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MacTavish B, Zhu D, Shang J, Shao Q, Yang ZJ, Kamenecka TM, Kojetin DJ. Ligand efficacy shifts a nuclear receptor conformational ensemble between transcriptionally active and repressive states. bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.23.590805. [PMID: 38712087 PMCID: PMC11071369 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.23.590805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are thought to dynamically alternate between transcriptionally active and repressive conformations, which are stabilized upon ligand binding. Most NR ligand series exhibit limited bias, primarily consisting of transcriptionally active agonists or neutral antagonists, but not repressive inverse agonists-a limitation that restricts understanding of the functional NR conformational ensemble. Here, we report a NR ligand series for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) that spans a pharmacological spectrum from repression (inverse agonism) to activation (agonism) where subtle structural modifications switch compound activity. While crystal structures provide snapshots of the fully repressive state, NMR spectroscopy and conformation-activity relationship analysis reveals that compounds within the series shift the PPARγ conformational ensemble between transcriptionally active and repressive conformations that are populated in the apo/ligand-free ensemble. Our findings reveal a molecular framework for minimal chemical modifications that enhance PPARγ inverse agonism and elucidate their influence on the dynamic PPARγ conformational ensemble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian MacTavish
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research and The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Di Zhu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research and The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Jinsai Shang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research and The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianzhen Shao
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Zhongyue J. Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Center for Applied AI in Protein Dynamics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Data Science Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Theodore M. Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research and The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Douglas J. Kojetin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research and The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research and The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Center for Applied AI in Protein Dynamics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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Ruiz-lópez FDJ, Espinosa-rodríguez BA, Silva-mares DA, González-martínez BE, López-cabanillas Lomelí M, Méndez-lópez LF, Vázquez-rodríguez JA. In Silico Identification of Peptides with PPARγ Antagonism in Protein Hydrolysate from Rice (Oryza sativa). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:440. [PMID: 36986539 PMCID: PMC10057873 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
At least half the population in industrialized countries suffers from obesity due to excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. Recently, rice (Oryza sativa) proteins have been considered valuable sources of bioactive peptides with antiadipogenic potential. In this study, the digestibility and bioaccessibility in vitro of a novel protein concentrate (NPC) from rice were determined through INFOGEST protocols. Furthermore, the presence of prolamin and glutelin was evaluated via SDS-PAGE, and their potential digestibility and the bioactivity of ligands against peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) were explored by BIOPEP UWM and HPEPDOCK. For the top candidates, molecular simulations were conducted using Autodock Vina to evaluate their binding affinity against the antiadipogenic region of PPARγ and their pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness using SwissADME. Simulating gastrointestinal digestion showed a recovery of 43.07% and 35.92% bioaccessibility. The protein banding patterns showed the presence of prolamin (57 kDa) and glutelin (12 kDa) as the predominant proteins in the NPC. The in silico hydrolysis predicts the presence of three and two peptide ligands in glutelin and prolamin fraction, respectively, with high affinity for PPARγ (≤160). Finally, the docking studies suggest that the prolamin-derived peptides QSPVF and QPY (−6.38 & −5.61 kcal/mol, respectively) have expected affinity and pharmacokinetic properties to act as potential PPARγ antagonists. Hence, according to our results, bioactive peptides resulting from NPC rice consumption might have an antiadipogenic effect via PPARγ interactions, but further experimentation and validation in suitable biological model systems are necessary to gain more insight and to provide evidence to support our in silico findings.
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Takahashi J, Takahashi N, Tadaishi M, Shimizu M, Kobayashi-Hattori K. Valerenic Acid Promotes Adipocyte Differentiation, Adiponectin Production, and Glucose Uptake via Its PPARγ Ligand Activity. ACS Omega 2022; 7:48113-48120. [PMID: 36591200 PMCID: PMC9798764 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although valerenic acid (VA) is an important marker compound for quantitative assessment of Valeriana officinalis products, little is known about its potential effects on adipocytes. We investigated the effects of VA on adipocyte differentiation, adiponectin production, and glucose uptake using 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The results showed that VA promoted adipocyte differentiation and increased the gene expression of adipogenesis and glucose uptake-related proteins, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), cytosine-cytosine-adenosine-adenosine-thymidine enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), adiponectin, and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). Additionally, cell cultures treated with VA had elevated adiponectin secretion and glucose uptake. The PPARγ luciferase assay indicated VA as a partial agonist of PPARγ, while the analysis using its antagonist, GW9662, and a docking simulation between PPARγ and VA revealed the binding site of VA as likely adjacent to the Ω loop pocket of PPARγ. Taken together, these results demonstrate that VA acts as a PPARγ partial agonist to promote adipocyte differentiation, adiponectin production, and glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Takahashi
- Department
of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Department
of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Miki Tadaishi
- Department
of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Makoto Shimizu
- Department
of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kobayashi-Hattori
- Department
of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
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4
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Yao Q, Chen J, Li X, Yang W, Ning J, Liang Q, Li Q. Site-selective covalent immobilization of PPARγ using a label-free strategy for chromatographic study. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Chávez-Gutiérrez E, Martínez-Arellanes M, Murillo-López M, Medina-Guzmán MF, Mobarak-Richaud L, Pelcastre-Guzmán K, Quintana-Romero OJ, Ariza-Castolo A, Ayala-Moreno MDR, Salazar JR, Guerra-Araiza C, Rodríguez-Páez L, Pinto-Almazán R, Loza-Mejía MA. In Combo Studies for the Optimization of 5-Aminoanthranilic Acid Derivatives as Potential Multitarget Drugs for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15. [PMID: 36558912 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a set of risk factors that consist of abdominal obesity, arterial hypertension, alterations in the lipid profile, and hyperglycemia. The current therapeutic strategy includes polypharmacy, using three or more drugs to control each syndrome component. However, this approach has drawbacks that could lead to therapeutic failure. Multitarget drugs are molecules with the ability to act on different targets simultaneously and are an attractive alternative for treating complex diseases such as metabolic syndrome. Previously, we identified a triamide derivative of 5-aminoanthranilic acid that exhibited hypoglycemic, hypolipemic, and antihypertensive activities simultaneously. In the present study, we report the synthesis and in combo evaluation of new derivatives of anthranilic acid, intending to identify the primary structural factors that improve the activity over metabolic syndrome-related parameters. We found that substitution on position 5, incorporation of 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl substituents, and having a free carboxylic acid group lead to the in vitro inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, and simultaneously the diminution of the serum levels of glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol in a diet-induced in vivo model.
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Tse EG, Aithani L, Anderson M, Cardoso-Silva J, Cincilla G, Conduit GJ, Galushka M, Guan D, Hallyburton I, Irwin BWJ, Kirk K, Lehane AM, Lindblom JCR, Lui R, Matthews S, McCulloch J, Motion A, Ng HL, Öeren M, Robertson MN, Spadavecchio V, Tatsis VA, van Hoorn WP, Wade AD, Whitehead TM, Willis P, Todd MH. An Open Drug Discovery Competition: Experimental Validation of Predictive Models in a Series of Novel Antimalarials. J Med Chem 2021; 64:16450-16463. [PMID: 34748707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Open Source Malaria (OSM) consortium is developing compounds that kill the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, by targeting PfATP4, an essential ion pump on the parasite surface. The structure of PfATP4 has not been determined. Here, we describe a public competition created to develop a predictive model for the identification of PfATP4 inhibitors, thereby reducing project costs associated with the synthesis of inactive compounds. Competition participants could see all entries as they were submitted. In the final round, featuring private sector entrants specializing in machine learning methods, the best-performing models were used to predict novel inhibitors, of which several were synthesized and evaluated against the parasite. Half possessed biological activity, with one featuring a motif that the human chemists familiar with this series would have dismissed as "ill-advised". Since all data and participant interactions remain in the public domain, this research project "lives" and may be improved by others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin G Tse
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Laksh Aithani
- Exscientia Ltd., The Schrödinger Building, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GE, U.K
| | - Mark Anderson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Jonathan Cardoso-Silva
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, London WC2B 4BG, U.K
| | | | - Gareth J Conduit
- Intellegens Ltd., Eagle Labs, Chesterton Road, Cambridge CB4 3AZ, U.K.,Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | | | - Davy Guan
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Irene Hallyburton
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Benedict W J Irwin
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.,Optibrium Ltd. Blenheim House, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9QE, U.K
| | - Kiaran Kirk
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Adele M Lehane
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Julia C R Lindblom
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Raymond Lui
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Slade Matthews
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - James McCulloch
- Kellerberrin, 6 Wharf Rd, Balmain, Sydney, NSW 2041, Australia
| | - Alice Motion
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ho Leung Ng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Mario Öeren
- Optibrium Ltd. Blenheim House, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9QE, U.K
| | - Murray N Robertson
- Strathclyde Institute Of Pharmacy And Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 ORE, U.K
| | | | - Vasileios A Tatsis
- Exscientia Ltd., The Schrödinger Building, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GE, U.K
| | - Willem P van Hoorn
- Exscientia Ltd., The Schrödinger Building, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GE, U.K
| | - Alexander D Wade
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | | | - Paul Willis
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, PO Box 1826, 20 rte de Pre-Bois, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Matthew H Todd
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
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7
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Majewski G, Craw J, Falla T. Accelerated Barrier Repair in Human Skin Explants Induced with a Plant-Derived PPAR-α Activating Complex via Cooperative Interactions. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14:1271-1293. [PMID: 34566418 PMCID: PMC8458040 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s325967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) govern epidermal lipid synthesis and metabolism. In skin, PPAR activation has been shown to regulate genes responsible for permeability barrier homeostasis, epidermal differentiation, lipid biosynthesis, and inflammation. Objective Given the known dermatologic benefits of PPARs, we set out to discover a naturally derived, multi-molecule complex that would be superior to the more commonly formulated conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs). We hypothesized that a complex may be capable of modulating PPAR-α by cooperative or multi-ligand binding interactions to accelerate skin barrier repair. Methods To achieve this, we assembled a novel PPAR-α agonist complex, referred to as RFV3, from a combination of small molecules routinely used in Ayurvedic medicine and accepted in cosmetic and topical over-the-counter dermatologic products. We tested RFV3’s potential as a PPAR-α agonist by evaluating its transcriptional response, ligand binding affinity to PPAR-α, gene expression profiles and barrier repair properties in human skin explant models. Results We assembled RFV3 by solubilizing two standardized plant extracts in a suitable solvent and induced a significant transcriptional response in PPAR-α luciferase reporter assay. Furthermore, transcriptome profiling of RFV3-treated epidermal substitutes revealed expressed genes consistent with known targets of PPAR-α, including those involved in epidermal barrier repair. In addition, in silico modeling demonstrated differential co-binding affinities of RFV3 to PPAR-α compared with those of the endogenous ligands (CLAs) and a synthetic PPAR-α agonist. Lastly, delipidated skin explant models confirmed accelerated barrier repair activity with significant increases in ceramides, filaggrin and transglutaminase-1 after treatment. Conclusion These findings suggest that the RFV3 complex successfully mimics a PPAR-α agonist and induces synthesis of skin barrier lipids and proteins consistent with known PPAR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Majewski
- Rodan & Fields, San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA.,Present Affiliation: Contrast Product Development, Walnut, CA, 91789, USA
| | - John Craw
- Rodan & Fields, San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA
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Miyamae Y. Insights into Dynamic Mechanism of Ligand Binding to Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ toward Potential Pharmacological Applications. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1185-1195. [PMID: 34471046 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, which regulates the transcription of a variety of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, inflammation, and cell proliferation. These functions correlate with the onset of type-2 diabetes, obesity, and immune disorders, which makes PPARγ a promising target for drug development. The majority of PPARγ functions are regulated by binding of small molecule ligands, which cause conformational changes of PPARγ followed by coregulator recruitment. The ligand-binding domain (LBD) of PPARγ contains a large Y-shaped cavity that can be occupied by various classes of compounds such as full agonists, partial agonists, natural lipids, and in some cases, a combination of multiple molecules. Several crystal structure studies have revealed the binding modes of these compounds in the LBD and insight into the resulting conformational changes. Notably, the apo form of the PPARγ LBD contains a highly mobile region that can be stabilized by ligand binding. Furthermore, recent biophysical investigations have shed light on the dynamic mechanism of how ligands induce conformational changes in PPARγ and result in functional output. This information may be useful for the design of new and repurposed structures of ligands that serve a different function from original compounds and more potent pharmacological effects with less undesirable clinical outcomes. This review provides an overview of the peculiar characteristics of the PPARγ LBD by examining a series of structural studies focused on the dynamic mechanism of binding and the potential applications of strategies for ligand screening and chemical labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Miyamae
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba.,Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa, University of Tsukuba
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9
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López-Ibarra C, Ruiz-López FDJ, Bautista-Villarreal M, Báez-González JG, Rodríguez Romero BA, González-Martínez BE, López-Cabanillas Lomelí M, Vázquez-Rodríguez JA. Protein Concentrates on Tepary Bean ( Phaseolus acutifolius Gray) as a Functional Ingredient: In silico Docking of Tepary Bean Lectin to Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma. Front Nutr 2021; 8:661463. [PMID: 34136517 PMCID: PMC8200398 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.661463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius Gray) is a US-Mexico frontier native crop, produces high yields in agriculture, and needs to be reconsidered because of its nutritional and functional properties. This study aimed to determine the technological and nutritional properties of flours and protein concentrates of tepary bean, besides determining an in silico agonist effect of tepary bean lectin to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ). We evaluated the technological properties of raw samples (tepary flour and tepary protein concentrate) and cooked samples (tepary flour and tepary protein concentrate). The flours present a significant difference (p < 0.05) concerning protein concentrates in water absorption and oil absorption capacity. The raw samples' emulsifying capacity was higher than that reported in the literature for other legumes, but not the cooked samples. The samples' foaming capacity had no significant difference in treatments (p > 0.05), and cooked tepary bean protein concentrate presented complete gelation at a lower concentration (2%). Nutritionally, raw samples present a protein percentage of 23.46 ± 0.06 and 71.38 ± 0.44 and cooked samples present a protein percentage of 25.27 ± 0.04 and 62.69 ± 0.14; a chemical score of 72, 86, 82, and 72; in vitro protein digestibility (%) = 48.20 ± 0.31, 49.80 ± 0.80, 61.77 ± 1.70, and 63.61 ± 4.19; and C-PER = 0.86, 1.34, 1.93, and 1.81, respectively. All the samples showed methionine + cysteine as the limiting amino acid. All these nutritional data are very similar to the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). SDS-PAGE preserves the lectin fraction in both protein concentrates. The in silico study of tepary lectin (PDB: 6tt9) shows that there were seven peptides that presented values below -120 kcal/mol: PEW, VSVGF, PSQK, TTPW, ATSF, ITY, and TSF, with VSVGF, PSQK, and PEW having the highest affinity for active sites of the PAPRγ receptor (binding energies from -5.32 to -7.04 kcal/mol). These peptides could show antiadipogenic or antidiabetic activity based on the intermolecular bond energies and open an interesting research item.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina López-Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública, Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Felipe de Jesús Ruiz-López
- Laboratorio de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública, Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Minerva Bautista-Villarreal
- Departamento de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Juan Gabriel Báez-González
- Departamento de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Adriana Rodríguez Romero
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en la Industria Alimentaria, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Blanca Edelia González-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública, Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Manuel López-Cabanillas Lomelí
- Laboratorio de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública, Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jesús Alberto Vázquez-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública, Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
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Hasegawa T, Osaka M, Miyamae Y, Nishino K, Isoda H, Kawada K, Neffati M, Irie K, Nagao M. Two Types of PPARγ Ligands Identified in the Extract of Artemisia campestris. Chemistry 2021; 3:647-57. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry3020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The 70% ethanol extract of Artemisia campestris was screened to find PPARγ ligands using the PPARγ ligand-responsive chimera luciferase reporter system. Capillartemisin B was identified as a PPARγ ligand that stimulated lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. By further purification of PPARγ ligands from a large-scale preparation of the methanol extract of Artemisia campestris, we isolated and identified eupatilin and santaflavone as PPARγ ligands. Weak PPARγ ligand activity of eupatilin or santaflavone in reporter assay was enhanced by a PPARγ antagonist, GW9662, suggesting that santaflavone or eupatilin and GW9662 bound simultaneously to the multiple sub-pockets of the PPARγ ligand-binding domain (LBD) and cooperatively activated PPARγ. Docking simulation suggested that eupatilin binds to the Ω-pocket but not to the AF-2 pocket of Y-shaped PPARγ LBD where artepillin C that differs from capillartemisin B at the C-5′ position without hydroxy group binds. Eupatilin or santaflavone with or without GW9662 did not stimulate lipid accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, suggesting that binding of each compound alone or with GW9662 to the Ω-pocket which stimulated the PPARγ-responsive reporter expression was not enough to stimulate lipid accumulation. The PPARγ ligands found in this study have a potential to design the fragment-based drug design of a novel PPARγ ligand that cover the Y-shaped PPARγ LBD.
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Amin F, Memarzia A, Rad HK, Kazerani HR, Boskabady MH. Carvacrol and PPARγ agonist, pioglitazone, affects inhaled paraquat-induced lung injury in rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8129. [PMID: 33854134 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposed rats to normal saline and paraquat (PQ) aerosol as control and PQ group, rats exposed to PQ and treated with 20 and 80 mg/kg/day carvacrol, 5 and 10 mg/kg/day pioglitazone, low dose of pioglitazone + carvacrol and 0.03 mg/kg/day dexamethasone (Dexa) for 16 days after the end of PQ exposure were studied (n = 6 in each group). Lung pathological changes, tracheal responsiveness to methacholine and ovalbumin (OVA) as well as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and interleukin (IL)-6 level in the lung tissue homogenize as well as TGF-β, IL-6, oxidant and antioxidant levels oxidant and antioxidants were increased in PQ group (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001). Lung pathological changes, tracheal responsiveness to methacholine and OVA as well as TGF-β, IL-6 oxidant and antioxidant levels were improved in all treated groups except lung pathological changes in treated group with low dose of pioglitazone (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). The effects of low dose of pioglitazone and carvacrol alone were significantly lower than in the combination group of low dose of pioglitazone + carvacrol (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Carvacrol treatment improved inhaled PQ-induced lug injury similar to the effects of dexamethasone. The synergic effect of carvacrol and pioglitazone suggests PPAR-γ receptor mediated effects of carvacrol on inhaled PQ-induced lung injury.
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Meijer FA, van den Oetelaar MCM, Doveston RG, Sampers ENR, Brunsveld L. Covalent Occlusion of the RORγt Ligand Binding Pocket Allows Unambiguous Targeting of an Allosteric Site. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:631-639. [PMID: 33854703 PMCID: PMC8040040 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor RORγt is a key positive regulator in the differentiation and proliferation of T helper 17 (Th17) cells and the production of proinflammatory cytokines like IL-17a. Dysregulation of this pathway can result in the development of various autoimmune diseases, and inhibition of RORγt with small molecules thus holds great potential as a therapeutic strategy. RORγt has a unique allosteric ligand binding site in the ligand binding domain, which is distinct from the canonical, orthosteric binding site. Allosteric modulation of RORγt shows high potential, but the targeted discovery of novel allosteric ligands is highly challenging via currently available methods. Here, we introduce covalent, orthosteric chemical probes for RORγt that occlude the binding of canonical, orthosteric ligands but still allow allosteric ligand binding. Ultimately, these probes could be used to underpin screening approaches for the unambiguous and rapid identification of novel allosteric RORγt ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke A. Meijer
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime C. M. van den Oetelaar
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G. Doveston
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology and School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Ella N. R. Sampers
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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13
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Abstract
The characterization of specific metabolite-protein interactions is important in chemical biology and drug discovery. For example, nuclear receptors (NRs) are a family of ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate diverse physiological processes in animals and are key targets for therapeutic development. However, the identification and characterization of physiological ligands for many NRs remains challenging, because of limitations in domain-specific analysis of ligand binding in cells. To address these limitations, we developed a domain-specific covalent chemical reporter for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and demonstrated its utility to screen and characterize the potency of candidate NR ligands in live cells. These studies demonstrate targeted and domain-specific chemical reporters provide excellent tools to evaluate endogenous and exogenous (diet, microbiota, therapeutics) ligands of PPARs in mammalian cells, as well as additional protein targets for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Tsukidate
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Qiang Li
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Howard C. Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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14
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Amin F, Memarzia A, Kazerani HR, Boskabady MH. Carvacrol and Zataria multiflora influenced the PPARγ agonist effects on systemic inflammation and oxidative stress induced by inhaled paraquat in rat. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2020; 23:930-936. [PMID: 32774816 PMCID: PMC7395191 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.45962.10648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effects of PPAR-γ agonist alone and in combination with carvacrol and Zataria multiflora on inhaled paraquat (PQ) induced-systemic inflammation and oxidative stress were examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Control group exposed to normal saline aerosol, one group exposed to 54 mg/m3 PQ aerosol and four groups exposed to PQ aerosol and treated with 5 mg/kg/day pioglitazone, pioglitazone + 200 mg/kg/day Z. multiflora extract, pioglitazone + 20 mg/kg/day carvacrol, and 0.03 mg /kg/day dexamethasone for 16 days after the end of exposure to PQ were studied. Exposure to normal saline or PQ was performed every other days for 30 min (8 times). Different variables were measured after the end of treatment period. RESULTS PQ exposure significantly increased serum levels of NO2, MDA and IL-6 but dexreased CAT and IFN-γ levels and IFN-γ/IL-6 ratio compared to control group (P<0.01 to P<0.001). Treatment with pioglitazone only improved serum level of MDA (P<0.01). Treatment with combination of pioglitazone and carvacrol as well as treatment with dexamethasone improved all measured variables compared to PQ exposed group (P<0.05 to P<0.001). The effects of pioglitazone + Z. multiflura and pioglitazone + carvacrol on almost all measured variables were significantly higher than pioglitazone alone (P<0.05 to P<0.001). CONCLUSION The effects of combination therapy of pioglitazone with Z. multiflora or carvacrol on inhaled paraquat (PQ) induced-oxidative stress and systemic inflammation were higher than the effects of pioglitazone alone. These results suggested that the effects of the extract and carvacrol may mediated through PPAR-γ receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Amin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arghavan Memarzia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Kazerani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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15
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Abstract
The past decade of PPARγ research has dramatically improved our understanding of the structural and mechanistic bases for the diverging physiological effects of different classes of PPARγ ligands. The discoveries that lie at the heart of these developments have enabled the design of a new class of PPARγ ligands, capable of isolating central therapeutic effects of PPARγ modulation, while displaying markedly lower toxicities than previous generations of PPARγ ligands. This review examines the emerging framework around the design of these ligands and seeks to unite its principles with the development of new classes of ligands for PPARα and PPARβ/δ. The focus is on the relationships between the binding modes of ligands, their influence on PPAR posttranslational modifications, and gene expression patterns. Specifically, we encourage the design and study of ligands that primarily bind to the Ω pockets of PPARα and PPARβ/δ. In support of this development, we highlight already reported ligands that if studied in the context of this new framework may further our understanding of the gene programs regulated by PPARα and PPARβ/δ. Moreover, recently developed pharmacological tools that can be utilized in the search for ligands with new binding modes are also presented.
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16
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Cheng Y, Luo D, Zhao Y, Rong J. N-Propargyl caffeate amide (PACA) prevents cardiac fibrosis in experimental myocardial infarction by promoting pro-resolving macrophage polarization. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:5384-5398. [PMID: 32203054 PMCID: PMC7138579 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages control the initiation and resolution of cardiac fibrosis in post-infarction cardiac remodeling. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether N-propargyl caffeate amide (PACA) could suppress myocardial fibrosis via regulating macrophage polarization. By using rat model of isoproterenol-induced myocardial fibrosis, we discovered that PACA could reduce cardiac fibrosis in a dose-dependent manner. To elucidate the anti-fibrotic mechanisms, we examined whether PACA affected pro-inflammatory M1 and pro-resolving macrophage biomarkers in macrophage polarization. As result, PACA reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory M1 biomarkers (e.g., iNOS, TNF-α, CXCL10, IL-6, CCL2 and CD80) while increased the expression of pro-resolving M2a biomarkers (e.g., IL-10, arginase-1, FZZ1, YM-1 and CD163) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. PACA also suppressed the elevation of M1 biomarker ED1 in the early phase but up-regulated the expression of pro-resolving biomarker ED2 in the later phase. Moreover, PACA reduced the expression of pro-fibrotic TGF-β1 and PDGF-α while maintained or even increased the production of pro-apoptotic MMP-13, MMP-9 and TRAIL. Importantly, mechanistic studies revealed that PACA might promote the switch of macrophage polarization towards a pro-resolving macrophage phenotype via activating PPAR-γ pathway. Taken together, this study suggested that PACA might be a drug candidate for preventing cardiac fibrosis in myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Cheng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Luo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingke Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianhui Rong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
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17
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Jang JY, Kim H, Kim HJ, Suh SW, Park SB, Han BW. Structural basis for the inhibitory effects of a novel reversible covalent ligand on PPARγ phosphorylation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11168. [PMID: 31371757 PMCID: PMC6671948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47672-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a major therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, the use of PPARγ-targeted drugs, such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, is limited owing to serious side effects caused by classical agonism. Using a rational drug discovery approach, we recently developed SB1495, a novel reversible covalent inhibitor of the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5)-mediated phosphorylation of PPARγ at Ser245, a key factor in the insulin-sensitizing effect of PPARγ-targeted drugs. In this study, we report the crystal structures of PPARγ in complex with SB1495 and its enantiomeric analogue SB1494, which rarely exhibits inhibitory activity, to visualize the mechanistic basis for their distinct activities. SB1495 occupies the Arm3 region near the Ω loop of the PPARγ ligand-binding domain, whereas its enantiomeric analogue SB1494 binds to the Arm2 region. In addition, the piperazine moiety of SB1495 directly pushes the helix H2′, resulting in the stabilization of the Ω loop just behind the helix H2′. Our results may contribute to the development of a new generation of antidiabetic drugs that selectively block PPARγ phosphorylation without classical agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Jang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Won Suh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bum Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung Woo Han
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Utsugi Y, Kobuchi H, Kawamura Y, Atito ASA, Nagao M, Isoda H, Miyamae Y. Importance of the Proximity and Orientation of Ligand-Linkage to the Design of Cinnamate-GW9662 Hybrid Compounds as Covalent PPARγ Agonists. Molecules 2019; 24:E2019. [PMID: 31137814 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24102019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent agonists of PPARγ cause unique receptor conformational changes and behave as selective PPARγ modulators, whereas there are few covalent agonists other than endogenous unsaturated fatty acids metabolites. Previously, we established a cell-based strategy to identify new PPARγ ligands and synthesized a new-type of covalent agonist that possesses the hybrid structure of a plant-derived cinnamic acid derivative and GW9662, a covalent antagonist. Herein, we report six analogues that differ in how the two fragments are linked together. Compounds with a simplified linker showed potent agonistic activity with improved EC50 values (less than 5 nM), indicating that close proximity between the two fragments improves binding affinity. When the position of cinnamic acid moiety was placed at 4′ carbon of aniline ring, PPARγ agonist activity was completely abolished. Docking studies suggested that the activation profile likely depends on interaction with the cavity around helix 3, β-sheet, and Ω-loop region in the ligand-binding domain. Furthermore, a cell-based assay revealed that agonist-type compounds activate PPARγ transcription in a manner dependent on covalent linkage with the Cys285 residue leading to prolonged transactivation. This activation feature reflects pharmacological benefits of covalent drugs, suggesting that these hybrid compounds may serve as potential leads for a new-class of covalent PPARγ ligands.
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19
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Mirza AZ, Althagafi II, Shamshad H. Role of PPAR receptor in different diseases and their ligands: Physiological importance and clinical implications. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 166:502-513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Morimoto M, Mitsukawa M, Fujiwara C, Kawamura Y, Masuda S. Inhibition of mRNA processing activity from ginger-, clove- and cinnamon-extract, and by two ginger constituents, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:498-501. [PMID: 30426858 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1547107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of mRNA processing, including splicing in the nucleus, is a potential anti-cancer candidate. To obtain mRNA processing inhibitors, we have screened for active constituents from spices. Ginger, clove, and cinnamon showed an inhibitory effect on mRNA processing in the nucleus. Two components in ginger, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol, exhibited the inhibition of mRNA processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Morimoto
- a Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
- b Department of Food and Nutrition , Kyoto Women's University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Mizuki Mitsukawa
- a Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Chisato Fujiwara
- b Department of Food and Nutrition , Kyoto Women's University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yukio Kawamura
- b Department of Food and Nutrition , Kyoto Women's University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Seiji Masuda
- a Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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21
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Zhang F, Lu S, He J, Jin H, Wang F, Wu L, Shao J, Chen A, Zheng S. Ligand Activation of PPARγ by Ligustrazine Suppresses Pericyte Functions of Hepatic Stellate Cells via SMRT-Mediated Transrepression of HIF-1α. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:610-626. [PMID: 29344293 PMCID: PMC5771080 DOI: 10.7150/thno.22237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are liver-specific pericytes regulating vascular remodeling during hepatic fibrosis. Here, we investigated how ligustrazine affects HSC pericyte functions. Methods: Rat HSC-T6 and human HSC-LX2 cells were cultured, and multiple molecular experiments including real-time PCR, Western blot, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and co-immunoprecipitation were used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Molecular simulation and site-directed mutagenesis were performed to uncover the target molecule of ligustrazine. Rats were intoxicated with CCl4 for evaluating ligustrazine's effects in vivo. Results: Ligustrazine inhibited angiogenic cytokine production, migration, adhesion and contraction in HSCs, and activated PPARγ. Selective PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 potently abrogated ligustrazine suppression of HSC pericyte functions. Additionally, HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 repressed HSC pericyte functions, and ligustrazine inhibited the transcription of HIF-1α, which was diminished by GW9662. Moreover, ligustrazine downregulation of HIF-1α was rescued by knockdown of SMRT, and ligustrazine increased PPARγ physical interaction with SMRT, which was abolished by GW9662. These findings collectively indicated that activation of PPARγ by ligustrazine led to transrepression of HIF-1α via a SMRT-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, molecular docking evidence revealed that ligustrazine bound to PPARγ in a unique double-molecule manner via hydrogen bonding with the residues Ser289 and Ser342. Site-directed mutation of Ser289 and/or Ser342 resulted in the loss of ligustrazine transrepression of HIF-1α in HSCs, indicating that interactions with both the residues were indispensable for ligustrazine effects. Finally, ligustrazine improved hepatic injury, angiogenesis and vascular remodeling in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Conclusions: We discovered a novel ligand activation pattern for PPARγ transrepression of the target gene with therapeutic implications in HSC pericyte biology and liver fibrosis.
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22
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Brust R, Lin H, Fuhrmann J, Asteian A, Kamenecka TM, Kojetin DJ. Modification of the Orthosteric PPARγ Covalent Antagonist Scaffold Yields an Improved Dual-Site Allosteric Inhibitor. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:969-978. [PMID: 28165718 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
GW9662 and T0070907 are widely used commercially available irreversible antagonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). These antagonists covalently modify Cys285 located in an orthosteric ligand-binding pocket embedded in the PPARγ ligand-binding domain and are used to block binding of other ligands. However, we recently identified an alternate/allosteric ligand-binding site in the PPARγ LBD to which ligand binding is not inhibited by these orthosteric covalent antagonists. Here, we developed a series of analogs based on the orthosteric covalent antagonist scaffold with the goal of inhibiting both orthosteric and allosteric cellular activation of PPARγ by MRL20, an orthosteric agonist that also binds to an allosteric site. Our efforts resulted in the identification of SR16832 (compound 22), which functions as a dual-site covalent inhibitor of PPARγ transcription by PPARγ-binding ligands. Molecular modeling, protein NMR spectroscopy structural analysis, and biochemical assays indicate the inhibition of allosteric activation occurs in part through expansion of the 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzamidyl orthosteric covalent antagonist toward the allosteric site, weakening of allosteric ligand binding affinity, and inducing conformational changes not competent for cellular PPARγ activation. Furthermore, SR16832 better inhibits binding of rosiglitazone, a thiazolidinedione (TZD) that weakly activates PPARγ when cotreated with orthosteric covalent antagonists, and may better inhibit binding of endogenous PPARγ ligands such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) compared to orthosteric covalent antagonists. Compounds such as SR16832 may be useful chemical tools to use as a dual-site bitopic orthosteric and allosteric covalent inhibitor of ligand binding to PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Brust
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics,
The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Hua Lin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics,
The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Jakob Fuhrmann
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics,
The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Alice Asteian
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics,
The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Theodore M. Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics,
The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Douglas J. Kojetin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics,
The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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23
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Kurata M, Murata Y, Momma K, Fouad Ali Mursi I, Takahashi M, Miyamae Y, Kambe T, Nagao M, Narita H, Shibuya Y, Masuda S. The isoflavone fraction from soybean presents mRNA maturation inhibition activity. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:551-554. [PMID: 27776450 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1249451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that mRNA splicing inhibitors can be potential anticancer candidates. We have previously established a screening system which monitors mRNA processing in order to identify mRNA processing inhibitors. Among a number of dietary resources, isoflavone fractions showed an inhibitory effect of mRNA processing. These findings demonstrate that a variety of dietary sources have an impact on mRNA biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kurata
- a Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
- b Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Yuki Murata
- c Department of Food and Nutrition , Kyoto Women's University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Keiko Momma
- d Department of Living and Welfare , Kyoto Women's University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Intisar Fouad Ali Mursi
- a Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Masakazu Takahashi
- e Department of Bioscience , Fukui Prefectural University , Fukui , Japan
| | - Yusaku Miyamae
- a Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Taiho Kambe
- a Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Masaya Nagao
- a Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Narita
- c Department of Food and Nutrition , Kyoto Women's University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Shibuya
- b Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Seiji Masuda
- a Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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24
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Vasaturo M, Fiengo L, De Tommasi N, Sabatino L, Ziccardi P, Colantuoni V, Bruno M, Cerchia C, Novellino E, Lupo A, Lavecchia A, Piaz FD. A compound-based proteomic approach discloses 15-ketoatractyligenin methyl ester as a new PPARγ partial agonist with anti-proliferative ability. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41273. [PMID: 28117438 DOI: 10.1038/srep41273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomics based approaches are emerging as useful tools to identify the targets of bioactive compounds and elucidate their molecular mechanisms of action. Here, we applied a chemical proteomic strategy to identify the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) as a molecular target of the pro-apoptotic agent 15-ketoatractyligenin methyl ester (compound 1). We demonstrated that compound 1 interacts with PPARγ, forms a covalent bond with the thiol group of C285 and occupies the sub-pocket between helix H3 and the β-sheet of the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the receptor by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), mass spectrometry-based studies and docking experiments. 1 displayed partial agonism of PPARγ in cell-based transactivation assays and was found to inhibit the AKT pathway, as well as its downstream targets. Consistently, a selective PPARγ antagonist (GW9662) greatly reduced the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of 1, providing the molecular basis of its action. Collectively, we identified 1 as a novel PPARγ partial agonist and elucidated its mode of action, paving the way for therapeutic strategies aimed at tailoring novel PPARγ ligands with reduced undesired harmful side effects.
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25
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Abstract
Like G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and protein kinases, nuclear receptors (NRs) are a rich source of pharmaceutical targets. Over 80 NR-targeting drugs have been approved for 18 NRs. The focus of drug discovery in NRs has hitherto been on identifying ligands that bind to the canonical ligand binding pockets of the C-terminal ligand binding domains (LBDs). Due to the development of drug resistance and selectivity concerns, there has been considerable interest in exploring other, non-canonical ligand binding sites. Unfortunately, the potencies of compounds binding at other sites have generally not been sufficient for clinical development. However, the situation has changed dramatically over the last 3years, as compounds with sufficient potency have been reported for several NR targets. Here we review recent developments in this area from a medicinal chemistry point of view in the hope of stimulating further interest in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Tice
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, United States
| | - Ya-Jun Zheng
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, United States
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26
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Miyamae Y, Nishito Y, Nakai N, Nagumo Y, Usui T, Masuda S, Kambe T, Nagao M. Tetrandrine induces lipid accumulation through blockade of autophagy in a hepatic stellate cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016;477:40-46. [PMID: 27270032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy, or autophagy, is a cellular response in which unnecessary cytoplasmic components, including lipids and organelles, are self-degraded. Recent studies closely related autophagy to activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), a process critical in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. During HSC activation, cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) are degraded as autophagic cargo, and then cells express fibrogenic genes. Thus, inhibition of autophagy in HSCs is a potential therapeutic approach for attenuating liver fibrosis. We found that tetrandrine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Stephania tetrandra, induced lipid accumulation, a phenotype associated with quiescent HSCs, through blockade of autophagy in the rat-derived HSC line HSC-T6. Tetrandrine inhibited autophagic flux without affecting lysosomal function. A phenotypic comparison using siRNA knockdown suggested that tetrandrine may target regulators, involved in fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes (e.g., syntaxin 17). Moreover, perilipin 1, an LD-coated protein, co-localized specifically with LC3, a marker protein for autophagosomes, in tetrandrine-treated HSC-T6 cells. This suggests a potential role for perilipin 1 in autophagy-mediated LD degradation in HSCs. Our results identified tetrandrine as a potential tool for prevention and treatment of HSC activation.
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