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Yang R, Mei L, Lin Z, Fan Y, Lim J, Guo J, Liu Y, Shin HS, Voiry D, Lu Q, Li J, Zeng Z. Intercalation in 2D materials and in situ studies. Nat Rev Chem 2024:10.1038/s41570-024-00605-2. [PMID: 38755296 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00605-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Intercalation of atoms, ions and molecules is a powerful tool for altering or tuning the properties - interlayer interactions, in-plane bonding configurations, Fermi-level energies, electronic band structures and spin-orbit coupling - of 2D materials. Intercalation can induce property changes in materials related to photonics, electronics, optoelectronics, thermoelectricity, magnetism, catalysis and energy storage, unlocking or improving the potential of 2D materials in present and future applications. In situ imaging and spectroscopy technologies are used to visualize and trace intercalation processes. These techniques provide the opportunity for deciphering important and often elusive intercalation dynamics, chemomechanics and mechanisms, such as the intercalation pathways, reversibility, uniformity and speed. In this Review, we discuss intercalation in 2D materials, beginning with a brief introduction of the intercalation strategies, then we look into the atomic and intrinsic effects of intercalation, followed by an overview of their in situ studies, and finally provide our outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Liang Mei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Fan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jongwoo Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced Light Source, Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, and Material Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yijin Liu
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hyeon Suk Shin
- Center for 2D Quantum Heterostructures, Institute for Basic Science, and Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Damien Voiry
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Qingye Lu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Zhiyuan Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
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2
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Rems E, Anayee M, Fajardo E, Lord RL, Bugallo D, Gogotsi Y, Hu YJ. Computationally Guided Synthesis of MXenes by Dry Selective Extraction. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2305200. [PMID: 37587765 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
MXenes are a rapidly growing family of 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides that are promising for various applications, including energy storage and conversion, electronics, and healthcare. Hydrofluoric-acid-based etchants are typically used for large-scale and high-throughput synthesis of MXenes, which also leads to a mixture of surface terminations that impede MXene properties. Herein, a computational thermodynamic model with experimental validation is presented to explore the feasibility of fluorine-free synthesis of MXenes with uniform surface terminations by dry selective extraction (DSE) from precursor MAX phases using iodine vapors. A range of MXenes and respective precursor compositions are systematically screened using first-principles calculations to find candidates with high phase stability and low etching energy. A thermodynamic model based on the "CALculation of PHAse Diagrams" (CALPHAD) approach is further demonstrated, using Ti3 C2 I2 as an example, to assess the Gibbs free energy of the DSE reaction and the state of the byproducts as a function of temperature and pressure. Based on the assessment, the optimal synthesis temperature and vapor pressure are predicted and further verified by experiments. This work opens an avenue for scalable, fluorine-free dry synthesis of MXenes with compositions and surface chemistries that are not accessible using wet chemical etching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ervin Rems
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mark Anayee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Eiara Fajardo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Robert L Lord
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David Bugallo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química-Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yong-Jie Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Massoumılari Ş, Velioǧlu S. Can MXene be the Effective Nanomaterial Family for the Membrane and Adsorption Technologies to Reach a Sustainable Green World? ACS Omega 2023; 8:29859-29909. [PMID: 37636908 PMCID: PMC10448662 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution has intensified and accelerated due to a steady increase in the number of industries, and exploring methods to remove hazardous contaminants, which can be typically divided into inorganic and organic compounds, have become inevitable. Therefore, the development of efficacious technology for the separation processes is of paramount importance to ensure the environmental remediation. Membrane and adsorption technologies garnered attention, especially with the use of novel and high performing nanomaterials, which provide a target-specific solution. Specifically, widespread use of MXene nanomaterials in membrane and adsorption technologies has emerged due to their intriguing characteristics, combined with outstanding separation performance. In this review, we demonstrated the intrinsic properties of the MXene family for several separation applications, namely, gas separation, solvent dehydration, dye removal, separation of oil-in-water emulsions, heavy metal ion removal, removal of radionuclides, desalination, and other prominent separation applications. We highlighted the recent advancements used to tune separation potential of the MXene family such as the manipulation of surface chemistry, delamination or intercalation methods, and fabrication of composite or nanocomposite materials. Moreover, we focused on the aspects of stability, fouling, regenerability, and swelling, which deserve special attention when the MXene family is implemented in membrane and adsorption-based separation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şirin Massoumılari
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Gebze Technical University, Gebze 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Sadiye Velioǧlu
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Gebze Technical University, Gebze 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
- Nanotechnology
Research and Application Center, Gebze Technical
University, Gebze 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
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4
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Abstract
MXenes emerging as an amazing class of 2D layered materials, have drawn great attention in the past decade. Recent progress suggest that MXene-based materials have been widely explored as conductive electrodes for printed electronics, including electronic and optoelectronic devices, sensors, and energy storage systems. Here, the critical factors impacting device performance are comprehensively interpreted from the viewpoint of contact engineering, thereby giving a deep understanding of surface microstructures, contact defects, and energy level matching as well as their interaction principles. This review also summarizes the existing challenges of MXene inks and the related printing techniques, aiming at inspiring researchers to develop novel large-area and high-resolution printing integration methods. Moreover, to effectually tune the states of contact interface and meet the urgent demands of printed electronics, the significance of MXene contact engineering in reducing defects, matching energy levels, and regulating performance is highlighted. Finally, the printed electronics constructed by the collaborative combination of the printing process and contact engineering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Thin-Film Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Shuiren Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Thin-Film Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zijuan Hao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Thin-Film Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Xinxiang, 453000, P. R. China
| | - Xuying Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Thin-Film Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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Abstract
MXenes are under the spotlight due to their versatile physicochemical characteristics. Since their discovery in 2011, significant advancements have been achieved in their synthesis and application sectors. However, the spontaneous oxidation of MXenes, which is critical to its processing and product lifespan, has gotten less attention due to its chemical complexity and poorly understood oxidation mechanism. This perspective focuses on the oxidation stability of MXenes and addresses the most recent advancements in understanding and the possible countermeasures to limit the spontaneous oxidation of MXenes. A section is dedicated to the presently accessible methods for monitoring oxidation, with a discussion on the debatable oxidation mechanism and coherently operating factors that contribute to the complexity of MXenes oxidation. The current potential solutions for mitigating MXenes oxidation and the existing challenges are also discussed with prospects to prolong MXene's shelf-life storage and expand their application scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razium A Soomro
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Baomin Fan
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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Sijuade AA, Eze VO, Arnett NY, Okoli OI. Vanadium MXenes materials for next-generation energy storage devices. Nanotechnology 2023; 34:252001. [PMID: 36930968 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acc539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Batteries and supercapacitors have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation energy storage technologies. The rapid development of new two-dimensional (2D) electrode materials indicates a new era in energy storage devices. MXenes are a new type of layered 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides that have drawn much attention because of their excellent electrical conductivity, electrochemical and hydrophilic properties, large surface area, and attractive topological structure. This review focuses on various synthesis methods to prepare vanadium carbide MXenes with and without etchants like hydrofluoric acid, lithium fluoride, and hydrochloric acid to remove the 'A' layers of the MAX phase. The goal is to demonstrate the utilization of a less toxic etching method to achieve MXenes of comparable properties to those prepared by traditional methods. The influence of intercalation on the effect of high interlayer spacing between the MXene layers and the performance of MXenes as supercapacitor and battery electrodes is also addressed in this review. Lastly, the gaps in the current knowledge for vanadium carbide MXenes in synthesis, scalability, and utilization in more energy storage devices were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayomide Adeola Sijuade
- High-Performance Materials Institute, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States of America
| | - Vincent Obiozo Eze
- High-Performance Materials Institute, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States of America
| | - Natalie Y Arnett
- High-Performance Materials Institute, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States of America
| | - Okenwa I Okoli
- High-Performance Materials Institute, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States of America
- Herff College of Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38111, United States of America
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Lv T, Peng Y, Zhang G, Jiang S, Yang Z, Yang S, Pang H. How About Vanadium-Based Compounds as Cathode Materials for Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries? Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2206907. [PMID: 36683227 PMCID: PMC10131888 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) stand out among many monovalent/multivalent metal-ion batteries as promising new energy storage devices because of their good safety, low cost, and environmental friendliness. Nevertheless, there are still many great challenges to exploring new-type cathode materials that are suitable for Zn2+ intercalation. Vanadium-based compounds with various structures, large layer spacing, and different oxidation states are considered suitable cathode candidates for AZIBs. Herein, the research advances in vanadium-based compounds in recent years are systematically reviewed. The preparation methods, crystal structures, electrochemical performances, and energy storage mechanisms of vanadium-based compounds (e.g., vanadium phosphates, vanadium oxides, vanadates, vanadium sulfides, and vanadium nitrides) are mainly introduced. Finally, the limitations and development prospects of vanadium-based compounds are pointed out. Vanadium-based compounds as cathode materials for AZIBs are hoped to flourish in the coming years and attract more and more researchers' attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Lv
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Institute for Advanced StudyChengdu UniversityChengduSichuan610106P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Yi Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Guangxun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Shu Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Zilin Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Shengyang Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Huan Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
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8
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Mokkath JH. Photo-response of water intercalated Ti 3C 2O 2 MXene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:9522-9531. [PMID: 36939062 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00600j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides (MXenes) have drawn a lot of attention because of their unique physicochemical properties. Recent experimental and theoretical findings reveal that water intercalation in MXene results in surface reconstruction and hydrolysis. In the current study, we investigated the electronic and optical characteristics of the water-intercalated Ti3C2O2 MXene using first-principles quantum simulations via density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). We show that water intercalation impacts the electronic states close to the Fermi level, which has a considerable effect on the electronic and optical properties of Ti3C2O2 MXene. Importantly, we linked hydrolysis with the changes in the HOMO and LUMO states and with the optical properties. The findings in this study contribute to a better understanding of the photo-response of the water-intercalated MXene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junais Habeeb Mokkath
- Quantum Nanophotonics Simulations Lab, Department of Physics, Kuwait College of Science And Technology, Doha Area, 7th Ring Road, P.O. Box 27235, Kuwait.
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Rosenkranz A, Righi MC, Sumant AV, Anasori B, Mochalin VN. Perspectives of 2D MXene Tribology. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2207757. [PMID: 36538726 PMCID: PMC10198439 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The large and rapidly growing family of 2D early transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides (MXenes) raises significant interest in the materials science and chemistry of materials communities. Discovered a little more than a decade ago, MXenes have already demonstrated outstanding potential in various applications ranging from energy storage to biology and medicine. The past two years have witnessed increased experimental and theoretical efforts toward studying MXenes' mechanical and tribological properties when used as lubricant additives, reinforcement phases in composites, or solid lubricant coatings. Although research on the understanding of the friction and wear performance of MXenes under dry and lubricated conditions is still in its early stages, it has experienced rapid growth due to the excellent mechanical properties and chemical reactivities offered by MXenes that make them adaptable to being combined with other materials, thus boosting their tribological performance. In this perspective, the most promising results in the area of MXene tribology are summarized, future important problems to be pursued further are outlined, and methodological recommendations that could be useful for experts as well as newcomers to MXenes research, in particular, to the emerging area of MXene tribology, are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Rosenkranz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, FCFM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Anirudha V. Sumant
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Babak Anasori
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology and Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Vadym N. Mochalin
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
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Lakshmi K, Vedhanarayanan B, Lin T. Electrocatalytic hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions: Role of two-dimensional layered materials and their composites. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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Zhang P, Zhang Y, Wang L, Qiu K, Tang X, Gibson JK, Liu X, Mei L, An S, Huang Z, Ren P, Wang Y, Chai Z, Shi W. Bioinspired Macrocyclic Molecule Supported Two-Dimensional Lamellar Membrane with Robust Interlayer Structure for High-Efficiency Nanofiltration. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2206516. [PMID: 36541746 PMCID: PMC9929118 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
2D lamellar membranes (2DLMs) are used for efficient desalination and nanofiltration. However, weak interactions between adjacent stacked nanosheets result in susceptibility to swelling that limits practical applicability. Inspired by the super adhesion of multi-point suction cups on octopus tentacles, a 2DLM is constructed from Ti3 C2 Tx MXene supported by the macrocyclic "multi-point" molecule cucurbit[5]uril (CB5) and demonstrated for nanofiltration of methyl blue (MB) and enrichment of uranyl carbonate. Experimental results and density functional theory calculations indicate that CB5 rivets to the surface of the nanoflakes through strong stable interactions between its multiple binding sites and surface hydroxyl functional groups on MXene nanosheets. This novel 2DLM exhibits excellent nanofiltration performance (69 L m-2 h-1 bar-1 permeance with 93.6% rejection for MB) and can be recycled at least 30 times without significant degradation. The 2DLM exhibits excellent swelling resistance at high salinity, with a demonstration of selective enrichment of uranyl carbonate from artificial water and natural seawater. The results provide a new strategy for constructing highly stable 2DLMs with interlayer spacing controllable from sub-nano to nanometer scales, for size-selective sieving of molecules and ions, high-efficiency nanofiltration, and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy ChemistryInstitute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Radiochemistry LaboratorySchool of Nuclear Science and TechnologyLanzhou UniversityLanzhou730000China
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology&EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Lin Wang
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy ChemistryInstitute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Kaikai Qiu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Xiaoyi Tang
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy ChemistryInstitute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - John K. Gibson
- Chemical Sciences DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Lei Mei
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy ChemistryInstitute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Shuwen An
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy ChemistryInstitute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- Radiochemistry LaboratorySchool of Nuclear Science and TechnologyLanzhou UniversityLanzhou730000China
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology&EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201China
| | - Peng Ren
- School of Nuclear Science and EngineeringEast China University of TechnologyNanchang330013China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for CivilianBeijing102205China
| | - Zhifang Chai
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology&EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201China
| | - Weiqun Shi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy ChemistryInstitute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
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12
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Roys JS, O'Brien JM, Stucchi ND, Raj G, Hill AD, Ye J, Brown RD. Enhanced Crystallinity of Covalent Organic Frameworks Formed Under Physical Confinement by Exfoliated Graphene. Small 2022; 18:e2204152. [PMID: 36216741 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The polymerization of 1,4-benzenediboronic acid (BDBA) on mica to form a covalent organic framework (COF-1) reveals a dramatic increase in crystallinity when physically confined by exfoliated graphene. COF-1 domains formed under graphene confinement are highly geometric in shape and on the order of square micrometers in size, while outside of the exfoliated flakes, the COF-1 does not exhibit long-range mesoscale structural order, according to atomic force microscopy imaging. Micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the presence of COF-1 both outside and underneath the exfoliated graphene flakes, and density functional theory calculations predict that higher mobility and self-assembly are not causes of this higher degree of crystallinity for the confined COF-1 domains. The most likely origin of the confined COF-1's substantial increase in crystallinity is from enhanced dynamic covalent crystallization due to the water confined beneath the graphene flake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Roys
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Jennifer M O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Nicholas D Stucchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Gaurav Raj
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Adam D Hill
- Department of Chemistry, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY, 13617, USA
| | - Jingyun Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Ryan D Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
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13
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Chen H, Wang H, Li C. Mechanically Induced Nanoscale Architecture Endows a Titanium Carbide MXene Electrode with Integrated High Areal and Volumetric Capacitance. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2205723. [PMID: 36050282 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Complete utilization of electrochemically active materials while maintaining the high areal/volumetric packing density is a goal to be achieved in miniaturized supercapacitor devices, which therefore display both high volumetric and areal energy density. Although critical, it is usually challenging to achieve this goal by optimizing the electrode architecture. Dense packing of active materials maximizes the volumetric capacitance but also results in sluggish diffusion of the electrolyte. Structurization of the electrode by forming large pores creates a pathway for electrolyte penetration but reduces the volumetric energy density. Here, densified electrodes with hierarchical porous architecture at the nanoscale are reported, which provide an alternative solution. Worm-like expanded titanium carbide MXene powders are produced in highly viscous reaction media and assembled by mechanical compression. The expanded morphology of the MXene powders translates into a buckling microstructure in the electrodes, resulting in 28.2 ± 4.1% porosity mainly in the form of nanosized pores. At the sub-nanometer scale, the diffusion of electrolytes is enhanced in interlayer space of the bended lattice with pillared intercalants. These hierarchical structural features lead to both high areal and volumetric capacitance (11.4 F cm-2 coupled with 770 F cm-3 ) in hundred-micrometers-thick electrodes, which inspires the design of high-performance electrochemical energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwu Chen
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huaipeng Wang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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14
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Wei C, Fang T, Tang X, Jiang K, Liu X. Ti 2CT 2 MXene as Anodes for Metal Ion Batteries: From Monolayer to Bilayer to Pillar Structure. Langmuir 2022; 38:11732-11742. [PMID: 36098681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical performances of Ti2CT2 (T = F, O, and OH) MXenes with different layer structures (monolayer, bilayer, and pillared structures) as anodes for mono-/multivalent metal ion (Li+, Na+, Mg2+, and Al3+) batteries (MIBs) were studied via first-principles simulations. First, metal ions (MIs) adsorbed on Ti2CT2 monolayers were investigated to reveal the influence of MXene terminated groups on MIB performance. This indicated that O-terminated MXenes would be more suitable as electrodes. In particular, the theoretical capacity of Mg2+ on a Ti2CO2 monolayer could be more than 1500 mA h g-1. Then, MIs intercalated into MXene bilayers were considered to better understand the charging/discharging mechanism. In a Ti2CO2 bilayer with larger interlayer spacing, monovalent MIs and Mg2+ could form a multilayer accompanied by drastic expansion/contraction of the electrode, which still needs to be solved. Finally, imidazolium-based ionic liquids were used to preintercalate into MXene due to the matching size of the imidazolium cation, which effectively improved MXene stability and inhibited the self-stacking of layered MXenes. Our research would be helpful for theoretically regulating MXene functional groups and adjusting the interlayer spacing of MXenes via selecting guest molecules for designing MIBs and other energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 Shandong, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 Shandong, China
| | - Timing Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 Shandong, China
| | - Kun Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 Shandong, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 Shandong, China
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15
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Cockreham CB, Goncharov VG, Hammond-Pereira E, Reece ME, Strzelecki AC, Xu W, Saunders SR, Xu H, Guo X, Wu D. Energetic Stability and Interfacial Complexity of Ti 3C 2T x MXenes Synthesized with HF/HCl and CoF 2/HCl as Etching Agents. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:41542-41554. [PMID: 36040849 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
MXenes are ultra-thin two-dimensional layered early transition-metal carbides and nitrides with potential applications in various emerging technologies, such as energy storage, water purification, and catalysis. MXenes are synthesized from the parent MAX phases with different etching agents [hydrofluoric acid (HF) or fluoride salts with a strong acid] by selectively removing a more weakly bound crystalline layer of Al or Ga replaced by surface groups (-O, -F, -OH, etc.). Ti3C2Tx MXene synthesized by CoF2/HCl etching has layered heterogeneity due to intercalated Al3+ and Co2+ that act as pillars for interlayer spacings. This study investigates the impacts of etching environments on the compositional, interfacial, structural, and thermodynamic properties of Ti3C2Tx MXenes. Specifically, compared with HF/HCl etching, CoF2/HCl treatment leads to a Ti3C2Tx MXene with a broader distribution of interlayer distances, increased number of intercalated cations, and decreased degree of hydration. Moreover, we determine the enthalpies of formation at 25 °C (ΔHf,25°C) of Ti3C2Tx MXenes etched with CoF2/HCl, ΔHf,25°C = -1891.7 ± 35.7 kJ/mol Ti3C2, and etched with HF/HCl, ΔHf,25°C = -1978.2 ± 35.7 kJ/mol Ti3C2, using high-temperature oxidation drop calorimetry. These energetic data are discussed and compared with experimentally derived and computationally predicted values to elucidate the effects of intercalants and surface groups of MXenes. We find that MXenes with intercalated metal cations have a less exothermic ΔHf,25°C from an increase in the interlayer space and dimension heterogeneity and a decrease in the degree of hydration leading to reduced layer-layer van der Waals interactions and weakened hydration effects applied on the MXene layers. The outcomes of this study further our understanding of MXene's energetic-structural-interfacial property relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody B Cockreham
- Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Vitaliy G Goncharov
- Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Ellis Hammond-Pereira
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Margaret E Reece
- Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Andrew C Strzelecki
- Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Wenqian Xu
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Advanced Photon Source, Lemont, Illinois 60438, United States
| | - Steven R Saunders
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Hongwu Xu
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, New Mexico 87545, United States
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Di Wu
- Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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16
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Abstract
Gas sensors, capable of detecting and monitoring trace amounts of gas molecules or volatile organic compounds (VOCs), are in great demand for numerous applications including diagnosing diseases through breath analysis, environmental and personal safety, food and agriculture, and other fields. The continuous emergence of new materials is one of the driving forces for the development of gas sensors. Recently, 2D materials have been gaining huge attention for gas sensing applications, owing to their superior electrical, optical, and mechanical characteristics. Especially for 2D MXenes, high specific area and their rich surface functionalities with tunable electronic structure make them compelling for sensing applications. This Review discusses the latest advancements in the 2D MXenes for gas sensing applications. It starts by briefly explaining the family of MXenes, their synthesis methods, and delamination procedures. Subsequently, it outlines the properties of MXenes. Then it describes the theoretical and experimental aspects of the MXenes-based gas sensors. Discussion is also extended to the relation between sensing performance and the structure, electronic properties, and surface chemistry. Moreover, it highlights the promising potential of these materials in the current gas sensing applications and finally it concludes with the limitations, challenges, and future prospects of 2D MXenes in gas sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sai Bhargava Reddy
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Saraswathi Kailasa
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, 506004, India
| | - Bharat C G Marupalli
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Shampa Aich
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
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17
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Xu P, Hong X, Zhu Z, Ouyang H, Zhou Z, Geng L, Xu N, Duan Y, Lv L, He L. Revealing Kinetics Process of Fast Charge‐Storage Behavior Associated with Potential in 2D Polyaniline. Energy Tech 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ente.202200257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Xufeng Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Zhe Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Huifang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Lishan Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Nuo Xu
- Department of Physics School of Science Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Yixue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Linfeng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Liang He
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
- Med+X Center for Manufacturing West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
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18
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Guo Z, Wang D, Wang Z, Gao Y, Liu J. A Free-Standing α-MoO3/MXene Composite Anode for High-Performance Lithium Storage. Nanomaterials 2022; 12:nano12091422. [PMID: 35564131 PMCID: PMC9104589 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Replacing the commercial graphite anode in Li-ion batteries with pseudocapacitor materials is an effective way to obtain high-performance energy storage devices. α-MoO3 is an attractive pseudocapacitor electrode material due to its theoretical capacity of 1117 mAh g−1. Nevertheless, its low conductivity greatly limits its electrochemical performance. MXene is often used as a 2D conductive substrate and flexible framework for the development of a non-binder electrode because of its unparalleled electronic conductivity and excellent mechanical flexibility. Herein, a free-standing α-MoO3/MXene composite anode with a high specific capacity and an outstanding rate capability was prepared using a green and simple method. The resultant α-MoO3/MXene composite electrode combines the advantages of each of the two components and possesses improved Li+ diffusion kinetics. In particular, this α-MoO3/MXene free-standing electrode exhibited a high Li+ storage capacity (1008 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1) and an outstanding rate capability (172 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1), as well as a much extended cycling stability (500 cycles at 0.5 A g−1). Furthermore, a full cell was fabricated using commercial LiFePO4 as the cathode, which displayed a high Li+ storage capacity of 160 mAh g−1 with an outstanding rate performance (48 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1). We believe that our research reveals new possibilities for the development of an advanced free-standing electrode from pseudocapacitive materials for high-performance Li-ion storage.
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19
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Abstract
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Electrochemical double-layer
capacitors (EDLCs) are devices allowing
the storage or production of electricity. They function through the
adsorption of ions from an electrolyte on high-surface-area electrodes
and are characterized by short charging/discharging times and long
cycle-life compared to batteries. Microscopic simulations are now
widely used to characterize the structural, dynamical, and adsorption
properties of these devices, complementing electrochemical experiments
and in situ spectroscopic analyses. In this review,
we discuss the main families of simulation methods that have been
developed and their application to the main family of EDLCs, which
include nanoporous carbon electrodes. We focus on the adsorption of
organic ions for electricity storage applications as well as aqueous
systems in the context of blue energy harvesting and desalination.
We finally provide perspectives for further improvement of the predictive
power of simulations, in particular for future devices with complex
electrode compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Jeanmairet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France.,Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Benjamin Rotenberg
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France.,Réseau sur le Stockage Électrochimique de l'Énergie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens, France.,Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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20
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Long Y, Tao Y, Shang T, Yang H, Sun Z, Chen W, Yang Q. Roles of Metal Ions in MXene Synthesis, Processing and Applications: A Perspective. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2200296. [PMID: 35218319 PMCID: PMC9036030 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
With a decade of effort, significant progress has been achieved in the synthesis, processing, and applications of MXenes. Metal ions play many crucial roles, such as in MXene delamination, structure regulation, surface modification, MXene composite construction, and even some unique applications. The different roles of metal ions are attributed to their many interactions with MXenes and the unique nature of MXenes, including their layered structure, surface chemistry, and the existence of multi-valent transition metals. Interactions with metal ions are crucial for the energy storage of MXene electrodes, especially in metal ion batteries and supercapacitors with neutral electrolytes. This review aims to provide a good understanding of the interactions between metal ions and MXenes, including the classification and fundamental chemistry of their interactions, in order to achieve their more effective utilization and rational design. It also provides new perspectives on MXene evolution and exfoliation, which may suggest optimized synthesis strategies. In this respect, the different effects of metal ions on MXene synthesis and processing are clarified, and the corresponding mechanisms are elaborated. Research progress on the roles metal ions have in MXene applications is also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Long
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin UniversityInternational Campus of Tianjin UniversityBinhai New CityFuzhou350207China
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore3 Science Drive 3Singapore117543Singapore
| | - Ying Tao
- Nanoyang GroupState Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Tongxin Shang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of EducationShanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryShanghai Normal UniversityShanghai200234China
| | - Haotian Yang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin UniversityInternational Campus of Tianjin UniversityBinhai New CityFuzhou350207China
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore3 Science Drive 3Singapore117543Singapore
| | - Zejun Sun
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore3 Science Drive 3Singapore117543Singapore
| | - Wei Chen
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin UniversityInternational Campus of Tianjin UniversityBinhai New CityFuzhou350207China
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore3 Science Drive 3Singapore117543Singapore
- Department of PhysicsNational University of Singapore2 Science Drive 3Singapore117542Singapore
| | - Quan‐Hong Yang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin UniversityInternational Campus of Tianjin UniversityBinhai New CityFuzhou350207China
- Nanoyang GroupState Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
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