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Thomas E, Thankan RS, Purushottamachar P, Huang W, Kane MA, Zhang Y, Ambulos NP, Weber DJ, Njar VCO. Novel AR/AR-V7 and Mnk1/2 Degrader, VNPP433-3β: Molecular Mechanisms of Action and Efficacy in AR-Overexpressing Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo Models. Cells 2022; 11:2699. [PMID: 36078112 PMCID: PMC9454942 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) relies in part on AR-signaling for disease development and progression. Earlier, we developed drug candidate galeterone, which advanced through phase 2-clinical trials in treating castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Subsequently, we designed, synthesized, and evaluated next-generation galeterone-analogs including VNPP433-3β which is potently efficacious against pre-clinical models of PCa. This study describes the mechanism of action of VNPP433-3β that promotes degradation of full-length AR (fAR) and its splice variant AR-V7 besides depleting MNK1/2 in in vitro and in vivo CRPC models that stably overexpresses fAR. VNPP433-3β directly engages AR within the cell and promotes proteasomal degradation of fAR and its splice variant AR-V7 by enhancing the interaction of AR with E3 ligases MDM2/CHIP but disrupting AR-HSP90 binding. Next, VNPP433-3β decreases phosphorylation of 4EBP1 and abates binding of eIF4E and eIF4G to 5' cap of mRNA by depleting MNK1/2 with consequent depletion of phosphorylated eIF4E. Finally, RNA-seq demonstrates modulation of multiple pathways that synergistically contribute to PCa inhibition. Therefore, VNPP433-3β exerts its antitumor effect by imposing 1) transcriptional regulation of AR and AR-responsive oncogenes 2) translational regulation by disrupting mRNA-5'cap-dependent translation initiation, 3) reducing AR half-life through enhanced proteasomal degradation in vitro and AR-overexpressing tumor xenografts in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Retheesh S. Thankan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Flavocure Biotech, 701 E. Pratt St, Ste 2033, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
- Isoprene Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 801 W Baltimore Street, Suite 502J, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Puranik Purushottamachar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Weiliang Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yuji Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Maryland, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Ambulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Marlene Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - David J. Weber
- The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Vincent C. O. Njar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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2
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Fakhroueian Z, Rajabi S, Salehi N, Tavirani MR, Noori S, Nourbakhsh M. Anticancer properties of novel zinc oxide quantum dot nanoparticles against breast cancer stem-like cells. Anticancer Drugs 2022; 33:e311-e326. [PMID: 34419959 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an essential role in cancer development, metastasis, relapse, and resistance to treatment. In this article, the effects of three synthesized ZnO nanofluids on proliferation, apoptosis, and stemness markers of breast cancer stem-like cells are reported. The antiproliferative and apoptotic properties of ZnO nanoparticles were evaluated on breast cancer stem-like cell-enriched mammospheres by MTS assay and flowcytometry, respectively. The expression of stemness markers, including WNT1, NOTCH1, β-catenin, CXCR4, SOX2, and ALDH3A1 was assessed by real-time PCR. Western blotting was used to analyze the phosphorylation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3). Markers of stemness were significantly decreased by ZnO nanofluids, especially sample (c) with code ZnO-148 with a different order of addition of polyethylene glycol solution at the end of formulation, which considerably decreased all the markers compared to the controls. All the studied ZnO nanofluids considerably reduced viability and induced apoptosis of spheroidal and parental cells, with ZnO-148 presenting the most effective activity. Using CD95L as a death ligand and ZB4 as an extrinsic apoptotic pathway blocker, it was revealed that none of the nanoparticles induced apoptosis through the extrinsic pathway. Results also showed a marked inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway by ZnO nanoparticles; confirmed by downregulation of Mcl-1 and Bcl-XL expression. The present data demonstrated that ZnO nanofluids could combat breast CSCs via decreasing stemness markers, stimulating apoptosis, and suppressing JAK/STAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Fakhroueian
- College of Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Petroleum Engineering, University of Tehran
| | - Sadegh Rajabi
- Traditional Medicine and Materia Medica Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
| | | | - Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science
| | | | - Mitra Nourbakhsh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine
- Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Knight JRP, Alexandrou C, Skalka GL, Vlahov N, Pennel K, Officer L, Teodosio A, Kanellos G, Gay DM, May-Wilson S, Smith EM, Najumudeen AK, Gilroy K, Ridgway RA, Flanagan DJ, Smith RCL, McDonald L, MacKay C, Cheasty A, McArthur K, Stanway E, Leach JD, Jackstadt R, Waldron JA, Campbell AD, Vlachogiannis G, Valeri N, Haigis KM, Sonenberg N, Proud CG, Jones NP, Swarbrick ME, McKinnon HJ, Faller WJ, Le Quesne J, Edwards J, Willis AE, Bushell M, Sansom OJ. MNK Inhibition Sensitizes KRAS-Mutant Colorectal Cancer to mTORC1 Inhibition by Reducing eIF4E Phosphorylation and c-MYC Expression. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:1228-1247. [PMID: 33328217 PMCID: PMC7611341 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
KRAS-mutant colorectal cancers are resistant to therapeutics, presenting a significant problem for ∼40% of cases. Rapalogs, which inhibit mTORC1 and thus protein synthesis, are significantly less potent in KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer. Using Kras-mutant mouse models and mouse- and patient-derived organoids, we demonstrate that KRAS with G12D mutation fundamentally rewires translation to increase both bulk and mRNA-specific translation initiation. This occurs via the MNK/eIF4E pathway culminating in sustained expression of c-MYC. By genetic and small-molecule targeting of this pathway, we acutely sensitize KRASG12D models to rapamycin via suppression of c-MYC. We show that 45% of colorectal cancers have high signaling through mTORC1 and the MNKs, with this signature correlating with a 3.5-year shorter cancer-specific survival in a subset of patients. This work provides a c-MYC-dependent cotargeting strategy with remarkable potency in multiple Kras-mutant mouse models and metastatic human organoids and identifies a patient population that may benefit from its clinical application. SIGNIFICANCE: KRAS mutation and elevated c-MYC are widespread in many tumors but remain predominantly untargetable. We find that mutant KRAS modulates translation, culminating in increased expression of c-MYC. We describe an effective strategy targeting mTORC1 and MNK in KRAS-mutant mouse and human models, pathways that are also commonly co-upregulated in colorectal cancer.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 995.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - George L Skalka
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kathryn Pennel
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Leah Officer
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Teodosio
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - David M Gay
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rachael C L Smith
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Laura McDonald
- Drug Discovery Unit, CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Craig MacKay
- Drug Discovery Unit, CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Cheasty
- CRUK Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kerri McArthur
- CRUK Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Stanway
- CRUK Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua D Leach
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Georgios Vlachogiannis
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Valeri
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M Haigis
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher G Proud
- Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Neil P Jones
- CRUK Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin E Swarbrick
- CRUK Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - John Le Quesne
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Glenfield Hospital, Leicester University Hospitals NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E Willis
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Bushell
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Owen J Sansom
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Kwong SP, Huang Z, Ji L, Wang C. PORIMIN: The key to (+)-Usnic acid-induced liver toxicity and oncotic cell death in normal human L02 liver cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 270:113873. [PMID: 33485970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Usnic acid (UA) is one of the well-known lichen metabolites that induces liver injury. It is mainly extracted from Usnea longissima and U. diffracta in China or from other lichens in other countries. U. longissima has been used as traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of cough, pain, indigestion, wound healing and infection. More than 20 incidences with hepatitis and liver failure have been reported by the US Food and Drug Administration since 2000. UA is an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation causing glutathione and ATP depletion. Previous histological studies observed extensive cell and organelle swellings accompanied with hydrotropic vacuolization of hepatocytes. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was to investigate the mechanism of UA-induced liver toxicity in normal human L02 liver cells and ICR mice using various techniques, such as immunoblotting and siRNA transfection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Assays were performed to evaluate the oxidative stress and levels of GSH, MDA and SOD. Double flouresencence staining was used for the detection of apoptotic cell death. The protein expressions, such as glutathione S transferase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase 4, catalase, c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase, caspases, gastamin-D and porimin were detected by Western blotting. Comparisons between transfected and non-transfected cells were applied for the elucidation of the role of porimin in UA-induced hepatotoxicity. Histopathological examination of mice liver tissue, serum total bilirubin and hepatic enzymes of alanine aminotransferase and aspatate aminotransferase were also studied. RESULTS The protein expressions of glutathione reductase, glutathione S transferase and glutathione peroxidase-4 were increased significantly in normal human L02 liver cells. Catalase expression was diminished in dose-dependent manner. Moreover, (+)-UA did not induce the activation of caspase-3, caspase-1 or gasdermin-D. No evidence showed the occurrence of pyroptosis. However, the porimin expressions were increased significantly. In addition, (+)-UA caused no cytotoxicity in the porimin silencing L02 cells. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, (+)-UA induces oncotic L02 cell death via increasing protein porimin and the formation of irreversible membrane pores. This may be the potential research area for future investigation in different aspects especially bioactivity and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukfan P Kwong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Zhenlin Huang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Lili Ji
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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5
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Wang H, Sun G, Xu P, Lv J, Zhang X, Zhang L, Wang S, Cao J, Xia Y, Xuan Z, Li B, Huang X, Jiang T, Fang L, Xu Z. Circular RNA TMEM87A promotes cell proliferation and metastasis of gastric cancer by elevating ULK1 via sponging miR-142-5p. J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:125-138. [PMID: 33155080 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-020-01744-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNAs (circRNAs) act as vital regulators of gene expression in a variety of cancers. However, the role of circRNAs in gastric cancer (GC) remains largely unexplored. Herein, we identified that circTMEM87A sponges miR-142-5p to promote GC progression through up-regulating ULK1 expression. METHODS The expression of circTMEM87A in GC was determined by RNA sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The effects of knockdown or exogenous expression of circTMEM87A on GC cell phenotypes were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The interacting miRNA of circTMEM87A was predicted by bioinformatics and confirmed by RNA pull-down, dual-luciferase reporter assay and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The mechanism by which circTMEM87A/miR-142-5p/ULK1 axis promotes GC was determined by western blot, GFP/mRFP-LC3 puncta analysis, transmission electron microscope (TEM). RESULTS CircTMEM87A was dramatically elevated in GC tissues and cell lines, and high circTMEM87A expression was closely correlated with poor prognosis of GC patients. Knockdown of circTMEM87A suppressed cell growth, migration, invasion and induced apoptosis in vitro, as well as inhibited GC tumorigenicity and lung metastasis potential in vivo. Meanwhile, circTMEM87A overexpression had the opposite effects. Furthermore, we demonstrated that circTMEM87A could act as a sponge of miR-142-5p to regulate ULK1 expression and GC progression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that circTMEM87A functions as an oncogene through the miR-142-5p/ULK1 axis in GC. CircTMEM87A might be a prognostic biomarker as well as a promising therapeutic target for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, 223300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangli Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Penghui Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jialun Lv
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiacheng Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiwen Xia
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhe Xuan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxu Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianlu Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lang Fang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zekuan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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Swe MT, Thongnak L, Jaikumkao K, Pongchaidecha A, Chatsudthipong V, Lungkaphin A. Dapagliflozin attenuates renal gluconeogenic enzyme expression in obese rats. J Endocrinol 2020; 245:193-205. [PMID: 32092034 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The kidneys release glucose into the systemic circulation through glucose reabsorption and renal gluconeogenesis. Currently, the significance of renal glucose release in pathological conditions has become a subject of interest. We examined the effect of sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) on renal gluconeogenic enzyme expression in obese rats. Male Wistar rats (180-200 g) were fed either a normal diet (ND, n = 6) or a high-fat diet. At 16 weeks, after confirming the degree of glucose intolerance, high-fat diet-fed rats were randomly subdivided into three groups (n = 6/group): untreated group (HF), treated with dapagliflozin 1 mg/kg/day (HFSG) and treated with metformin 30 mg/kg/day (HFM). The treatment was continued for 4 weeks. We observed that dapagliflozin or metformin mitigated the enhanced expression of renal gluconeogenic enzymes, PEPCK, G6Pase and FBPase, as well as improved glucose tolerance and renal function in obese rats. Dapagliflozin downregulated the elevated expression of gluconeogenic transcription factors p-GSK3β, p-CREB and coactivator PGC1α in the renal cortical tissue. Metformin reduced the expression levels of renal cortical FOXO1 and CREB. Furthermore, reduced renal insulin signaling was improved and renal oxidative stress was attenuated by either dapagliflozin or metformin treatment in obese rats. We concluded that glucose tolerance was improved by dapagliflozin in obese prediabetic rats by suppressing renal glucose release from not only glucose reabsorption but also renal gluconeogenesis through improving renal cortical insulin signaling and oxidative stress. The efficacy of dapagliflozin in improving renal insulin signaling, oxidative stress and renal function was greater than that of metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myat Theingi Swe
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine 2, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Laongdao Thongnak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Krit Jaikumkao
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Pongchaidecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Varanuj Chatsudthipong
- Research Center of Transport Protein for Medical Innovation, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anusorn Lungkaphin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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7
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Dong XZ, Song Y, Lu YP, Hu Y, Liu P, Zhang L. Sanguinarine inhibits the proliferation of BGC-823 gastric cancer cells via regulating miR-96-5p/miR-29c-3p and the MAPK/JNK signaling pathway. J Nat Med 2019; 73:777-788. [PMID: 31243669 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-019-01330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sanguinarine (SAN), a quaternary benzophenanthridine alkaloid extracted from the root of Papaveraceae plants, has shown antitumour effects in multiple cancer cells. However, the therapeutic effects and the underlying mechanisms of SAN in gastric cancer (GC) remain elusive. In this study, the in vitro proliferation inhibition effect of SAN in GC cells was determined using CCK-8 assay, the in vivo antitumor effect of SAN was evaluated in mice with xenotransplanted tumor. The mechanism underlying the antitumor activity of SAN was explored by gene microarray assay and bioinformatics analysis. The levels of differentially expressed miRNAs and target genes were verified by real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. SAN inhibited the proliferation of BGC-823 cells in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. The miR-96-5p and miR-29c-3p were significantly upregulated in untreated BGC-823 cells and significantly downregulated in SAN treated cells. The mRNA and protein expression of their target gene MAP4K4 were upregulated in SAN treated xenotransplanted tumors, and pMEK4 and pJNK1 proteins in the MAPK/JNK signaling pathway were also upregulated by SAN. These indicate that SAN may inhibit the proliferation of BGC-823 cells through the inhibition of miR-96-5p and miR-29c-3p expression, and subsequent activation of the MAPK/JNK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Zhe Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Road, Xicheng District, 100053, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Road, Xicheng District, 100053, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Pan Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100853, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy Care Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, 100853, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy Care Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, 100853, Beijing, China.
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Road, Xicheng District, 100053, Beijing, China.
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Al-Shaghdali K, Durante B, Hayward C, Beal J, Foey A. Macrophage subsets exhibit distinct E. coli-LPS tolerisable cytokines associated with the negative regulators, IRAK-M and Tollip. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214681. [PMID: 31120887 PMCID: PMC6533032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (Mϕs) play a central role in mucosal immunity by pathogen sensing and instruction of adaptive immune responses. Prior challenge to endotoxin can render Mφs refractory to secondary exposure, suppressing the inflammatory response. Previous studies demonstrated a differential subset-specific sensitivity to endotoxin tolerance (ET), mediated by LPS from the oral pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis (PG). The aim of this study was to investigate ET mechanisms associated with Mφ subsets responding to entropathogenic E. coli K12-LPS. M1- and M2-like Mφs were generated in vitro from the THP-1 cell line by differentiation with PMA and Vitamin D3, respectively. This study investigated ET mechanisms induced in M1 and M2 Mφ subsets, by measuring modulation of expression by RT-PCR, secretion of cytokines by sandwich ELISA, LPS receptor, TLR4, as well as endogenous TLR inhibitors, IRAK-M and Tollip by Western blotting. In contrast to PG-LPS tolerisation, E. coli K12-LPS induced ET failed to exhibit a subset-specific response with respect to the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNFα, whereas exhibited a differential response for IL-10 and IL-6. TNFα expression and secretion was significantly suppressed in both M1- and M2-like Mφs. IL-10 and IL-6, on the other hand, were suppressed in M1s and refractory to suppression in M2s. ET suppressed TLR4 mRNA, but not TLR4 protein, yet induced differential augmentation of the negative regulatory molecules, Tollip in M1 and IRAK-M in M2 Mφs. In conclusion, E. coli K12-LPS differentially tolerises Mφ subsets at the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines, associated with a subset-specific divergence in negative regulators and independent of TLR4 down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Al-Shaghdali
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Barbara Durante
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Hayward
- Department of Gastroenterology, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Beal
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Foey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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9
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Zheng JC, Chang KJ, Jin YX, Zhao XW, Li B, Yang MH. Arsenic Trioxide Inhibits the Metastasis of Small Cell Lung Cancer by Blocking Calcineurin-Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells (NFAT) Signaling. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:2228-2237. [PMID: 30913205 PMCID: PMC6446656 DOI: 10.12659/msm.913091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inhibitory effect of arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) on lung cancer has been reported in some preclinical studies. However, its effect on small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has been poorly explored. Calcineurin and its substrate, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), mediate the downstream signaling of VEGF, and is critical in the process endothelium activation and tumor metastasis. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether As₂O₃ had inhibitory effects on endothelial cells activation and the metastasis of SCLC, and to explore the possible mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS In vitro, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and cell migration assay were performed to determine the effect of As₂O₃ on HUVECs proliferation and migration. The level of calcineurin, NFAT, downstream factors for Down syndrome candidate region 1 (DSCR1), and the endogenous inhibitor of calcineurin, were evaluated by quantitative PCR and western blotting. In vivo, SCLC metastasis models were established by injecting NCI-H446 cells into tail veins of nude mice. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with As₂O₃ or calcineurin inhibitor for 10 days, after which tumor metastasis in target organs was evaluated. RESULTS As₂O₃ significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. Also, As₂O₃ inhibited the expression levels of calcineurin, NFAT, and the downstream target genes CXCR7 and RND1, while it upregulated the level of DSCR1. Both As₂O₃ and calcineurin inhibitor exhibited notable inhibitory effect on the metastasis of SCLC, without obvious side effects. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that As₂O₃ had remarkable inhibitory effects on the endothelial cell activation and SCLC metastasis, and the mechanism might be related to the blocking of calcineurin-NFAT signaling by upregulating DSCR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Cheng Zheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Jie Chang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Xiang Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Wei Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Hang Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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10
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Ye X, Zhang R, Lian F, Zhang W, Lu W, Han J, Zhang N, Jin J, Luo C, Chen K, Ye F, Ding H. The identification of novel small-molecule inhibitors targeting WDR5-MLL1 interaction through fluorescence polarization based high-throughput screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 29:638-645. [PMID: 30626558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The protein-protein interaction between WDR5 (WD40 repeat protein 5) and MLL1 (mixed-lineage leukemia 1) is important for maintaining optimal H3K4 methyltransferase activity of MLL1. Dysregulation of MLL1 catalytic function is relevant to mixed-lineage leukemia, and targeting WDR5-MLL1 interaction could be a promising therapeutic strategy for leukemia harboring MLL1 fusion proteins. To date, several peptidomimetic and non-peptidomimetic small-molecule inhibitors targeting WDR5-MLL1 interaction have been reported, yet the discovery walk of new drugs inhibiting MLL1 methytransferase activity is still in its infancy. It's urgent to find other small-molecule WDR5-MLL1 inhibitors with novel scaffolds. In this study, through fluorescence polarization (FP)-based high throughput screening, several small-molecule inhibitors with potent inhibitory activities in vitro against WDR5-MLL1 interaction were discovered. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) assays were carried out to confirm the direct binding between hit compounds and WDR5. Subsequent similarity-based analog searching of the 4 hits led to several inhibitors with better activity, among them, DC_M5_2 displayed highest inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 9.63 ± 1.46 µM. Furthermore, a molecular docking study was performed and disclosed the binding modes and interaction mechanisms between two most potent inhibitors and WDR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Rukang Zhang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fulin Lian
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Weiyao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Wenchao Lu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jie Han
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Naixia Zhang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Fei Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Hong Ding
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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11
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Brear P, North A, Iegre J, Hadje Georgiou K, Lubin A, Carro L, Green W, Sore HF, Hyvönen M, Spring DR. Novel non-ATP competitive small molecules targeting the CK2 α/β interface. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3016-3020. [PMID: 29759799 PMCID: PMC6562204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increased CK2 levels are prevalent in many cancers. Combined with the critical role CK2 plays in many cell-signaling pathways, this makes it a prime target for down regulation to fight tumour growth. Herein, we report a fragment-based approach to inhibiting the interaction between CK2α and CK2β at the α-β interface of the holoenzyme. A fragment, CAM187, with an IC50 of 44 μM and a molecular weight of only 257 gmol-1 has been identified as the most promising compound. Importantly, the lead fragment only bound at the interface and was not observed in the ATP binding site of the protein when co-crystallised with CK2α. The fragment-like molecules discovered in this study represent unique scaffolds to CK2 inhibition and leave room for further optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Brear
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Old Addenbrooke's Site, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Andrew North
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Jessica Iegre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Kathy Hadje Georgiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Alexandra Lubin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Laura Carro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - William Green
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Hannah F Sore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Old Addenbrooke's Site, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - David R Spring
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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12
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Ozer AB, Ceribasi S, Ceribasi AO, Demirel I, Bayar MK, Ustundag B, Ileri A, Erhan OL. Effects of sevoflurane on apoptosis, BDNF and cognitive functions in neonatal rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 118:80-84. [PMID: 28814087 DOI: 10.4149/bll_2017_017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the early and late effects of sevoflurane on the neonatal brain. BACKGROUND Sevoflurane is the most used anaesthetics in neonatal subjects. METHODS The study included 7-day-old male Wistar-Albino rats (n = 30), which were divided into the two groups according to the anaesthetic received: sevoflurane (S) and control group (C). Half of each group was sacrificed six hours after anaesthesia (early, E) while the remaining subjects were sacrificed six weeks later (late, L). The serum brain-derived-neurotrophic factor (BDNF), brain BDNF and caspase-3 were evaluated. In addition, elevated plus arm test and Morris water test were performed in the late group. RESULTS BDNF levels were higher in the late groups than in the early ones (p < 0.05). BDNF levels in cerebral cortex were higher in the Group CE than in the Group CL and SL (p < 0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between serum BDNF and cortex BDNF levels (p = 0.003, r = -0.425). Cortex caspase 3 levels were significantly higher in the Groups SE and SL than in the Group CE and CL (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups in the terms of open arm index, locomotor activity and Morris water test. CONCLUSIONS Although sevoflurane induced apoptosis, it didn't affect BDNF levels and showed no long-term negative effects on learning and anxiety in neonatal rats (Tab. 1, Fig. 3, Ref. 26).
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Wang C, Ahmed MM, Jiang Q, Lu N, Tan C, Gao Y, Mahmood Q, Chen D, Fukunaga K, Li M, Chen Z, Wilcox CS, Lu Y, Qin Z, Han F. Melatonin ameliorates hypoglycemic stress-induced brain endothelial tight junction injury by inhibiting protein nitration of TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator. J Pineal Res 2017; 63:e12440. [PMID: 28776759 PMCID: PMC5656838 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Severe hypoglycemia has a detrimental impact on the cerebrovasculature, but the molecular events that lead to the disruption of the integrity of the tight junctions remain unclear. Here, we report that the microvessel integrity was dramatically compromised (59.41% of wild-type mice) in TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) transgenic mice stressed by hypoglycemia. Melatonin, a potent antioxidant, protects against hypoglycemic stress-induced brain endothelial tight junction injury in the dosage of 400 nmol/L in vitro. FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) imaging data of endothelial cells stressed by low glucose revealed that TIGAR couples with calmodulin to promote TIGAR tyrosine nitration. A tyrosine 92 mutation interferes with the TIGAR-dependent NADPH generation (55.60% decreased) and abolishes its protective effect on tight junctions in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. We further demonstrate that the low-glucose-induced disruption of occludin and Caludin5 as well as activation of autophagy was abrogated by melatonin-mediated blockade of nitrosative stress in vitro. Collectively, we provide information on the detailed molecular mechanisms for the protective actions of melatonin on brain endothelial tight junctions and suggest that this indole has translational potential for severe hypoglycemia-induced neurovascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng‐kun Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Muhammad Masood Ahmed
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Quan Jiang
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Nan‐nan Lu
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Chao Tan
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yin‐ping Gao
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- School of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Qaisar Mahmood
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Dan‐yang Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of PharmacologyGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous DiseasesSoochow University School of Pharmaceutical ScienceSuzhouChina
| | - Zhong Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Christopher S. Wilcox
- Hypertension, Kidney, and Vascular Research CenterGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Ying‐mei Lu
- School of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Zheng‐hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous DiseasesSoochow University School of Pharmaceutical ScienceSuzhouChina
| | - Feng Han
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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González-Santiago AE, Vargas-Guerrero B, García-López PM, Martínez-Ayala AL, Domínguez-Rosales JA, Gurrola-Díaz CM. Lupinus albus Conglutin Gamma Modifies the Gene Expressions of Enzymes Involved in Glucose Hepatic Production In Vivo. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2017; 72:134-140. [PMID: 28101822 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-016-0597-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lupinus albus seeds contain conglutin gamma (Cγ) protein, which exerts a hypoglycemic effect and positively modifies proteins involved in glucose homeostasis. Cγ could potentially be used to manage patients with impaired glucose metabolism, but there remains a need to evaluate its effects on hepatic glucose production. The present study aimed to analyze G6pc, Fbp1, and Pck1 gene expressions in two experimental animal models of impaired glucose metabolism. We also evaluated hepatic and renal tissue integrity following Cγ treatment. To generate an insulin resistance model, male Wistar rats were provided 30% sucrose solution ad libitum for 20 weeks. To generate a type 2 diabetes model (STZ), five-day-old rats were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (150 mg/kg). Each animal model was randomized into three subgroups that received the following oral treatments daily for one week: 0.9% w/v NaCl (vehicle; IR-Ctrl and STZ-Ctrl); metformin 300 mg/kg (IR-Met and STZ-Met); and Cγ 150 mg/kg (IR-Cγ and STZ-Cγ). Biochemical parameters were assessed pre- and post-treatment using colorimetric or enzymatic methods. We also performed histological analysis of hepatic and renal tissue. G6pc, Fbp1, and Pck1 gene expressions were quantified using real-time PCR. No histological changes were observed in any group. Post-treatment G6pc gene expression was decreased in the IR-Cγ and STZ-Cγ groups. Post-treatment Fbp1 and Pck1 gene expressions were reduced in the IR-Cγ group but increased in STZ-Cγ animals. Overall, these findings suggest that Cγ is involved in reducing hepatic glucose production, mainly through G6pc inhibition in impaired glucose metabolism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana E González-Santiago
- Instituto de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, C.U.C.S, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia C.P, 44350, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Belinda Vargas-Guerrero
- Instituto de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, C.U.C.S, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia C.P, 44350, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Pedro M García-López
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, C.U.C.B.A, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Alma L Martínez-Ayala
- Centro de Productos Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Yautepec, Morelos, México
| | - José A Domínguez-Rosales
- Instituto de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, C.U.C.S, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia C.P, 44350, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Carmen M Gurrola-Díaz
- Instituto de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, C.U.C.S, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia C.P, 44350, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
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15
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The differentiation program for human thyroid follicular cells (TFCs) relies on the interplay between sequence-specific transcription factors and transcriptional co-regulators. Transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) is a co-activator that regulates several transcription factors, including PAX8 and NKX2-1, which play a central role in thyroid-specific gene transcription. TAZ and PAX8/NKX2-1 are co-expressed in the nuclei of thyroid cells, and TAZ interacts directly with both PAX8 and NKX2-1, leading to their enhanced transcriptional activity on the thyroglobulin (TG) promoter and additional genes. METHODS The use of a small molecule, ethacridine, recently identified as a TAZ activator, in the differentiation of thyroid cells from human embryonic stem (hES) cells was studied. First, endodermal cells were derived from hES cells using Activin A, followed by induction of differentiation into thyroid cells directed by ethacridine and thyrotropin (TSH). RESULTS The expression of TAZ was increased in the Activin A-derived endodermal cells by ethacridine in a dose-dependent manner and followed by increases in PAX8 and NKX2-1 when assessed by both quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining. Following further differentiation with the combination of ethacridine and TSH, the thyroid-specific genes TG, TPO, TSHR, and NIS were all induced in the differentiated hES cells. When these cells were cultured with extracellular matrix-coated dishes, thyroid follicle formation and abundant TG protein expression were observed. Furthermore, such hES cell-derived thyroid follicles showed a marked TSH-induced and dose-dependent increase in radioiodine uptake and protein-bound iodine accumulation. CONCLUSION These data show that fully functional human thyroid cells can be derived from hES cells using ethacridine, a TAZ activator, which induces thyroid-specific gene expression and promotes thyroid cell differentiation from the hES cells. These studies again demonstrate the importance of transcriptional regulation in thyroid cell development. This approach also yields functional human thyrocytes, without any gene transfection or complex culture conditions, by directly manipulating the transcriptional machinery without interfering with intermediate signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risheng Ma
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center , New York, New York
| | - Syed A Morshed
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center , New York, New York
| | - Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center , New York, New York
| | - Terry F Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center , New York, New York
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine whether amantadine (AMA), as a low-affinity noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, is able to improve cognitive deficits caused by chronic stress in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, control + AMA, stress and stress + AMA groups. The chronic stress model combined chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) with isolated feeding. Animals were exposed to CUS continued for 21 days. AMA (25 mg/kg) was administrated p.o. for 20 days from the 4th day of CUS to the 23rd. Weight and sucrose consumption were measured during model establishing period. Spatial memory was evaluated using the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Following MWM testing, both long-term potentiation (LTP) and depotentiation were recorded in the hippocampal CA1 region. NR2B and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) proteins were measured by Western-blot analysis. AMA increased weight and sucrose consumption of stressed rats. Spatial memory and reversal learning in stressed rats were impaired relative to controls, whereas AMA significantly attenuated cognitive impairment. AMA also mitigated the chronic stress-induced impairment of hippocampal synaptic plasticity, in which both the LTP and depotentiation were significantly inhibited in stressed rats. Moreover, AMA enhanced the expression of hippocampal NR2B and PSD-95 in stressed rats. The data suggest that AMA may be an effective therapeutic agent for depression-like symptoms and associated cognitive disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yu
- a College of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- a College of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- a College of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- a College of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University , Tianjin , PR China
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Kil YS, Choi SK, Lee YS, Jafari M, Seo EK. Chalcones from Angelica keiskei: Evaluation of Their Heat Shock Protein Inducing Activities. J Nat Prod 2015; 78:2481-2487. [PMID: 26431394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Five new chalcones, 4,2',4'-trihydroxy-3'-[(2E,5E)-7-methoxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,5-octadienyl]chalcone (1), (±)-4,2',4'-trihydroxy-3'-[(2E)-6-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-octenyl]chalcone (2), 4,2',4'-trihydroxy-3'-[(2E)-3-methyl-5-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-2-pentenyl]chalcone (3), 2',3'-furano-4-hydroxy-4'-methoxychalcone (4), and (±)-4-hydroxy-2',3'-(2,3-dihydro-2-methoxyfurano)-4'-methoxychalcone (5), were isolated from the aerial parts of Angelica keiskei Koidzumi together with eight known chalcones, 6-13, which were identified as (±)-4,2',4'-trihydroxy-3'-[(6E)-2-hydroxy-7-methyl-3-methylene-6-octenyl]chalcone (6), xanthoangelol (7), xanthoangelol F (8), xanthoangelol G (9), 4-hydroxyderricin (10), xanthoangelol D (11), xanthoangelol E (12), and xanthoangelol H (13), respectively. Chalcones 1-13 were evaluated for their promoter activity on heat shock protein 25 (hsp25, murine form of human hsp27). Compounds 1 and 6 activated the hsp25 promoter by 21.9- and 29.2-fold of untreated control at 10 μM, respectively. Further protein expression patterns of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), HSP70, and HSP27 by 1 and 6 were examined. Compound 6 increased the expression of HSF1, HSP70, and HSP27 by 4.3-, 1.5-, and 4.6-fold of untreated control, respectively, without any significant cellular cytotoxicities, whereas 1 did not induce any expression of these proteins. As a result, 6 seems to be a prospective HSP inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Seo Kil
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Seul-Ki Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Yun-Sil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Mahtab Jafari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Eun-Kyoung Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 120-750, Korea
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Braun FCM, van den Brandt J, Thomas S, Lange S, Schrank J, Gand C, Przybylski GK, Schmoeckel K, Bröker BM, Schmidt CA, Grabarczyk P. In Vivo Silencing of A20 via TLR9-Mediated Targeted SiRNA Delivery Potentiates Antitumor Immune Response. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135444. [PMID: 26327508 PMCID: PMC4556692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A20 is an ubiquitin-editing enzyme that ensures the transient nature of inflammatory signaling pathways induced by cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1 or pathogens via Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways. It has been identified as a negative regulator of dendritic cell (DC) maturation and attenuator of their immunostimulatory properties. Ex vivo A20-depleted dendritic cells showed enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and costimulatory molecules, which resulted in hyperactivation of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and inhibition of regulatory T cells. In the present study, we demonstrate that a synthetic molecule consisting of a CpG oligonucleotide TLR9 agonist linked to A20-specific siRNAs silences its expression in TLR9+ mouse dendritic cells in vitro and in vivo. In the B16 mouse melanoma tumor model, silencing of A20 enhances the CpG-triggered induction of NFκB activity followed by elevated expression of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-12. This leads to potentiated antitumor immune responses manifested by increased numbers of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells, high levels of tumor cell apoptosis and delayed tumor growth. Our findings confirm the central role of A20 in controlling the immunostimulatory potency of DCs and provide a strategy for simultaneous A20 silencing and TLR activation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane C. M. Braun
- Clinic of Internal Medicine C, Department of Molecular Hematology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jens van den Brandt
- Central Core & Research Facility of Laboratory Animals, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sören Thomas
- Clinic of Internal Medicine C, Department of Molecular Hematology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sandra Lange
- Clinic of Internal Medicine C, Department of Molecular Hematology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Juliane Schrank
- Clinic of Internal Medicine C, Department of Molecular Hematology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Claudia Gand
- Clinic of Internal Medicine C, Department of Molecular Hematology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Grzegorz K. Przybylski
- Clinic of Internal Medicine C, Department of Molecular Hematology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katrin Schmoeckel
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara M. Bröker
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian A. Schmidt
- Clinic of Internal Medicine C, Department of Molecular Hematology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Piotr Grabarczyk
- Clinic of Internal Medicine C, Department of Molecular Hematology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Zhang Q, Schmandt R, Celestino J, McCampbell A, Yates MS, Urbauer DL, Broaddus RR, Loose DS, Shipley GL, Lu KH. CGRRF1 as a novel biomarker of tissue response to metformin in the context of obesity. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 133:83-9. [PMID: 24680596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity-associated hyperestrogenism and hyperinsulinemia contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of endometrial cancer. We recently demonstrated that metformin, a drug long used for treatment of type 2 diabetes, attenuates both insulin- and estrogen-mediated proliferative signaling in the obese rat endometrium. In this study, we sought to identify tissue biomarkers that may prove clinically useful to predict tissue response for both prevention and therapeutic studies. We identified CGRRF1 (cell growth regulator with ring finger domain 1) as a novel metformin-responsive gene and characterized its possible role in endometrial cancer prevention. METHODS CGRRF1 mRNA expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR in the endometrium of obese and lean rats, and also in normal and malignant human endometrium. CGRRF1 levels were genetically manipulated in endometrial cancer cells, and its effects on proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated by MTT and Western blot. RESULTS CGRRF1 is significantly induced by metformin treatment in the obese rat endometrium. In vitro studies demonstrate that overexpression of CGRRF1 inhibits endometrial cancer cell proliferation. Analysis of human endometrial tumors reveals that CGRRF1 expression is significantly lower in hyperplasia, Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3, MMMT, and UPSC endometrial tumors compared to normal human endometrium (p<0.05), suggesting that loss of CGRRF1 is associated with the presence of disease. CONCLUSION CGRRF1 represents a novel, reproducible tissue marker of metformin response in the obese endometrium. Furthermore, our preliminary data suggests that up-regulation of CGRRF1 expression may prove clinically useful in the prevention or treatment of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rosemarie Schmandt
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joseph Celestino
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Adrienne McCampbell
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Melinda S Yates
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Diana L Urbauer
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Russell R Broaddus
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David S Loose
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gregory L Shipley
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Karen H Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Xu SL, Zhu KY, Bi CWC, Choi RCY, Miernisha A, Yan AL, Maiwulanjiang M, Men SWX, Dong TTX, Tsim KWK. Flavonoids induce the expression of synaptic proteins, synaptotagmin, and postsynaptic density protein-95 in cultured rat cortical neuron. Planta Med 2013; 79:1710-1714. [PMID: 24243544 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1351023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids, a family of phenolic compounds, are widely present in our daily diet and exist in traditional Chinese medicines, in which they act as the major active functional ingredients. Different lines of evidence indicate that flavonoids have positive impacts on human health. Here, different subclasses of flavonoids were analyzed for their inductive roles in promoting the expression of synaptic proteins, synaptotagmin, and post-synaptic density protein-95 in cultured rat cortical neurons. Among the screened 65 flavonoids, (-)-catechin, luteolin, and isorhamnetin, in micromolar concentration, were found to induce the expression of synaptic proteins in a dose-dependent manner: the induction values were from 2- to 8-fold that of the control. Similar results were revealed in the flavonoid-treated hippocampal neurons. The identification of these synapse-promoting flavonoids could be very useful in finding potential drugs, or food supplements, for treating various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry L Xu
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin Y Zhu
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cathy W C Bi
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Roy C Y Choi
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Abudureyimu Miernisha
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Artemis L Yan
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maitinuer Maiwulanjiang
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon W X Men
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tina T X Dong
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karl W K Tsim
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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Chartoumpekis DV, Kensler TW. New player on an old field; the keap1/Nrf2 pathway as a target for treatment of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Curr Diabetes Rev 2013; 9:137-45. [PMID: 23363332 PMCID: PMC3601410 DOI: 10.2174/1573399811309020005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear erythroid factor 2 like 2 (Nrf2) has been described as a transcription factor that serves as a master regulator of the adaptive response to exogenous and endogenous oxidative and electrophilic stresses. Evidence of Nrf2 crosstalk with other molecular pathways is increasing; recent publications have proposed a role of Nrf2 in the development of obesity and in the highly regulated process of adipocyte differentiation through its interaction with other transcription factors and receptors implicated in metabolic regulation. In the present review, we discuss the available data on the possible role of Nrf2 in obesity and metabolic syndrome and the feasibility of using Nrf2 as a therapeutic target in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionysios V Chartoumpekis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Fraser HM, Hastings JM, Allan D, Morris KD, Rudge JS, Wiegand SJ. Inhibition of delta-like ligand 4 induces luteal hypervascularization followed by functional and structural luteolysis in the primate ovary. Endocrinology 2012; 153:1972-83. [PMID: 22334711 PMCID: PMC3413503 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Using specific inhibitors established that angiogenesis in the ovarian follicle and corpus luteum is driven by vascular endothelial growth factor. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the Notch ligand, delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) negatively regulates vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated vessel sprouting and branching. To investigate the role of Dll4 in regulation of the ovarian vasculature, we administered a neutralizing antibody to Dll4 to marmosets at the periovulatory period. The vasculature was examined on luteal d 3 or d 10: angiogenesis was determined by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine, staining for CD31 and cell death by staining for activated caspase-3. Ovulatory progesterone rises were monitored to determine effects of treatment on luteal function and time to recover normal cycles in a separate group of animals. Additionally, animals were treated in the follicular or midluteal phase to determine effects of Dll4 inhibition on follicular development and luteal function. Controls were treated with human IgG (Fc). Corpora lutea from marmosets treated during the periovulatory period exhibited increased angiogenesis and increased vascular density on luteal d 3, but plasma progesterone was significantly suppressed. By luteal d 10, corpora lutea in treated ovaries were significantly reduced in size, with involution of luteal cells, increased cell death, and suppressed plasma progesterone concentrations. In contrast, initiation of anti-Dll4 treatment during the midluteal phase produced only a slight suppression of progesterone for the remainder of the cycle. Moreover, Dll4 inhibition had no appreciable effect on follicular development. These results show that Dll4 has a specific and critical role in the development of the normal luteal vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish M Fraser
- Room C1.04, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Mougeot JLC, Bahrani-Mougeot FK, Lockhart PB, Brennan MT. Microarray analyses of oral punch biopsies from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients treated with chemotherapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2011; 112:446-52. [PMID: 21862359 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understanding the pathogenesis of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis (CIOM) is vital to develop therapies for this common, dose-limiting side effect of cancer treatment. We investigated molecular events in CIOM from buccal mucosa tissue collected before and 2 days after chemotherapy from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and healthy controls by microarray analysis. METHODS Microarray analysis was performed using Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array on buccal mucosa punch biopsies from patients with AML before (n = 4) or after chemotherapy (n = 4), and from healthy controls (n = 3). Following Robust Multichip Average (RMA) normalization, we applied Linear Models for Microarray data (LIMMA) and Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) for data analysis using the TM4/TMeV v4.5.1 program. RESULTS LIMMA and SAM identified genes potentially affected by the presence of AML, including homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 (HIPK1), mex-3 homolog D (MEX3D), and genes potentially affected by chemotherapy, including argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1), notch homolog 1 (NOTCH1), zinc transporter ZIP6 (SLC39A6), and TP53-regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (TRIAP1). The expression of 2 genes with potential biological significance in oral mucositis, ASS1 and SLC39A6 (alias LIV-1), was confirmed by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that AML-specific deregulated immune responses and inflammatory tissue damage to the oral mucosa caused by chemotherapy may not be overcome by the natural cellular repair processes and therefore contribute to CIOM.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Olanzapine (OLZ) is an atypical antipsychotic whose clinical efficacy is hampered by side effects including weight gain and diabetes. Recent evidence shows that OLZ alters insulin sensitivity independent of changes in body weight and composition. The present study addresses whether OLZ-induced insulin resistance is driven by its central actions. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats received an intravenous (OLZ-IV group) or intracerebroventricular (OLZ-ICV group) infusion of OLZ or vehicle. Glucose kinetics were assessed before (basal period) and during euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp studies. RESULTS OLZ-IV caused a transient increase in glycemia and a higher rate of glucose appearance (R(a)) in the basal period. During the hyperinsulinemic clamp, the glucose infusion rate (GIR) required to maintain euglycemia and the rate of glucose utilization (R(d)) were decreased in OLZ-IV, whereas endogenous glucose production (EGP) rate was increased compared with vehicle-IV. Consistent with an elevation in EGP, the OLZ-IV group had higher hepatic mRNA levels for the enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Phosphorylation of hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was increased in OLZ-IV rats compared with controls. Similarly, an intracerebroventricular infusion of OLZ resulted in a transient increase in glycemia as well as a higher R(a) in the basal period. During the hyperinsulinemic period, OLZ-ICV caused a decreased GIR, an increased EGP, but no change in R(d). Furthermore, OLZ-ICV rats had increased hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes and elevated hypothalamic neuropeptide-Y and agouti-related protein mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS Acute central nervous system exposure to OLZ induces hypothalamic AMPK and hepatic insulin resistance, pointing to a hypothalamic site of action for the metabolic dysregulation of atypical antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo J.F. Martins
- From the Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michael Haas
- From the Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Silvana Obici
- From the Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Corresponding author: Silvana Obici,
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25
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Saha AK, Xu XJ, Lawson E, Deoliveira R, Brandon AE, Kraegen EW, Ruderman NB. Downregulation of AMPK accompanies leucine- and glucose-induced increases in protein synthesis and insulin resistance in rat skeletal muscle. Diabetes 2010; 59:2426-34. [PMID: 20682696 PMCID: PMC3279521 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Branched-chain amino acids, such as leucine and glucose, stimulate protein synthesis and increase the phosphorylation and activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its downstream target p70S6 kinase (p70S6K). We examined in skeletal muscle whether the effects of leucine and glucose on these parameters and on insulin resistance are mediated by the fuel-sensing enzyme AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle was incubated with different concentrations of leucine and glucose with or without AMPK activators. Muscle obtained from glucose-infused rats was also used as a model. RESULTS In the EDL, incubation with 100 or 200 μmol/l leucine versus no added leucine suppressed the activity of the α2 isoform of AMPK by 50 and 70%, respectively, and caused concentration-dependent increases in protein synthesis and mTOR and p70S6K phosphorylation. Very similar changes were observed in EDL incubated with 5.5 or 25 mmol/l versus no added glucose and in muscle of rats infused with glucose in vivo. Incubation of the EDL with the higher concentrations of both leucine and glucose also caused insulin resistance, reflected by a decrease in insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation. Coincubation with the AMPK activators AICAR and α-lipoic acid substantially prevented all of those changes and increased the phosphorylation of specific sites of mTOR inhibitors raptor and tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2). In contrast, decreases in AMPK activity induced by leucine and glucose were not associated with a decrease in raptor or TSC2 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that both leucine and glucose modulate protein synthesis and mTOR/p70S6 and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle by a common mechanism. They also suggest that the effects of both molecules are associated with a decrease in AMPK activity and that AMPK activation prevents them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asish K Saha
- Diabetes Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Syk tyrosine kinase plays an important role in diverse functions in hematopoietic lineage cells. Although previous in vitro and pharmacologic analyses suggested Syk to be a possible player in the development of autoimmune arthritis, no in vivo genetic studies addressing that issue have yet been reported. The aim of the present study was to test whether genetic deficiency of Syk affects autoantibody-induced experimental arthritis in the K/BxN serum-transfer model. METHODS Syk(-/-) bone marrow chimeras carrying a Syk-deficient hematopoietic system were generated by transplanting Syk(-/-) fetal liver cells into lethally irradiated wild-type recipients. After complete repopulation of the hematopoietic compartment, autoantibody-mediated arthritis was induced by injection of arthritogenic K/BxN serum. Arthritis development was monitored by macroscopic and microscopic observation of the ankle joints, micro-computed tomography of bone morphology, as well as a joint function assay. RESULTS Genetic deficiency of Syk in the hematopoietic compartment completely blocked the development of all macroscopic and microscopic signs of arthritis. The Syk(-/-) mutation also prevented the appearance of periarticular bone erosions. Finally, Syk(-/-) bone marrow chimeras were completely protected from arthritis-induced loss of articular function. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that Syk is critically involved in the development of all clinically relevant aspects of autoantibody-mediated K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis in experimental mice. These results provide the first in vivo genetic evidence of the role of Syk in the development of autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Jakus
- Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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Peng L, Liang D, Tong W, Li J, Yuan Z. Hepatitis C virus NS5A activates the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, contributing to cell survival by disrupting the interaction between FK506-binding protein 38 (FKBP38) and mTOR. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:20870-81. [PMID: 20439463 PMCID: PMC2898342 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.112045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) often establishes a persistent infection that most likely involves a complex host-virus interplay. We previously reported that the HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) bound to cellular protein FKBP38 and resulted in apoptosis suppression in human hepatoma cell line Huh7. In the present research we further found that NS5A increased phosphorylation levels of two mTOR-targeted substrates, S6K1 and 4EBP1, in Huh7 in the absence of serum. mTOR inhibitor rapamycin or NS5A knockdown blocked S6K1 and 4EBP1 phosphorylation increase in NS5A-Huh7 and HCV replicon cells, suggesting that NS5A specifically regulated mTOR activation. Overexpression of NS5A and FKBP38 mutants or FKBP38 knockdown revealed this mTOR activation was dependent on NS5A-FKBP38 interaction. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 treatment in NS5A-Huh7 showed that the mTOR activation was independent of PI3K. Moreover, NS5A suppressed caspase 3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation, which was abolished by NS5A knockdown or rapamycin, indicating NS5A inhibited apoptosis specifically through the mTOR pathway. Further analyses suggested that apoptotic inhibition exerted by NS5A via mTOR also required NS5A-FKBP38 interaction. Glutathione S-transferase pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation showed that NS5A disrupted the mTOR-FKBP38 association. Additionally, NS5A or FKBP38 mutants recovered the mTOR-FKBP38 interaction; this indicated that the impairment of mTOR-FKBP38 association was dependent on NS5A-FKBP38 binding. Collectively, our data demonstrate that HCV NS5A activates the mTOR pathway to inhibit apoptosis through impairing the interaction between mTOR and FKBP38, which may represent a pivotal mechanism for HCV persistence and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Peng
- From the Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, and
| | - Dongyu Liang
- From the Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, and
| | - Wenyan Tong
- From the Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, and
| | - Jianhua Li
- From the Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, and
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- From the Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, and
- Institutes of Medical Microbiology and Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Richard DJ, Verheijen JC, Zask A. Recent advances in the development of selective, ATP-competitive inhibitors of mTOR. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 2010; 13:428-440. [PMID: 20597028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
mTOR is a serine-threonine kinase that plays a key role in the regulation of cellular growth. The mTOR pathway consists of two distinct complexes: mTOR/Raptor (mTORC1) and mTOR/Rictor (mTORC2). In response to changes in the levels of insulin, nutrients and energy supply, signaling through these complexes affects a variety of processes, including protein translation and cell proliferation. The efficacy of derivatives of the natural product rapamycin (sirolimus), which functions as an allosteric inhibitor of mTORC1, has validated mTOR inhibition as an anticancer treatment. More recently, extensive efforts have been focused on the discovery of ATP-competitive inhibitors of mTOR that would inhibit both mTORC1 and mTORC2 and may provide additional clinical benefit. This review provides a summary of recent research efforts in this field, focusing on mTOR inhibitors that are selective for mTOR over the related lipid kinase PI3K.
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Subbiah V, Trent JC, Kurzrock R. Resistance to mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor therapy in perivascular epithelioid cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:e415. [PMID: 20567010 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.29.4678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Wang ZG, Fukazawa T, Nishikawa T, Watanabe N, Sakurama K, Motoki T, Hatakeyama S, Omori O, Ohara T, Tanabe S, Fujiwara Y, Takaoka M, Shirakawa Y, Yamatsuji T, Tanaka N, Naomoto Y. RAD001 offers a therapeutic intervention through inhibition of mTOR as a potential strategy for esophageal cancer. Oncol Rep 2010; 23:1167-1172. [PMID: 20204306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the most frequently occurring cancers in the world. Targeting therapy strategy of cancer with specific inhibitors is developing and has showed promising antitumor efficacy. It is known that mTOR is an important controller of cell growth. RAD001 (everolimus) is a specific inhibitor of mTOR that can block the mTOR signaling pathway. The purposes of this study was to explore the inhibitory effects of RAD001 on mTOR signaling and the mechanism of cell growth suppression by RAD001. We examined both the expression of mTOR, p70S6K and S6 in SEG-1 esophageal cancer cells and KOB-13 normal esophageal epithelial cells and the efficacy of RAD001 against SEG-1 esophageal cancer cells. mTOR, p70S6K and S6 were overexpressed in SEG-1 esophageal cancer cells compared with KOB-13 normal esophageal epithelial cells. SEG-1 esophageal cancer cells were sensitive to RAD001. The survival rate of the cells treated with RAD001 over 0.33 microM was significantly different compared with that of control (P<0.01). RAD001 inhibited the phosphorylation of mTOR (Ser2448) and S6 (Ser240/244) in different grades and the expressions of mTOR, p70S6K and S6. As a result, RAD001 induced a dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation, G1/S arrest and damage of cell shape. Taken together, these data showed that RAD001 can inhibit mTOR signaling and proliferation in SEG-1 esophageal cancer cells in vitro. It offers a therapeutic intervention through inhibition of mTOR as a potential strategy for esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Gang Wang
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, The Key Laboratory of Mammal Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Hohhot 010021, PR China
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Kwitkowski VE, Prowell TM, Ibrahim A, Farrell AT, Justice R, Mitchell SS, Sridhara R, Pazdur R. FDA approval summary: temsirolimus as treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma. Oncologist 2010; 15:428-35. [PMID: 20332142 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This report summarizes the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s approval of temsirolimus (Torisel), on May 30, 2007, for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Information provided includes regulatory history, study design, study results, and literature review. A multicenter, three-arm, randomized, open-label study was conducted in previously untreated patients with poor-prognosis, advanced RCC. The study objectives were to compare overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate, and safety in patients receiving interferon (IFN)-alpha versus those receiving temsirolimus alone or in combination with IFN-alpha. In the second planned interim analysis of the intent-to-treat population (n = 626), there was a statistically significant longer OS time in the temsirolimus (25 mg) arm than in the IFN-alpha arm (median, 10.9 months versus 7.3 months; hazard ratio [HR], 0.73; p = .0078). The combination of temsirolimus (15 mg) and IFN-alpha did not lead to a significant difference in OS compared with IFN-alpha alone. There was also a statistically significant longer PFS time for the temsirolimus (25 mg) arm than for the IFN-alpha arm (median, 5.5 months versus 3.1 months; HR, 0.66, p = .0001). Common adverse reactions reported in patients receiving temsirolimus were rash, asthenia, and mucositis. Common laboratory abnormalities were anemia, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. Serious but rare cases of interstitial lung disease, bowel perforation, and acute renal failure were observed. Temsirolimus has demonstrated superiority in terms of OS and PFS over IFN-alpha and provides an additional treatment option for patients with advanced RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia E Kwitkowski
- Division of Drug Oncology Products, Office of Oncology Drug Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, USA.
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Li C, Xu B, Wang WW, Yu XJ, Zhu J, Yu HM, Han D, Pei DS, Zhang GY. Coactivation of GABA receptors inhibits the JNK3 apoptotic pathway via disassembly of GluR6-PSD-95-MLK3 signaling module in KA-induced seizure. Epilepsia 2010; 51:391-403. [PMID: 19694794 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Past work has demonstrated that kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures could cause the enhancement of excitation and lead to neuronal death in rat hippocampus. To counteract such an imbalance between excitation and inhibition, we designed experiments by activating the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor to investigate whether such activation suppresses the excitatory glutamate signaling induced by KA and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS Muscimol coapplied with baclofen was intraperitoneally administrated to the rats 40 min before KA injection by intracerebroventricular infusion. Subsequently we used a series of methods including immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, histologic analysis, and immunohistochemistry to analyze the interaction, expression, and phosphorylation of relevant proteins as well as the survival of the CA1/CA3 pyramidal neurons. RESULTS Coadministration of muscimol and baclofen exerted neuroprotection against neuron death induced by KA; inhibited the increased assembly of the GluR6-PSD-95-MLK3 module induced by KA; and suppressed the activation of MLK3, MKK7, and JNK3. DISCUSSION Taken together, we demonstrate that coactivation of the inhibitory GABA receptors can attenuate the excitatory JNK3 apoptotic signaling pathway via inhibiting the increased assembly of the GluR6-PSD-95-MLK3 signaling module induced by KA. This provides a new insight into the therapeutic approach to epileptic seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- Research Center of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Ellegaard M, Thorkildsen C, Petersen S, Petersen JS, Jørgensen NR, Just R, Schwarz P, Ramirez MT, Stahlhut M. Amylin(1-8) is devoid of anabolic activity in bone. Calcif Tissue Int 2010; 86:249-60. [PMID: 20127324 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-010-9338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Amylin(1-8), a cyclic peptide consisting of the eight N-terminal amino acids of the 37-amino acid peptide amylin, has been shown to induce proliferation of primary osteoblasts and to induce bone formation in healthy male mice, whereas no data on efficacy in bone disease-related models have been reported. Therefore, we evaluated any effects of amylin(1-8) in ovariectomized rats with established osteopenia, a model for postmenopausal osteoporosis. At doses up to 100 nmol/kg/day, a dose highly effective in healthy mice, amylin(1-8) was unable to increase bone mineral density in ovariectomized rats during an 8-week treatment period. Histomorphometric analysis of the tibia indicated that amylin(1-8) did not change bone histomorphometric parameters. In an attempt to verify any potential biological effects of amylin(1-8), we investigated the efficacy of this peptide in various in vitro assays. Experiments designed to confirm previously published results on the proliferative effects of amylin(1-8) on primary osteoblasts failed to show any response. Amylin(1-8) was able to partially displace (125)I-rat amylin(1-37) from amylin receptors composed of the calcitonin receptor and RAMP1, indicating specific interaction of the peptide with the amylin binding site. However, in vitro efficacy assays with amylin(1-8) in calcitonin receptor-RAMP-positive HEK293T and MCF7 cells failed to reveal any agonist activity of amylin(1-8), whereas amylin(1-37) showed the expected agonist activity. In conclusion, our results indicate that amylin(1-8) does not show agonist activity on amylin receptors, does not affect osteoblast proliferation, and is devoid of anabolic activity in bone.
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MESH Headings
- Amyloid/pharmacology
- Amyloid/therapeutic use
- Anabolic Agents/pharmacology
- Anabolic Agents/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Binding Sites/drug effects
- Binding Sites/physiology
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/drug therapy
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/metabolism
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/physiopathology
- Bone Regeneration/drug effects
- Bone Regeneration/physiology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/drug effects
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Islet Amyloid Polypeptide
- Membrane Proteins/drug effects
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Osteoblasts/drug effects
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Osteogenesis/drug effects
- Osteogenesis/physiology
- Ovariectomy
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Peptide Fragments/therapeutic use
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Peptides/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 1
- Receptor Activity-Modifying Proteins
- Receptors, Calcitonin/drug effects
- Receptors, Calcitonin/metabolism
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Koyama S, Cobb LJ, Mehta HH, Seeram NP, Heber D, Pantuck AJ, Cohen P. Pomegranate extract induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells by modulation of the IGF-IGFBP axis. Growth Horm IGF Res 2010; 20:55-62. [PMID: 19853487 PMCID: PMC2815223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The IGF axis is critical for the regulation of apoptosis in many human cancer cell lines. Recently, potent anti-tumorigenic effects of pomegranate juice and extracts have been reported. Consequently, pomegranate has potential not only as a treatment but also as a preventative measure against certain types of cancer, including prostate. In this study, we investigated the relationship between pomegranate-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells and the IGF/IGFBP system. Treatment of LAPC4 prostate cancer cells with 10microg/ml POMx, a highly potent pomegranate extract prepared from skin and arils minus seeds and standardized to ellagitannin content (37% punicalagins by HPLC), resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Interestingly, co-treatment with POMx and IGFBP-3 revealed synergistic stimulation of apoptosis and additive inhibition of cell growth. Western blot analysis revealed that treatment with POMx or POMx/IGFBP-3 combination resulted in increased JNK phosphorylation, and decreased Akt and mTOR activation, consistent with a growth inhibitory, pro-apoptotic function. We also investigated the relationship between IGF-1 and pomegranate-induced apoptosis in 22RV1 prostate cancer cells. Co-treatment with 100ng/ml IGF-1 completely blocked apoptosis induction by POMx. In contrast, IGF-I failed to inhibit POMx-induced apoptosis in R(-) cells, suggesting the importance of IGF-IR. POMx-treatment decreased Igf1 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner indicating that its actions also involve tumor-specific suppression of IGF-1. These studies revealed novel interactions between the IGF system and pomegranate-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Koyama
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which phosphorylates p70S6K and 4EBP1 and activates the protein translation process, is upregulated in cancers and its activation may be involved in cancer development. AIMS In this study, we investigated the tumour-suppressive effects of rapamycin and its new analogue CCI-779 on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Rapamycin and its new analogue CCI-779 were applied to treat HCC cells. Cell proliferation, cell cycle profile and tumorigenicity were analysed. RESULTS In human HCCs, we observed frequent (67%, 37/55) overexpression of mTOR transcripts using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Upon drug treatment, PLC/PRF/5 showed the greatest reduction in cell proliferation using the colony formation assay, as compared with HepG2, Hep3B and HLE. Rapamycin was a more potent antiproliferative agent than CCI-779 in HCC cell lines. Proliferation assays by cell counting showed that the IC(50) value of rapamycin was lower than that of CCI-779 in PLC/PRF/5 cells. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis showed that both drugs could arrest HCC cells in the G(1) phase but did not induce apoptosis of these cells, suggesting that these mTOR inhibitors are cytostatic rather than cytotoxic. Upon rapamycin and CCI-779 treatment, the phosphorylation level of mTOR and p70S6K in HCC cell lines was significantly reduced, indicating that both drugs can suppress mTOR activity in HCC cells. In addition, both drugs significantly inhibited the growth of xenografts of PLC/PRF/5 cells in nude mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that rapamycin and its clinical analogue CCI-779 possess tumour-suppressive functions towards HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Chun-Fai Hui
- Liver Cancer and Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Miles DW. Recent advances in systemic therapy. When HER2 is not the target: advances in the treatment of HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2009; 11:208. [PMID: 19744307 PMCID: PMC2750099 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) agent trastuzumab has improved outcomes in breast cancer patients with HER2 over-expressing tumours. However, systemic treatment for patients with HER2-negative disease is still limited to endocrine and cytotoxic therapies. The increasing use of the anthracyclines and taxanes in early stage disease has reduced the available therapeutic options for patients with relapsed disease, and choices are further limited for patients with triple-negative tumours, who typically have a poor prognosis. The novel agents bevacizumab and ixabepilone were recently approved for metastatic breast cancer, and numerous other agents are currently in clinical development that may contribute further valuable therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Miles
- Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Rickmansworth Road, Middlesex HA6 2RN, UK.
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Nathan AT, Peterson EA, Chakir J, Wills-Karp M. Innate immune responses of airway epithelium to house dust mite are mediated through beta-glucan-dependent pathways. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123:612-8. [PMID: 19178937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND House dust mite (HDM) induces allergic asthma in sensitized individuals, although the mechanisms by which HDM is sensed and recognized by the airway mucosa, leading to dendritic cell (DC) recruitment, activation, and subsequent T(H)2-mediated responses, are unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to define the pathways by which HDM activates respiratory epithelium to induce allergic airway responses. METHODS Using a human airway epithelial cell line (16HBE14o-), we studied secretion of the DC chemokine CCL20 after exposure to HDM or other allergens, investigated components of the HDM responsible for the induction of chemokine release, and examined activation of signaling pathways. Central findings were also confirmed in primary human bronchial cells. RESULTS We demonstrate that exposure of airway epithelium to HDM results in specific and rapid secretion of CCL20, a chemokine attractant for immature DCs. The induction of CCL20 secretion is dose and time dependent and quite specific to HDM because other allergens, such as ragweed pollen and cockroach antigen, fail to significantly induce CCL20 secretion. Induction of CCL20 secretion is not protease or Toll-like receptor 2/4 dependent but, interestingly, relies on beta-glucan moieties within the HDM extract, as evidenced by the ability of other beta-glucans to competitively inhibit its secretion and by the fact that disruption of these structures by treatment of HDM with beta-glucanase significantly reduces subsequent chemokine secretion. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results describe a novel mechanism for specific pattern recognition of HDM-derived beta-glucan moieties, which initiates allergic airway inflammation and, through recruitment of DCs, might link innate pattern recognition at the airway surface with adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy T Nathan
- Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
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Chamniansawat S, Chongthammakun S. Estrogen stimulates activity-regulated cytoskeleton associated protein (Arc) expression via the MAPK- and PI-3K-dependent pathways in SH-SY5Y cells. Neurosci Lett 2009; 452:130-5. [PMID: 19159662 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Activity-regulated cytoskeleton associated protein (Arc) is known to be induced by synaptic plasticity following memory consolidation. Since estrogen has been shown to play an important role in synaptogenesis, a key aspect of the synaptic plasticity, we aimed to study the effects of estrogen on Arc expression in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Using quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot, and confocal immunocytochemistry techniques we found that estrogen markedly increased Arc mRNA and protein expression in SH-SY5Y cells. Estrogen-activated Arc expression was mediated via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3K), but not protein kinase C (PKC) and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK), and in the estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent manner. Estrogen also significantly upregulated the dendritic spine scaffolding protein, postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95), as well as expression of the presynaptic vesicle protein, synaptophysin. Our findings demonstrate the possible mechanisms of estrogen-induced synaptic plasticity, as well as memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriporn Chamniansawat
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Bel'skiĭ IP, Bel'skaia NV, Danilets MG, Trofimova ES, Uchasova EG, Ligacheva AA, Agafonov VI. [Prospects for pharmacological regulation of macrophage activity by modulation of intracellular signal cascade]. Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk 2009:21-25. [PMID: 20017403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This article is devoted to classical and alternative macrophage activation, and intracellular transmission of external signals onto genes. It presents data on postreceptor events resulting in the formation of classical or alternative properties of macrophages. The role of some molecules of intracellular signaling pathways (STAT1, NF-kappaB, IRAK, TRAF6, Jak1, Tyk2, STAT3, c-Maf, Sp1, C/EBP, CREB, STAT6, MAP-kinase, PI3-kinase, c P) in the development of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory activities of macrophages is discussed.
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Zhang Y, Zhou J, Xu W, Li A, Zhou J, Xu S. JWA sensitizes P-glycoprotein-mediated drug-resistant choriocarcinoma cells to etoposide via JNK and mitochondrial-associated signal pathway. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2009; 72:774-781. [PMID: 19492242 DOI: 10.1080/15287390902841649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A major obstacle in cancer chemotherapy is the phenomenon of multidrug resistance (MDR), increased P-glycoprotein expression, and abnormal apoptotic processes that may contribute to MDR. Our previous studies demonstrated that JWA is a pro-apoptotic molecule and required for arsenic trioxide and all-trans-retinoic acid-induced cancer cell apoptosis. In this study, the role of JWA in mediating MDR during treatment of choriocarcinoma cells was examined. Data showed that JWA expression was reduced significantly by etoposide (VP16) in JAR MDR cells (JAR/VP16) compared to parent JAR cells. VP16-induced apoptosis in JAR cells was dependent upon the presence of JWA. Knockdown of JWA attenuated VP16-induced apoptosis, and was accompanied by significantly reduced caspase-9 activity and inhibition of JNK phosphorylation. Loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential induced by VP16 was accompanied by higher JWA expression. JWA was also involved in downregulation of P-glycoprotein through JNK signal pathway. These results suggest that JWA may play an important role in the therapeutic responses to chemotherapeutic agents used to treat choriocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Cancer Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Pasumarthi RK, Fadel J. Activation of orexin/hypocretin projections to basal forebrain and paraventricular thalamus by acute nicotine. Brain Res Bull 2008; 77:367-73. [PMID: 18950690 PMCID: PMC2742411 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Orexin/hypocretin neurons of the lateral hypothalamus/perifornical area project to a diverse array of brain regions and are responsive to a variety of psychostimulant drugs. It has been shown that orexin neurons are activated by systemic nicotine administration suggesting a possible orexinergic contribution to the effects of this drug on arousal and cognitive function. The basal forebrain and paraventricular nucleus of the dorsal thalamus (PVT) both receive orexin inputs and have been implicated in arousal, attention and psychostimulant drug responses. However, it is unknown whether orexin inputs to these areas are activated by psychostimulant drugs such as nicotine. Here, we infused the retrograde tract tracer cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) into either the basal forebrain or PVT of adult male rats. Seven to 10 days later, animals received an acute systemic administration of (-) nicotine hydrogen tartrate or vehicle and were euthanized 2h later. Triple-label immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence was used to detect Fos expression in retrogradely-labeled orexin neurons. Nicotine increased Fos expression in orexin neurons projecting to both basal forebrain and PVT. The relative activation in lateral and medial banks of retrogradely-labeled orexin neurons was similar following basal forebrain CTb deposits, but was more pronounced in the medial bank following PVT deposits of CTb. Our findings suggest that orexin inputs to the basal forebrain and PVT may contribute to nicotine effects on arousal and cognition and provide further support for the existence of functional heterogeneity across the medial-lateral distribution of orexin neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K. Pasumarthi
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Jim Fadel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
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Cope MB, Li X, Jumbo-Lucioni P, DiCostanzo CA, Jamison WG, Kesterson RA, Allison DB, Nagy TR. Risperidone alters food intake, core body temperature, and locomotor activity in mice. Physiol Behav 2008; 96:457-63. [PMID: 19084548 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Risperidone induces significant weight gain in female mice; however, the underlying mechanisms related to this effect are unknown. We investigated the effects of risperidone on locomotor activity, core body temperature, and uncoupling protein (UCP) and hypothalamic orexin mRNA expression. Female C57BL/6J mice were acclimated to individual housing and randomly assigned to either risperidone (4 mg/kg BW day) or placebo (PLA). Activity and body temperature were measured over 48-hour periods twice a week for 3 weeks. Food intake and body weights were measured weekly. UCP1 (BAT), UCP3 (gastrocnemius), and orexin (hypothalamus) mRNA expressions were measured using RT-PCR. Risperidone-treated mice consumed more food (p=0.050) and gained more weight (p=0.0001) than PLA-treated mice after 3 weeks. During the initial 2 days of treatment, there was an acute effect of treatment on activity (p=0.046), but not body temperature (p=0.290). During 3 weeks of treatment, average core body temperatures were higher in risperidone-treated mice compared to controls during the light phase (p=0.0001), and tended to be higher during the dark phase (p=0.057). Risperidone-treated mice exhibited lower activity levels than controls during the dark phase (p=0.006); there were no differences in activity during the light phase (p=0.47). UCP1 (p<0.01) and UCP3 (p<0.05) mRNA expressions were greater in risperidone-treated mice compared to controls, whereas, orexin mRNA expression was lower in risperidone-treated mice (p<0.01). These results suggest that risperidone-induced weight gain in mice is a consequence of increased energy intake and reduced activity, while the elevation in body temperature may be a result of thermogenic effect of food intake and elevated UCP1, UCP3, and a reduced hypothalamic orexin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Cope
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
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Condò V, Colnaghi MR, Mosca E. [Sildenafil in neonate pulmonary hypertension: the opinion of neonatology physician]. Pediatr Med Chir 2008; 30:156-158. [PMID: 19024860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V Condò
- U.O. Neonatologia, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Università degli Studi, Milano
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Granata R, Settanni F, Gallo D, Trovato L, Biancone L, Cantaluppi V, Nano R, Annunziata M, Campiglia P, Arnoletti E, Ghè C, Volante M, Papotti M, Muccioli G, Ghigo E. Obestatin promotes survival of pancreatic beta-cells and human islets and induces expression of genes involved in the regulation of beta-cell mass and function. Diabetes 2008; 57:967-79. [PMID: 18162507 DOI: 10.2337/db07-1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obestatin is a newly discovered peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene whose biological functions are poorly understood. We investigated obestatin effect on survival of beta-cells and human pancreatic islets and the underlying signaling pathways. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS beta-Cells and human islets were used to assess obestatin effect on cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis, intracellular signaling, and gene expression. RESULTS Obestatin showed specific binding on HIT-T15 and INS-1E beta-cells, bound to glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), and recognized ghrelin binding sites. Obestatin exerted proliferative, survival, and antiapoptotic effects under serum-deprived conditions and interferon-gamma/tumor necrosis factor-alpha/interleukin-1 beta treatment, particularly at pharmacological concentrations. Ghrelin receptor antagonist [D-Lys(3)]-growth hormone releasing peptide-6 and anti-ghrelin antibody prevented obestatin-induced survival in beta-cells and human islets. beta-Cells and islet cells released obestatin, and addition of anti-obestatin antibody reduced their viability. Obestatin increased beta-cell cAMP and activated extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)/Akt; its antiapoptotic effect was blocked by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase/cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA), PI 3-kinase/Akt, and ERK1/2 signaling. Moreover, obestatin upregulated GLP-1R mRNA and insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) expression and phosphorylation. The GLP-1R antagonist exendin-(9-39) reduced obestatin effect on beta-cell survival. In human islets, obestatin, whose immunoreactivity colocalized with that of ghrelin, promoted cell survival and blocked cytokine-induced apoptosis through cAMP increase and involvement of adenylyl cyclase/cAMP/PKA signaling. Moreover, obestatin 1) induced PI 3-kinase/Akt, ERK1/2, and also cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation; 2) stimulated insulin secretion and gene expression; and 3) upregulated GLP-1R, IRS-2, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1, and glucokinase mRNA. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that obestatin promotes beta-cell and human islet cell survival and stimulates the expression of main regulatory beta-cell genes, identifying a new role for this peptide within the endocrine pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccarda Granata
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti, 14-10126 Turin, Italy.
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Gascón S, Sobrado M, Roda JM, Rodríguez-Peña A, Díaz-Guerra M. Excitotoxicity and focal cerebral ischemia induce truncation of the NR2A and NR2B subunits of the NMDA receptor and cleavage of the scaffolding protein PSD-95. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13:99-114. [PMID: 17486105 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is central to physiological and pathological functioning of neurons. Although promising results are beginning to be obtained in the treatment of dementias, clinical trials with NMDAR antagonists for stroke, trauma and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Hungtinton's disease, have failed before. In order to design effective therapies to prevent excitotoxic neuronal death, it is critical to characterize the consequences of excessive NMDAR activation on its expression and function. Previous data have reported partial downregulation of the NR1 and NR2B receptor subunits in response to excitotoxicity and cerebral ischemia. However, the effect of NMDAR overactivation on NR2A, a subunit fundamental to synaptic transmission and neuronal survival, is still elusive. In this study, we report the rapid and extensive proteolytic processing of NR2A, together with the scaffolding protein postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95), induced by excitotoxic stimulation of cortical neurons in vitro and by transient focal cerebral ischemia. Processing of the C terminus of NR2A is irreversibly induced by brief agonist exposure of NR2B-containing receptors, and requires calcium influx and the activity of calpain, also responsible for PSD-95 cleavage. The outcome is a truncated NR2A subunit that is stable and capable to interact with NR1 at the surface of neurons, but lacking the structural domains required for association with scaffolding, downstream signaling and cytoskeletal proteins. Therefore, a rapid and significant uncoupling of synaptic NMDARs from downstream survival pathways is expected to occur during ischemia. This novel mechanism induced by excitotoxicity helps to explain the failure of most therapies based on NMDAR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gascón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Arturo Duperier, Madrid, Spain
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Li C, Han D, Zhang F, Zhou C, Yu HM, Zhang GY. Preconditioning ischemia attenuates increased neurexin-neuroligin1-PSD-95 interaction after transient cerebral ischemia in rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2007; 426:192-7. [PMID: 17904739 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the interactions between synapse adhesion molecules neurexin, neuroligin1, neuroligin2 and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) in transient cerebral ischemia and possible regulatory mechanism of these interactions. Our data show that preconditioning ischemia can down-regulate the increased neurexin-neuroligin1-PSD-95 interaction induced by ischemia injury and exerts a neuroprotective effect. Pre-treatment of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine can demolish this neuroprotective effect of preconditioning by increasing neurexin-neuroligin1-PSD-95 interaction. These results indicate that the neurexin-neuroligin1-PSD-95 is an important signalling module in ischemic injury and a novel possible target in therapeutics of brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
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47
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Rogers DF. Physiology of airway mucus secretion and pathophysiology of hypersecretion. Respir Care 2007; 52:1134-46; discussion 1146-9. [PMID: 17716382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mucus secretion is the first-line defense against the barrage of irritants that inhalation of approximately 500 L of air an hour brings into the lungs. The inhaled soot, dust, microbes, and gases can all damage the airway epithelium. Consequently, mucus secretion is extremely rapid, occurring in tens of milliseconds. In addition, mucus is held in cytoplasmic granules in a highly condensed state in which high concentrations of Ca(2+) nullify the repulsive forces of the highly polyanionic mucin molecules. Upon initiation of secretion and dilution of the Ca(2+), the repulsion forces of the mucin molecules cause many-hundred-fold swelling of the secreted mucus, to cover and protect the epithelium. Secretion is a highly regulated process, with coordination by several molecules, including soluble N-ethyl-maleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins, myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS), and Munc proteins, to dock the mucin granules to the secretory cell membrane prior to exocytosis. Because mucus secretion appears to be such a fundamental airway homeostatic process, virtually all regulatory and inflammatory mediators and interventions that have been investigated increase secretion acutely. When given longer-term, many of these same mediators also increase mucin gene expression and mucin synthesis, and induce goblet cell hyperplasia. These responses induce (in contrast to the protective effects of acute secretion) long-term, chronic hypersecretion of airway mucus, which contributes to respiratory disease. In this case the homeostatic, protective function of airway mucus secretion is lost, and, instead, mucus hypersecretion contributes to pathophysiology of a number of severe respiratory conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan F Rogers
- Airway Disease, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, United Kingdom, SW3 6LY.
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Okamura N, Saito M, Mori A, Sakamoto K, Kametaka S, Nakahara T, Ishii K. Vasodilator effects of fasudil, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, on retinal arterioles in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2007; 23:207-12. [PMID: 17593003 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2006.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine the vasodilator effect of fasudil, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, on retinal arterioles in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSPs) and in age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs). METHODS Rats (12-14 weeks-old) were anesthetized with thiobutabarbital (120 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). Fundus images were captured with a digital camera that was equipped with a special objective lens. The vasodilator responses of retinal arterioles were assessed by measuring changes in the diameters of the vessels. RESULTS The baseline diameter of the retinal arteriole was significantly smaller in SHRSPs than in WKYs. Fasudil (50-200 microg/kg/min, intravenous) dose-dependently increased the diameter of the retinal arteriole and decreased the systemic blood pressure in both groups. The vasodilator effect of fasudil on the retinal arteriole in SHRSPs was greater than in WKYs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that fasudil has beneficial effects on retinal vascular complications associated with chronic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Okamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Alapati VR, McKenzie C, Blair A, Kenny D, MacDonald A, Shaw AM. Mechanisms of U46619- and 5-HT-induced contraction of bovine pulmonary arteries: role of chloride ions. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 151:1224-34. [PMID: 17592513 PMCID: PMC2189823 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Thromboxane A(2) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) are implicated in pulmonary hypertension. The involvement of chloride, voltage-operated calcium channels (VOCCs), store-operated calcium channels (SOCCs) and the Rho kinase in the contractile response of bovine pulmonary arteries (BPA) to the thromboxane A(2) mimetic U46619 and 5-HT was investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Endothelium-intact ring segments of BPA were mounted in Krebs/Henseleit buffer (37 degrees C) under a tension of 2g and gassed with 95%O(2)/5%CO(2). KEY RESULTS Depletion or removal of extracellular chloride, inhibition of chloride and SOCC, Na:K:2Cl, Cl/HCO(3), Rho kinase inhibited contractions to U46619. Combining Rho kinase inhibition and chloride channel blockade (with NPPB) almost abolished the contractions to U46619. In contrast 5-HT-induced contraction was inhibited by verapamil and mibefradil. Depletion of stored calcium with caffeine almost abolished the response to U46619 but not 5-HT. The contraction by the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor CPA was abolished by SOCC and chloride channel blockade (with NPPB) and by chloride depletion. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study suggests that the contractile response of BPA to U46619 involves Rho kinase together with a chloride-sensitive mechanism, which does not involve VOCC but may have a role in calcium release and calcium entry via SOCC. In contrast contraction of the BPA by 5-HT appears to involve verapamil- and mibefradil-sensitive VOCC. This study may indicate that the use of calcium channel blockers in the management of pulmonary hypertension may not always be effective and that Rho kinase and chloride channels may be targets for the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Alapati
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University Glasgow, UK
| | - C McKenzie
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University Glasgow, UK
| | - A Blair
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University Glasgow, UK
| | - D Kenny
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University Glasgow, UK
| | - A MacDonald
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University Glasgow, UK
| | - A M Shaw
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University Glasgow, UK
- Author for correspondence:
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Abstract
Hypertension and hyperlipidemia, two powerful risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD), often coexist. Therefore, treatment should consider the beneficial properties of drugs used to treat either condition. Statins, the mainstay of lipid-lowering therapy, result in a significant clinical benefit both in primary and secondary CVD prevention. In addition to their hypolipidemic capacity, other properties may contribute to statin-induced benefits. Clinical and experimental evidence indicates that statins may modulate blood pressure (BP). The mechanisms by which statins reduce BP seem to be largely independent of their lipid effects. Although small, reductions in BP are possibly clinically relevant. Large landmark studies confirm that statins can reduce CVD risk in hypertensive patients. These findings suggest that statins could be prescribed as an adjunct in treating hypertension with dyslipidemia or even in patients with "normal" cholesterol levels. Whether the effect of statins on BP is accompanied by an additional decrease in clinical outcomes needs to be investigated in long-term, large-scale trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haralampos J Milionis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vascular Disease Prevention Clinics, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
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