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Thankan RS, Thomas E, Purushottamachar P, Weber DJ, Njar VCO. Salinization Dramatically Enhance the Anti-Prostate Cancer Efficacies of AR/AR-V7 and Mnk1/2 Molecular Glue Degraders, Galeterone and VNPP433-3β Which Outperform Docetaxel and Enzalutamide in CRPC CWR22Rv1 Xenograft Mouse Model. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106700. [PMID: 37392559 PMCID: PMC10528634 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Galeterone, 3β-(hydroxy)-17-(1H-benzimidazole-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene (Gal, 1) and VNPP433-3β, 3β-(1H-imidazole-1-yl-17-(1H-benzimidazole-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene (2) are potent molecular glue degrader modulators of AR/AR-V7 and Mnk1/2-eIF4E signaling pathways, and are promising Phase 3 and Phase 1 drug candidates, respectively. Because appropriate salts can be utilized to create new chemical entities with enhanced aqueous solubility, in vivo pharmacokinetics, and enhanced in vitro and in vivo efficacies, the monohydrochloride salt of Gal (3) and the mono- and di-hydrochlorides salts of compound 2, compounds 4 and 5, respectively, were synthesized. The salts were characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS analyses. Compound 3 displayed enhanced in vitro antiproliferative activity (7.4-fold) against three prostate cancer cell lines but surprisingly decreased plasma exposure in the pharmacokinetics study. The antiproliferative activities of the compound 2 salts (4 and 5) were equivalent to that of compound 2, but their oral pharmacokinetic profiles were significantly enhanced. Finally, and most importantly, oral administration of the parent compounds (1 and 2) and their corresponding salts (3, 4 and 5) caused dose-dependent potent inhibition/regression of aggressive and difficult-to-treat CWR22Rv1 tumor xenografts growth, with no apparent host toxicities and were highly more efficacious than the blockbuster FDA-approved prostate cancer drugs, Enzalutamide (Xtandi) and Docetaxel (Taxotere). Thus, the HCl salts of Gal (3) and VNPP433-3β (4 and 5) are excellent orally bioavailable candidates for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retheesh S Thankan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Isoprene Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 801 West Baltimore Street, Suite 502J, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Puranik Purushottamachar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Isoprene Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 801 West Baltimore Street, Suite 502J, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - David J Weber
- The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Isoprene Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 801 West Baltimore Street, Suite 502J, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Vincent C O Njar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Isoprene Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 801 West Baltimore Street, Suite 502J, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Thomas E, Thankan RS, Purushottamachar P, Guo J, Parise RA, Beumer JH, Njar VCO. Murine toxicology and pharmacokinetics of lead next generation galeterone analog, VNPP433-3β. Steroids 2023; 192:109184. [PMID: 36702363 PMCID: PMC9998351 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
VNPP433-3β (compound 2, (3β-(1H-imidazole-1-yl)-17-(1H-benzimidazole-1-yl)-androsta-5,16-diene), a multitarget anticancer agent has emerged as our lead next generation galeterone analogs (NGGA). Compound 2 is currently in development as potential new therapeutic for prostate and pancreatic cancers. The preliminary toxicity study reveals that the compound 2 was better tolerated by the normal male CD-1 mice than the male Nude mice. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in the Nude mice was estimated to be between 25 < 50 mg/kg. After oral dosing of compound 2 to male and female rats, the plasma concentration versus time curves were very consistent between animals and the AUClast increased with dose. Many plasmas concentration versus time curves profiles were nearly flat over 24 hr., suggesting extended absorption from the GI tract. Consequently, reliable values for half-life and AUCinf were not determined. Calculated oral bioavailability (using oral AUClast and excluding the outlier IV animal) ranged from 32 to 47 %. This should be considered a minimum value since the contribution to true AUC beyond 24 hr. is clearly not zero. Clearly, these toxicology and pharmacokinetics parameters pave the way for understanding the anticancer pharmacological actions and provide a meaningful basis for further preclinical development and eventual clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Retheesh S Thankan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Isoprene Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 801 W. Baltimore Street, Suite 502J, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Puranik Purushottamachar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jianxia Guo
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Robert A Parise
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jan H Beumer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Vincent C O Njar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Isoprene Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 801 W. Baltimore Street, Suite 502J, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC), the second most prevalent malignancy in men worldwide, has been proven to depend on the aberrant activation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Long-term androgen deprivation for the treatment of PC inevitably leads to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in which AR remains a crucial oncogenic driver. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new strategies to address this unmet medical need. Targeting AR for degradation has recently been in a vigorous development stage, and accumulating clinical studies have highlighted the benefits of AR degraders in CRPC patients. Herein, we provide a comprehensive summary of small-molecule AR degraders with diverse mechanisms of action including proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), selective AR degraders (SARDs), hydrophobic tags (HyT), and other AR degraders with distinct mechanisms. Accordingly, their structure-activity relationships, biomedical applications, and therapeutic values are also dissected to provide insights into the future development of promising AR degradation-based therapeutics for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ha
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Guoshun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Hua Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
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Wang A, Luo X, Wang Y, Meng X, Lu Z, Yang Y. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Androgen Receptor Degrading and Antagonizing Bifunctional Steroidal Analogs for the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12460-12481. [PMID: 36070471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with high mortality has seriously threatened men's health. Bifunctional agents simultaneously degrade and antagonize androgen receptor (AR), display robust AR signaling pathway blockade, and show the therapeutic prospect for mCRPC. Herein, systemic structural modifications on the C-3, C-6, and C-17 positions of galeterone led to the discovery of 67-b with the dual functions of AR antagonism and degradation. In vitro, 67-b exhibited excellent antiproliferative activity and potent AR degradation activity in different PCa cells (LNCaP and 22RV1), as well as outstanding antagonistic activity against wild-type and mutant (W741L, T877A, and F876L) ARs. In vivo, 67-b effectively inhibited the growth of hormone-sensitive organs in the Hershberger assay and exhibited tumor regression in the enzalutamide-resistant (c4-2b-ENZ) xenograft model. These results confirmed 67-b to be a promising AR degrader and antagonist for the treatment of mCRPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianggang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yawan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yushe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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Purushottamachar P, Thomas E, Thankan RS, Rudchenko V, Huang G, Njar VCO. Large-scale synthesis of galeterone and lead next generation galeterone analog VNPP433-3β. Steroids 2022; 185:109062. [PMID: 35690119 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
VNPP433-3β (compound 2, (3β-(1H-imidazole-1-yl)-17-(1H-benzimidazole-1-yl)-androsta-5,16-diene), a multitarget anticancer agent has emerged as our lead next generation galeterone analogs (NGGA). Here, we describe a large multi-gram (92 g) scale synthesis of compound 2 starting from the commercially available dehydroepiandrosterone-3-acetate (DHEA, 6) via Galeterone (Gal, 1), in 8 steps with a 26% overall yield and 99.5% purity. The overall yield for the synthesis of Gal from DHEA improved from previously reported 47% to 59%. The advantages of this synthesis are as follows: (1) In the first two steps of Scheme 2, the change of solvents and reagents enabled the isolation of compounds 7 and 8 from heptane triturations, as column chromatography was eliminated in both steps. (2) In step 3 (deformylation) the catalyst required was reduced from 50% to 10% (wt/wt) of compound 8 which enable easy purification of compound 9, with modest increased yield. (3) The fourth step to produce Gal (1) was improved by using methanol, eliminating the use of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dichloromethane, solvent which may be a problem as residual solvent contaminant. (4) In the final step 8, the imidazole-ring formation, inexpensive glyoxal (40% aqueous solution) was used in the reaction instead of expensive glyoxal trimer dihydrate. The structure of the target product (2, VNPP433-3β) was established by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. Gal and VNPP433-3β exhibit more potent antiproliferative activities against CWR22Rv1 human prostate cancer cells compared to clinical drugs, Abiraterone and Enzalutamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puranik Purushottamachar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Retheesh S Thankan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Flavocure Biotech, 701 E. Pratt Street, Suite 2033, Baltimore MD 21202, USA; Isoprene pharmaceuticals, Inc., 875 Hollins Street, Suite 102D, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Vladimir Rudchenko
- Alchem Laboratories Corporation. 13305 Rachael Blvd., Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - Guangfei Huang
- Alchem Laboratories Corporation. 13305 Rachael Blvd., Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - Vincent C O Njar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Isoprene pharmaceuticals, Inc., 875 Hollins Street, Suite 102D, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Thomas E, Thankan RS, Purushottamachar P, Huang W, Kane MA, Zhang Y, Ambulos NP, Weber DJ, Njar VCO. Novel AR/AR-V7 and Mnk1/2 Degrader, VNPP433-3β: Molecular Mechanisms of Action and Efficacy in AR-Overexpressing Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo Models. Cells 2022; 11:2699. [PMID: 36078112 PMCID: PMC9454942 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) relies in part on AR-signaling for disease development and progression. Earlier, we developed drug candidate galeterone, which advanced through phase 2-clinical trials in treating castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Subsequently, we designed, synthesized, and evaluated next-generation galeterone-analogs including VNPP433-3β which is potently efficacious against pre-clinical models of PCa. This study describes the mechanism of action of VNPP433-3β that promotes degradation of full-length AR (fAR) and its splice variant AR-V7 besides depleting MNK1/2 in in vitro and in vivo CRPC models that stably overexpresses fAR. VNPP433-3β directly engages AR within the cell and promotes proteasomal degradation of fAR and its splice variant AR-V7 by enhancing the interaction of AR with E3 ligases MDM2/CHIP but disrupting AR-HSP90 binding. Next, VNPP433-3β decreases phosphorylation of 4EBP1 and abates binding of eIF4E and eIF4G to 5' cap of mRNA by depleting MNK1/2 with consequent depletion of phosphorylated eIF4E. Finally, RNA-seq demonstrates modulation of multiple pathways that synergistically contribute to PCa inhibition. Therefore, VNPP433-3β exerts its antitumor effect by imposing 1) transcriptional regulation of AR and AR-responsive oncogenes 2) translational regulation by disrupting mRNA-5'cap-dependent translation initiation, 3) reducing AR half-life through enhanced proteasomal degradation in vitro and AR-overexpressing tumor xenografts in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Retheesh S. Thankan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Flavocure Biotech, 701 E. Pratt St, Ste 2033, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
- Isoprene Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 801 W Baltimore Street, Suite 502J, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Puranik Purushottamachar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Weiliang Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yuji Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Maryland, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Ambulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Marlene Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - David J. Weber
- The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Vincent C. O. Njar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Huo H, Li G, Shi B, Li J. Recent advances on synthesis and biological activities of C-17 aza-heterocycle derived steroids. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 69:116882. [PMID: 35749841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Steroids modification for improving their biological activities is one of the most efficient and fruitful methods to develop novel medicines. Steroids with aza-heterocycles attaching to the C-17 owing various biological activities have received great attentions and some of the compounds are developed successfully as drugs. In this review, the research of the syntheses and biological activities of steroids bearing various aza-heterocycles published in the last 8 years is assembled, and some important structure-activity relationships (SARs) of active compounds are presented. According to the analysis of the literatures and our experiences in this field, the potential of aza-heterocyclic steroids as medicinal drugs is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Huo
- Department of Life Sciences, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046011, Shanxi, China
| | - Guixia Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Baojun Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Life Sciences, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046011, Shanxi, China; Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046011, Shanxi, China.
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Wu H, Ren J, Zhao L, Li Z, Ye W, Yang Y, Wang J, Bian J. Identification of novel androgen receptor degrading agents to treat advanced prostate cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 217:113376. [PMID: 33756125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignancies affecting men worldwide. Androgen receptor (AR) has been a target of PCa treatment for nearly six decades. AR antagonists/degraders can effectively treat PCa caused by increased AR overexpression. However, all approved AR antagonists have similar chemical structures and exhibit the same mode of action on the protein. Although initially effective, resistance to these AR antagonists usually develops. Therefore, this calls for the identification of novel chemical structures of AR antagonists to overcome the resistance. Herein, we employed the synergetic combination of virtual and experimental screening to identify a flavonoid compound which not only effectively inhibits AR transcriptional activity, but also induces the degradation of the protein. Based on this compound, we designed and synthesized a series of derivatives. We discovered that the most potent compound 10e could effectively inhibit AR transcriptional activity, and possessed a profound ability to cause degradation of both full length- and ARv7 truncated forms of human AR. Notably, 10e efficiently inhibited the growth of ARv7 dependent prostate cancer cell-lines, which are completely resistant to all current anti-androgens. Compound 10e also showed strong antitumor activity in the LNCaP (androgen dependent prostate cancer cell line) in vivo xenograft model. These results provide a foundation for the development of a new class of AR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxi Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lulu Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wanli Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jubo Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jinlei Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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10
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Yu J, Zhou P, Du W, Xu R, Yan G, Deng Y, Li X, Chen Y. Metabolically stable diphenylamine derivatives suppress androgen receptor and BET protein in prostate cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113946. [PMID: 32247852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is a crucial driver of prostate cancer (PC). AR-relevant resistance remains a major challenge in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) family are critical AR coregulators. Here, we developed several diphenylamine derivatives and identified compound 7d that disrupted the functions of AR and BET family in prostate cancer and exhibited favorable metabolic stability in vitro and high drug exposure in vivo. We showed 7d not only bound to AR, suppressed transactivation of wild-type AR (wt-AR) and the mutant that mediates Enzalutamide resistance, but also reduced c-Myc protein expression through BET inhibition. In addition, 7d inhibited the proliferation of AR-positive PC cells with favorable selectivity and suppressed AR-V7-expressing VCaP and 22Rv1 xenografts growth in vivo. Collectively, these results indicate the potential of lead compound 7d as an orally available AR and BET inhibitor to treat CRPC and overcome antiandrogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Peiting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wu Du
- Hinova Pharmaceuticals Inc., 4th Floor, Building RongYao A, No. 5, Keyuan South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ruixue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guoyi Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Yufang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinghai Li
- Hinova Pharmaceuticals Inc., 4th Floor, Building RongYao A, No. 5, Keyuan South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuanwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; Hinova Pharmaceuticals Inc., 4th Floor, Building RongYao A, No. 5, Keyuan South Road, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Lu C, Brown LC, Antonarakis ES, Armstrong AJ, Luo J. Androgen receptor variant-driven prostate cancer II: advances in laboratory investigations. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2020; 23:381-397. [PMID: 32139878 PMCID: PMC7725416 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-020-0217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: The androgen receptor (AR) is a key prostate cancer drug target.
Suppression of AR signaling mediated by the full-length AR (AR-FL) is the
therapeutic goal of all existing AR-directed therapies. AR-targeting agents
impart therapeutic benefit, but lead to AR aberrations that underlie disease
progression and therapeutic resistance. Among the AR aberrations specific to
castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), AR variants (AR-Vs) have
emerged as important indicators of disease progression and therapeutic
resistance. Methods: We conducted a systemic review of the literature focusing on recent
laboratory studies on AR-Vs following our last review article published in
2016. Topics ranged from measurement and detection, molecular origin,
regulation, genomic function, and preclinical therapeutic targeting of
AR-Vs. We provide expert opinions and perspectives on these topics. Results: Transcript sequences for 22 AR-Vs have been reported in the
literature. Different AR-Vs may arise through different mechanisms, and can
be regulated by splicing factors and dictated by genomic rearrangements, but
a low-androgen environment is a prerequisite for generation of AR-Vs. The
unique transcript structures allowed development of in-situ and in-solution
measurement and detection methods, including mRNA and protein detection, in
both tissue and blood specimens. AR variant-7 (AR-V7) remains the main
measurement target and the most extensively characterized AR-V. Although
AR-V7 co-exists with AR-FL, genomic functions mediated by AR-V7 do not
require the presence of AR-FL. The distinct cistromes and transcriptional
programs directed by AR-V7 and their co-regulators are consistent with
genomic features of progressive disease in a low-androgen environment.
Preclinical development of AR-V-directed agents currently focuses on
suppression of mRNA expression and protein degradation as well as targeting
of the amino-terminal domain. Conclusions: Current literature continues to support AR-Vs as biomarkers and
therapeutic targets in prostate cancer. Laboratory investigations reveal
both challenges and opportunities in targeting AR-Vs to overcome resistance
to current AR-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxue Lu
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Landon C Brown
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Divisions of Medical Oncology and Urology, Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Armstrong
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Divisions of Medical Oncology and Urology, Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Departments of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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12
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Ferroni C, Varchi G. Non-Steroidal Androgen Receptor Antagonists and Prostate Cancer: A Survey on Chemical Structures Binding this Fast-Mutating Target. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6053-6073. [PMID: 30209993 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180913095239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The Androgen Receptor (AR) pathway plays a major role in both the pathogenesis and progression of prostate cancer. In particular, AR is chiefly involved in the development of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC) as well as in the resistance to the secondgeneration AR antagonist enzalutamide, and to the selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) abiraterone. Several small molecules acting as AR antagonists have been designed and developed so far, also as a result of the ability of cells expressing this molecular target to rapidly develop resistance and turn pure receptor antagonists into ineffective or event detrimental molecules. This review covers a survey of most promising classes of non-steroidal androgen receptor antagonists, also providing insights into their mechanism of action and efficacy in treating prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ferroni
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity - ISOF, Italian National Research Council, Bologna, Italy
| | - Greta Varchi
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity - ISOF, Italian National Research Council, Bologna, Italy
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13
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Kwegyir-Afful AK, Ramalingam S, Ramamurthy VP, Purushottamachar P, Murigi FN, Vasaitis TS, Huang W, Kane MA, Zhang Y, Ambulos N, Tiwari S, Srivastava P, Nnane IP, Hussain A, Qiu Y, Weber DJ, Njar VCO. Galeterone and The Next Generation Galeterone Analogs, VNPP414 and VNPP433-3β Exert Potent Therapeutic Effects in Castration-/Drug-Resistant Prostate Cancer Preclinical Models In Vitro and In Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1637. [PMID: 31653008 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
These studies compared the efficacies of our clinical agent galeterone (Gal) and the FDA-approved prostate cancer drug, enzalutamide (ENZ) with two lead next generation galeterone analogs (NGGAs), VNPP414 and VNPP433-3β, using prostate cancer (PC) in vitro and in vivo models. Antitumor activities of orally administered agents were also assessed in CWR22Rv1 tumor-bearing mice. We demonstrated that Gal and NGGAs degraded AR/AR-V7 and Mnk1/2; blocked cell cycle progression and proliferation of human PC cells; induced apoptosis; inhibited cell migration, invasion, and putative stem cell markers; and reversed the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In addition, Gal/NGGAs (alone or in combination) also inhibited the growth of ENZ-, docetaxel-, and mitoxantrone-resistant human PC cell lines. The NGGAs exhibited improved pharmacokinetic profiles over Gal in mice. Importantly, in vivo testing showed that VNPP433-3β (at 7.53-fold lower equimolar dose than Gal) markedly suppressed (84% vs. Gal, 47%; p < 0.01) the growth of castration-resistant PC (CRPC) CWR22Rv1 xenograft tumors, with no apparent host toxicity. ENZ was ineffective in this CRPC xenograft model. In summary, our findings show that targeting AR/AR-V7 and Mnk1/2 for degradation represents an effective therapeutic strategy for PC/CRPC treatment and supports further development of VNPP433-3β towards clinical investigation.
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14
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Yu J, Zhou P, Hu M, Yang L, Yan G, Xu R, Deng Y, Li X, Chen Y. Discovery and biological evaluation of darolutamide derivatives as inhibitors and down-regulators of wild-type AR and the mutants. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111608. [PMID: 31437779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) has been a target of prostate cancer (PC) for nearly six decades. Recently, downregulating or degrading AR and the mutants especially the splice variant 7 (AR-V7) lacking ligand binding domain (LBD) emerged as an advantageous therapeutic approach to overcome drug resistance. Here, the structural modification of darolutamide resulted in the discovery of dual-action AR inhibitors and down-regulators. Unlike other traditional AR antagonists targeting the AR-LBD, compounds 4k and 4b not only inhibit the activities of wt-AR and AR-F876L mutant but also downregulate the protein expression of full-length (AR-full) and AR variant 7 (AR-V7) at mRNA level. In cell proliferation assays, compounds 4k and 4b exhibited better antiproliferative activities than darolutamide and enzalutamide against AR-V7-positive 22Rv1 cells and VCaP cells. In addition, 4k demonstrated better antitumor activity than clinically used enzalutamide in castration-resistant VCaP xenograft model. Collectively, combining the activities of AR inhibition and downregulation, compound 4k is proposed as an advantageous lead compound to disrupt AR signaling and overcome resistance.
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15
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Ferroni C, Pepe A, Kim YS, Lee S, Guerrini A, Parenti MD, Tesei A, Zamagni A, Cortesi M, Zaffaroni N, De Cesare M, Beretta GL, Trepel JB, Malhotra SV, Varchi G. 1,4-Substituted Triazoles as Nonsteroidal Anti-Androgens for Prostate Cancer Treatment. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3082-3093. [PMID: 28272894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the fifth leading cause of cancer death in men, and the androgen receptor (AR) represents the primary target for PC treatment, even though the disease frequently progresses toward androgen-independent forms. Most of the commercially available nonsteroidal antiandrogens show a common scaffold consisting of two aromatic rings connected by a linear or a cyclic spacer. By taking advantage of a facile, one-pot click chemistry reaction, we report herein the preparation of a small library of novel 1,4-substituted triazoles with AR antagonistic activity. Biological and theoretical evaluation demonstrated that the introduction of the triazole core in the scaffold of nonsteroidal antiandrogens allowed the development of small molecules with improved overall AR-antagonist activity. In fact, compound 14d displayed promising in vitro antitumor activity toward three different prostate cancer cell lines and was able to induce 60% tumor growth inhibition of the CW22Rv1 in vivo xenograft model. These results represent a step toward the development of novel and improved AR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ferroni
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council , Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonella Pepe
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research , 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yeong Sang Kim
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Building 10, Magnuson CC, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Sunmin Lee
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Building 10, Magnuson CC, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Andrea Guerrini
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council , Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Daniele Parenti
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council , Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Tesei
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS , Via P. Maroncelli, 40, 47014 Meldola, Forlì Italy
| | - Alice Zamagni
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS , Via P. Maroncelli, 40, 47014 Meldola, Forlì Italy
| | - Michela Cortesi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS , Via P. Maroncelli, 40, 47014 Meldola, Forlì Italy
| | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Tumori Milano , Via Amadeo, 42, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Jane B Trepel
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Building 10, Magnuson CC, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Sanjay V Malhotra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California 94304, United States
| | - Greta Varchi
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council , Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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16
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Kwegyir-Afful AK, Murigi FN, Purushottamachar P, Ramamurthy VP, Martin MS, Njar VCO. Galeterone and its analogs inhibit Mnk-eIF4E axis, synergize with gemcitabine, impede pancreatic cancer cell migration, invasion and proliferation and inhibit tumor growth in mice. Oncotarget 2016; 8:52381-52402. [PMID: 28881737 PMCID: PMC5581036 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival rate for pancreatic cancer (pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, PDAC) is poor, with about 80% of patients presenting with the metastatic disease. Gemcitabine, the standard chemotherapeutic agent for locally advanced and metastatic PDAC has limited efficacy, attributed to innate/acquired resistance and activation of pro-survival pathways. The Mnk1/2-eIF4E and NF-κB signaling pathways are implicated in PDAC disease progression/metastasis and also associated with gemcitabine-induced resistance in PDAC. Galeterone (gal), a multi-target, agent in phase III clinical development for prostate cancer has also shown effects on the aforementioned pathways. We show for the first time, that gal/analogs (VNPT55, VNPP414 and VNPP433-3β) profoundly inhibited cell viability of gemcitabine-naive/resistance PDAC cell lines and strongly synergized with gemcitabine in gemcitabine-resistant PDAC cells. In addition, to inducing G1 cell cycle arrest, gal/analogs induced caspase 3-mediated cell-death of PDAC cells. Gal/analogs caused profound downregulation of Mnk1/2, peIF4E and NF-κB (p-p65), metastatic inducing factors (N-cadherin, MMP-1/-2/-9, Slug, Snail and CXCR4) and putative stem cell factors, (β-Catenin, Nanog, BMI-1 and Oct-4). Gal/analog also depleted EZH2 and upregulated E-Cadherin. These effects resulted in significant inhibition of PDAC cell migration, invasion and proliferation. Importantly, we also observed strong MiaPaca-2 tumor xenograft growth inhibition (61% to 92%). Collectively, these promising findings strongly support further development of gal/analogs as novel therapeutics for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Kwegyir-Afful
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA.,Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
| | - Francis N Murigi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA.,Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
| | - Puranik Purushottamachar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA.,Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
| | - Vidya P Ramamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA.,Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
| | - Marlena S Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA.,Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA.,Current Address: Bernard J. Dunn School of Pharmacy, Shenandoah University, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Vincent C O Njar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA.,Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
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17
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Purushottamachar P, Murigi FN, Njar VCO. Improved Procedures for Gram-Scale Synthesis of Galeterone 3β-Imidazole and Galeterone 3β-Pyridine Methoxylate, Potent Androgen Receptor/Mnk Degrading Agents. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Puranik Purushottamachar
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, and §Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1559, United States
| | - Francis N. Murigi
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, and §Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1559, United States
| | - Vincent C. O. Njar
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, and §Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1559, United States
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