a low error rate.
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9
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Quintanilla A, Vega G, López P, García F, Madurga E, Belmonte M, Casas JA. Enhanced Fluid Dynamics in 3D Monolithic Reactors to Improve the Chemical Performance: Experimental and Numerical Investigation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asuncion Quintanilla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Vega
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo López
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesca García
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Madurga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Belmonte
- Institute of Ceramics and Glass (ICV-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, C/Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A. Casas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Alimi OA, Meijboom R. Current and future trends of additive manufacturing for chemistry applications: a review. J Mater Sci 2021; 56:16824-16850. [PMID: 34413542 PMCID: PMC8363067 DOI: 10.1007/s10853-021-06362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3-D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing, refers to a method used to generate a physical object by joining materials in a layer-by-layer process from a three-dimensional virtual model. 3-D printing technology has been traditionally employed in rapid prototyping, engineering, and industrial design. More recently, new applications continue to emerge; this is because of its exceptional advantage and flexibility over the traditional manufacturing process. Unlike other conventional manufacturing methods, which are fundamentally subtractive, 3-D printing is additive and, therefore, produces less waste. This review comprehensively summarises the application of additive manufacturing technologies in chemistry, chemical synthesis, and catalysis with particular attention to the production of general laboratory hardware, analytical facilities, reaction devices, and catalytically active substances. It also focuses on new and upcoming applications such as digital chemical synthesis, automation, and robotics in a synthetic environment. While discussing the contribution of this research area in the last decade, the current, future, and economic opportunities of additive manufacturing in chemical research and material development were fully covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyekunle Azeez Alimi
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg, 2006 South Africa
| | - Reinout Meijboom
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg, 2006 South Africa
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Heard
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS
| | - Sayad Doobary
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS
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12
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Nasr Esfahani K, Zandi MD, Travieso-Rodriguez JA, Graells M, Pérez-Moya M. Manufacturing and Application of 3D Printed Photo Fenton Reactors for Wastewater Treatment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:4885. [PMID: 34064341 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing offers a new paradigm for designing and developing chemical reactors, in particular, prototypes. The use of 3D printers has been increasing, their performance has been improving, and their price has been reducing. While the general trend is clear, particular applications need to be assessed for their practicality. This study develops and follows a systematic approach to the prototyping of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) reactors. Specifically, this work evaluates and discusses different printable materials in terms of mechanical and chemical resistance to photo-Fenton reactants. Metallic and ceramic materials are shown to be impracticable due to their high printing cost. Polymeric and composite materials are sieved according to criteria such as biodegradability, chemical, thermal, and mechanical resistance. Finally, 3D-printed prototypes are produced and tested in terms of leakage and resistance to the photo-Fenton reacting environment. Polylactic acid (PLA) and wood-PLA composite (Timberfill®) were selected, and lab-scale raceway pond reactors (RPR) were printed accordingly. They were next exposed to H2O2/Fe(II) solutions at pH = 3 ± 0.2 and UV radiation. After 48 h reaction tests, results revealed that the Timberfill® reactor produced higher Total Organic Carbon (TOC) concentrations (9.6 mg·L-1) than that obtained for the PLA reactor (5.5 mg·L-1) and Pyrex® reactor (5.2 mg·L-1), which suggests the interference of Timberfill® with the reaction. The work also considers and discusses further chemical and mechanical criteria that also favor PLA for 3D-printing Fenton and photo-Fenton reactors. Finally, the work also provides a detailed explanation of the printing parameters used and guidelines for preparing prototypes.
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13
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Seifrid M, Aspuru-Guzik A. You Wouldn't Download a Molecule! Now, ChemSCAD Makes It Possible. ACS Cent Sci 2021; 7:228-230. [PMID: 33655062 PMCID: PMC7908020 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Seifrid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Computer
Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Computer
Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Vector
Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1M1, Canada
- Canadian Institute
for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Senior Fellow, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1M1, Canada
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