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Richter JK, Montero ML, Ikuse M, Wagner CE, Ross CF, Saunders SR, Ganjyal GM. The interaction between wheat and pea protein influences the final chemical and sensory characteristics of extruded high moisture meat analogs. J Food Sci 2024; 89:104-120. [PMID: 37990836 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based meat analog products, including those produced by extrusion processing, have become increasingly popular. Complete comprehension of the texturization mechanism and the formation of fibrousness would help improve existing products and extend the variety of plant sources used. Therefore, this study aimed to provide improved insight into the mechanism of texturization during the processing of high-moisture meat analog (HMMA) products. Blends with different wheat and pea protein ratios (100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, and 0:100 wheat:pea) were extruded at a screw speed of 400 rpm, two different moisture contents (50% and 55%), and a feed rate of 90 g/min using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Extrudates were analyzed for their texture, free sulfhydryl groups, disulfide bonds, and solubility in different extractants relative to the raw ingredient blends. In addition, a sensory analysis was conducted using the rapid and cost-effective "rate-all-that-apply" (RATA) methodology. The interplay between the two protein types had synergistic effects on the system parameters torque, pressure, and specific mechanical energy, as well as on some textural and sensory parameters. Molecular analyses were not influenced by the interplay between wheat and pea protein as the molecular analyses followed linear trends with the pea inclusion level. Analysis of protein solubility suggests that the texturization mechanism differs slightly depending on the protein type. It is suggested that the texturization of wheat protein depends highly on disulfide bonds, whereas the texturization of pea protein relies on the combination of disulfide bonds and non-covalent interactions. Additionally, RATA was found to be a valuable tool for HMMA products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana K Richter
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Maria Laura Montero
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- National Center for Food Science and Technology (CITA), University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Marina Ikuse
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Caleb E Wagner
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Carolyn F Ross
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Steven R Saunders
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Girish M Ganjyal
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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2
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Ek P, Gu BJ, Richter JK, Dey D, Saunders SR, Ganjyal GM. High methoxyl pectin can improve the extrusion characteristics and increase the dietary fiber content of starch-cellulose extrudates. J Food Sci 2023; 88:4156-4168. [PMID: 37623924 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Improving total dietary fiber content while maintaining the texture/expansion of extruded products is a challenge. Pectin has a dual function; it is a source of dietary fiber and it also functions as a hydrocolloid, which could improve the texture of high-fiber extruded foods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of pectin types from citrus peel on the expansion characteristics of starch-cellulose extrudates. High and low methoxyl pectin (HMP and LMP) was added to the starch-cellulose mixtures and extruded using a twin-screw extruder. The pasting properties of raw mixtures, extrusion properties, microstructure, and dietary fiber contents of the extrudates were studied. The inclusion of HMP in raw material improved the peak viscosity (629.7 ± 8.1 to 754.7 ± 80.1 mPa s) and maintained the final viscosity compared to the control (starch-cellulose mixture alone), unlike LMP. HMP relatively maintained the extrusion process parameters such as torque, back pressure, and specific mechanical energy as the control. Interestingly, the addition of 7% of HMP had a similar expansion ratio (3.41 ± 0.08 to 2.35 ± 0.06) compared to the control (3.46 ± 0.08 to 2.32 ± 0.09) under the extrusion conditions studied. The total dietary fiber content improved from 12.22 ± 0.01% to 18.26 ± 0.63% (w/w). HMP maintained the expansion characteristic of starch-cellulose extrudates and improved its total dietary fiber content relative to LMP. Adding HMP to the mixtures improved the extensibility of the melt, favoring bubble growth and expansion of the starch-cellulose extrudates. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data suggested that there could be intermolecular interactions between starch, cellulose, and pectin, but the nature of these interactions needs further investigation. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The study provides practical information on the influence of the addition of high and low methoxyl pectin on starch-cellulose extrudates. The results can help the industry to produce snack products that are more nutritious but are still well accepted by the consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichmony Ek
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Bon-Jae Gu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food and Feed Extrusion Research Center, Kongju National University, Yesan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jana K Richter
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Debomitra Dey
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- CW Brabender Instruments Inc., South Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Steven R Saunders
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Girish M Ganjyal
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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3
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Dey D, Gu BJ, Ek P, Ross CF, Saunders SR, Ganjyal GM. Influences of modified fiber inclusion with varying particle size on corn starch-based extrudate expansion. J Food Sci 2023; 88:784-794. [PMID: 36647678 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The inclusion of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) during extrusion processing of corn starch (CS) is presented in this study. Blends were prepared by incorporating CNC and MCC at different concentrations, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 10% w/w in CS. The crystallinity index (CrI) of CNC and MCC was determined using X-ray diffraction, and the chemical functionality of CNC, MCC, and CS was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The pasting properties of the blends were studied using Micro Visco-Amylo-Graph before extrusion. The blends were preconditioned to 18 ± 0.5% (w.b.) moisture and extruded using a twin-screw extruder at 200 and 250 rpm at 140°C. CS-CNC's expansion ratio (ER) values were 2.95 to 3.35 and 2.72 to 3.22 for MCC. CNC's CrI and particle size were significantly lower than MCC, allowing CNC-based extrudates to have ER values similar to the control even at high CNC concentration (≤10% w/w). This study demonstrated that fiber with particle size <100 µm can be added in direct-expanded product formulations at high concentrations without negatively influencing the extrudate texture while offering increased nutritional value. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study gives insight into the potential application of cellulose nanocrystals and microcrystalline cellulose in manufacturing direct-expanded extruded products, providing high fiber content without compromising the product quality. This knowledge could also be translated into manufacturing other food products such as breakfast cereals, pasta, and bread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debomitra Dey
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Bon-Jae Gu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kongju National University, Yesan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Pichmony Ek
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Carolyn F Ross
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Steven R Saunders
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Girish M Ganjyal
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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4
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Cockreham CB, Goncharov VG, Hammond-Pereira E, Reece ME, Strzelecki AC, Xu W, Saunders SR, Xu H, Guo X, Wu D. Energetic Stability and Interfacial Complexity of Ti 3C 2T x MXenes Synthesized with HF/HCl and CoF 2/HCl as Etching Agents. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:41542-41554. [PMID: 36040849 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
MXenes are ultra-thin two-dimensional layered early transition-metal carbides and nitrides with potential applications in various emerging technologies, such as energy storage, water purification, and catalysis. MXenes are synthesized from the parent MAX phases with different etching agents [hydrofluoric acid (HF) or fluoride salts with a strong acid] by selectively removing a more weakly bound crystalline layer of Al or Ga replaced by surface groups (-O, -F, -OH, etc.). Ti3C2Tx MXene synthesized by CoF2/HCl etching has layered heterogeneity due to intercalated Al3+ and Co2+ that act as pillars for interlayer spacings. This study investigates the impacts of etching environments on the compositional, interfacial, structural, and thermodynamic properties of Ti3C2Tx MXenes. Specifically, compared with HF/HCl etching, CoF2/HCl treatment leads to a Ti3C2Tx MXene with a broader distribution of interlayer distances, increased number of intercalated cations, and decreased degree of hydration. Moreover, we determine the enthalpies of formation at 25 °C (ΔHf,25°C) of Ti3C2Tx MXenes etched with CoF2/HCl, ΔHf,25°C = -1891.7 ± 35.7 kJ/mol Ti3C2, and etched with HF/HCl, ΔHf,25°C = -1978.2 ± 35.7 kJ/mol Ti3C2, using high-temperature oxidation drop calorimetry. These energetic data are discussed and compared with experimentally derived and computationally predicted values to elucidate the effects of intercalants and surface groups of MXenes. We find that MXenes with intercalated metal cations have a less exothermic ΔHf,25°C from an increase in the interlayer space and dimension heterogeneity and a decrease in the degree of hydration leading to reduced layer-layer van der Waals interactions and weakened hydration effects applied on the MXene layers. The outcomes of this study further our understanding of MXene's energetic-structural-interfacial property relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody B Cockreham
- Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Vitaliy G Goncharov
- Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Ellis Hammond-Pereira
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Margaret E Reece
- Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Andrew C Strzelecki
- Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Wenqian Xu
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Advanced Photon Source, Lemont, Illinois 60438, United States
| | - Steven R Saunders
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Hongwu Xu
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, New Mexico 87545, United States
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Di Wu
- Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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5
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Richter JK, Gu BJ, Ek P, Dey D, Saunders SR, Ganjyal GM. Potential interactions between starch and fruit pomace may impact the expansion ratio of direct expanded extrudates. J Food Sci 2022; 87:3513-3527. [PMID: 35822450 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to their dense characteristics, direct-expanded products fortified with insoluble fiber are generally not well accepted. Understanding the interactions between starch and fiber could help to effectively choose and modify ingredients to produce products containing high amounts of fiber. Therefore, this study aims to explain the interplay between two starches (native and waxy corn) and two pomace types (blueberry and cranberry). Blends up to 100% of pomace were extruded using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Raw material and milled extrudates were analyzed for their pasting and hydration properties. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were conducted to observe molecular changes. The expansion ratio (ER) significantly decreased as pomace was added and ranged from 3.85 for pure waxy corn starch to approximately 1 for blends that contained 80% pomace. Distinctions between the blends were observed. Particularly, at 20% of pomace inclusion, native corn starch with cranberry pomace showed a significantly higher ER. Different behaviors were also detected during the physicochemical analyses. A nonlinear trend between pomace level and water solubility as well as absorption was observed for native corn starch blends, suggesting that molecular interactions between the biopolymers occur. FTIR and NMR results give no evidence for new covalent bonds; hence, the most likely interactions occurring are hydrogen bonds. In addition to the dilution effect of pomace addition, the enhancement or weakening of such interactions between starch molecules by pomace compounds may reduce the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana K Richter
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Bon-Jae Gu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Kongju National University, Yesan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Pichmony Ek
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Debomitra Dey
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Steven R Saunders
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Girish M Ganjyal
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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6
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Dey D, Gu BJ, Ek P, Rangira I, Saunders SR, Kiszonas AM, Ganjyal GM. Apple pomace pretreated with hydrochloric acid exhibited better adherence with the corn starch during extrusion expansion. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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7
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Ek P, Gu BJ, Saunders SR, Huber K, Ganjyal GM. Exploration of physicochemical properties and molecular interactions between cellulose and high-amylose cornstarch during extrusion processing. Curr Res Food Sci 2021; 4:588-597. [PMID: 34485927 PMCID: PMC8405956 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporating fiber at high levels (>10%) into direct-expanded products with acceptable texture is challenging. Fundamental explanations for the interaction of starch and fiber and the cause of expansion reduction need further understanding for the effective incorporation of fiber into expanded products. This study aims to explain how cellulose content impacts the physicochemical properties of starch-based extrudates and the long-range and short-range molecular changes of starch. Mixtures of cornstarch (50% amylose) and cellulose were extruded using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Thermal and pasting properties of the raw mixtures were evaluated, and the physicochemical properties and microstructure of extrudates were determined. Long-range and short-range molecular changes of starch-cellulose mixtures before and after extrusion were observed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The expansion ratio of extrudates reduced significantly as the cellulose content increased and had a strong negative correlation with crystallinity. Cell structures of starch-cellulose extrudates had a smaller and more uniform pore size but possessing a more ruptured matrix. FTIR spectra suggested that there was no covalent bonding interaction between starch and fiber after extrusion. Extrusion reduced the overall crystallinity compared to the raw mixtures. XRD showed that the crystallinity of the starch-cellulose extrudates increased as the cellulose content increased, and the XRD peaks representing cellulose remained unchanged. Cellulose could interfere with starch chain reassociation through intermolecular hydrogen bonding during the expansion process. Phase separation of starch and cellulose is likely to occur at high cellulose content, which could be another reason for the reduced expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichmony Ek
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164 -6376, USA
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Bon-Jae Gu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164 -6376, USA
| | - Steven R. Saunders
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164 -6376, USA
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6515, USA
| | - Kerry Huber
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Brigham Young University-Idaho, Rexburg, ID, 83460, USA
| | - Girish M. Ganjyal
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164 -6376, USA
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8
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Abstract
Nanoparticle synthesis with silylamine reversible ionic liquids (RevILs) has been previously demonstrated to offer unique alternatives to traditional nanoparticle syntheses, allowing for size control and facile deposition onto support surfaces via the switchable nature of the IL. However, the mechanism of nanoparticle synthesis remains uncharacterized. The use of RevILs facilitates the synthesis of size-controlled nanoparticles without the use of additional stabilizing agents (i.e., surfactants, ligands, and polymers) that passivate the nanoparticle surface, which are traditionally required to control the nanoparticle size. Traditional techniques often require harsh activation steps that ultimately impact nanoparticle size and morphology. While RevIL syntheses offer an excellent alternative, as they do not require additional activation steps, the mechanism through which nanoparticles are synthesized in these systems has not been studied previously. Preceding work hypothesized nanoparticles prepared with RevILs are formed via a reverse micelle mechanism, in which nanoparticles are stabilized and templated within the aqueous core of the organized micelle structures. In this work, DOSY-NMR is used to demonstrate that nanoparticles synthesized with 3-aminopropyltriethylsilane RevIL are not formed through a reverse micelle mechanism but rather a switchable aggregation mechanism that affords control over the nanoparticle size via manipulation of the RevIL structure and concentration. Furthermore, it is shown that the addition of water to RevIL systems has detrimental effects on the aggregation behavior of the ionic liquid molecules in solution, causing disassembly of the ion pairs. However, because nanoparticle reduction likely occurs faster than the disassembly of the ion pairs, nanoparticle size is unaffected by the addition of water during nanoparticle reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Bryant
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Ellis Hammond-Pereira
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Steven R Saunders
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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9
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Xie F, Gu BJ, Saunders SR, Ganjyal GM. High methoxyl pectin enhances the expansion characteristics of the cornstarch relative to the low methoxyl pectin. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Bañuelos JL, Lee MS, Ngyuen MT, Zhang D, Malhotra D, Cantu DC, Glezakou VA, Rousseau R, Headen TF, Dalgliesh RM, Heldebrant DJ, Graham TR, Han KS, Saunders SR. Subtle changes in hydrogen bond orientation result in glassification of carbon capture solvents. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:19009-19021. [PMID: 32808606 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03503c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Water-lean CO2 capture solvents show promise for more efficient and cost-effective CO2 capture, although their long-term behavior in operation has yet to be well studied. New observations of extended structure solvent behavior show that some solvent formulations transform into a glass-like phase upon aging at operating temperatures after contact with CO2. The glassification of a solvent would be detrimental to a carbon-capture process due to plugging of infrastructure, introducing a critical need to decipher the underlying principles of this phenomenon to prevent it from happening. We present the first integrated theoretical and experimental study to characterize the nano-structure of metastable and glassy states of an archetypal single-component alkanolguanidine carbon-capture solvent and assess how minute changes in atomic-level interactions convert the solvent between metastable and glass-like states. Small-angle neutron scattering and neutron diffraction coupled with small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering analysis demonstrate that minute structural changes in solution precipitae reversible aggregation of zwitterionic alkylcarbonate clusters in solution. Our findings indicate that our test system, an alkanolguanidine, exhibits a first-order phase transition, similar to a glass transition, at approximately 40 °C-close to the operating absorption temperature for post-combustion CO2 capture processes. We anticipate that these phenomena are not specific to this system, but are present in other classes of colvents as well. We discuss how molecular-level interactions can have vast implications for solvent-based carbon-capture technologies, concluding that fortunately in this case, glassification of water-lean solvents can be avoided as long as the solvent is run above its glass transition temperature.
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11
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Hammond-Pereira E, Bryant K, Graham TR, Yang C, Mergelsberg S, Wu D, Saunders SR. Mesoporous silica-encapsulated gold core–shell nanoparticles for active solvent-free benzyl alcohol oxidation. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00198h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Silica-encapsulated gold core@shell nanoparticles (Au@SiO2 CSNPs) were synthesized via a tunable bottom-up procedure to catalyze the aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Hammond-Pereira
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
| | - Kristin Bryant
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
| | - Trent R. Graham
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
| | - Chen Yang
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
- Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics
| | | | - Di Wu
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
- Alexandra Navrotsky Institute for Experimental Thermodynamics
| | - Steven R. Saunders
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
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12
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Graham TR, Pope DJ, Ghadar Y, Clark S, Clark A, Saunders SR. Alcohol Clustering Mechanisms in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Using Pulsed-Field Gradient, Diffusion NMR and Network Analysis: Feedback on Stepwise Self-Association Models. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:5316-5323. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b02305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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13
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Chen YS, Aluwi NA, Saunders SR, Ganjyal GM, Medina-Meza IG. Metabolic fingerprinting unveils quinoa oil as a source of bioactive phytochemicals. Food Chem 2019; 286:592-599. [PMID: 30827651 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa is a pseudo-cereal with high phytochemical contents with proven biological and nutritional significance. In recent decades several breeding programmes have introduced new and traditional quinoa varieties to North America and other non-traditional quinoa regions, raising questions regarding variability in their secondary metabolite profiles. In this work, we have fingerprinted 28 quinoa varieties cultivated in Washington State, focussing on the poorly investigated oil fraction. We found variability in both phenolics and carotenoid contents, which is reflected in different antioxidant capacities, as measured by FRAP and DPPH. Fatty acid profiles show significant differences in palmitic acid and long-chain fatty acids. Finally, conspicuous amounts of phytosterols and squalene were found. Through factor analysis, we classified the quinoa varieties into two groups: a first comprising varieties with higher phytochemical and PUFA contents and a second group, with higher linolenic and long-chain fatty acid contents. Both groups may be suitable for potential food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shuo Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Nicole A Aluwi
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Steven R Saunders
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Girish M Ganjyal
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Ilce G Medina-Meza
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
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Bryant K, Ibrahim G, Saunders SR. Switchable Surfactants for the Preparation of Monodisperse, Supported Nanoparticle Catalysts. Langmuir 2017; 33:12982-12988. [PMID: 29058909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis methods for the preparation of monodisperse, supported nanoparticles remain problematic. Traditional synthesis methods require calcination following nanoparticle deposition to remove bound ligands and expose catalytic active sites. Calcination leads to significant and unpredictable growth of the nanoparticles resulting in polydisperse size populations. This undesired increase in nanoparticle size leads to a decrease in catalytic activity due to a loss of total surface area. In this work, we present the use of silylamines, a class of switchable solvents, for the preparation of monodisperse, supported nanoparticles. Silylamines are switchable molecules that convert between molecular and ionic forms by reaction with CO2. Upon addition of an alkane, the switchable solvent behaves as a switchable surfactant (SwiS). The SwiS is used to template nanoparticles to aid in synthesis and subsequently used to release nanoparticles for deposition onto a support material. The use of SwiS allowed for the preservation of nanoparticle diameter throughout the deposition process. Finally, it is demonstrated that supported gold nanoparticle catalysts prepared using SwiS are up to 300% more active in the hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol than their traditionally prepared analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Bryant
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Gasim Ibrahim
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Steven R Saunders
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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15
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Tanzil AH, Sultana ST, Saunders SR, Shi L, Marsili E, Beyenal H. Biological synthesis of nanoparticles in biofilms. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 95:4-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Medina-Meza IG, Aluwi NA, Saunders SR, Ganjyal GM. GC-MS Profiling of Triterpenoid Saponins from 28 Quinoa Varieties (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Grown in Washington State. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:8583-8591. [PMID: 27525448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) contains 2 to 5% saponins in the form of oleanane-type triterpenoid glycosides or sapogenins found in the external layers of the seeds. These saponins confer an undesirable bitter flavor. This study maps the content and profile of glycoside-free sapogenins from 22 quinoa varieties and 6 original breeding lines grown in North America under similar agronomical conditions. Saponins were recovered using a novel extraction protocol and quantified by GC-MS. Oleanolic acid (OA), hederagenin (HD), serjanic acid (SA), and phytolaccagenic acid (PA) were identified by their mass spectra. Total saponin content ranged from 3.81 to 27.1 mg/g among the varieties studied. The most predominant sapogenin was phytolaccagenic acid with 16.72 mg/g followed by hederagenin at 4.22 mg/g representing the ∼70% and 30% of the total sapogenin content. Phytolaccagenic acid and the total sapogenin content had a positive correlation of r2 = 0.88 (p < 0.05). Results showed that none of the varieties we studied can be classified as "sweet". Nine varieties were classified as "low-sapogenin". We recommend six of the varieties be subjected to saponin removal process before consumption. A multivariate analysis was conducted to evaluate and cluster the different genotypes according their sapogenin profile as a way of predicting the possible utility of separate quinoa in food products. The multivariate analysis showed no correlations between origin of seeds and saponin profile and/or content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilce G Medina-Meza
- School of Food Science, Washington State University , Pullman 99164, Washington, United States
| | - Nicole A Aluwi
- School of Food Science, Washington State University , Pullman 99164, Washington, United States
| | - Steven R Saunders
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University , Pullman 99164, Washington, United States
| | - Girish M Ganjyal
- School of Food Science, Washington State University , Pullman 99164, Washington, United States
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17
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Tanzil AH, Sultana ST, Saunders SR, Dohnalkova AC, Shi L, Davenport E, Ha P, Beyenal H. Production of gold nanoparticles by electrode-respiring Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 95:69-75. [PMID: 27866628 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this work was to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using electrode-respiring Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms. We found that AuNPs are generated in the extracellular matrix of Geobacter biofilms and have an average particle size of 20nm. The formation of AuNPs was verified using TEM, FTIR and EDX. We also found that the extracellular substances extracted from electrode-respiring G. sulfurreducens biofilms reduce Au3+ to AuNPs. From FTIR spectra, it appears that reduced sugars were involved in the bioreduction and synthesis of AuNPs and that amine groups acted as the major biomolecules involved in binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid H Tanzil
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Sujala T Sultana
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Steven R Saunders
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Alice C Dohnalkova
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Liang Shi
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Emily Davenport
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Phuc Ha
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Haluk Beyenal
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Aponte-Guzmán J, Shenje R, Huang Y, Woodham WH, Saunders SR, Mostaghimi SM, Flack KR, Pollet P, Eckert CA, Liotta CL, France S. A Tandem, Bicatalytic Continuous Flow Cyclopropanation-Homo-Nazarov-Type Cyclization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b02715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Aponte-Guzmán
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Raynold Shenje
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Yong Huang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
| | - Wesley H. Woodham
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
| | - Steven R. Saunders
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
| | - Sina M. Mostaghimi
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Kyle R. Flack
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Pamela Pollet
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Specialty
Separations Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
| | - Charles A. Eckert
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
- Specialty
Separations Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
| | - Charles L. Liotta
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
- Specialty
Separations Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
| | - Stefan France
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Petit
Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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19
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Mohammed FS, Conley M, Rumple AC, Saunders SR, Switzer J, Urena-Benavides E, Jha R, Cogen JM, Chaudhary BI, Pollet P, Eckert CA, Liotta CL. Enhanced thermal stabilization and reduced color formation of plasticized Poly(vinyl chloride) using zinc and calcium salts of 11-maleimideoundecanoic acid. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mohammed FS, Conley M, Saunders SR, Switzer J, Jha R, Cogen JM, Chaudhary BI, Pollet P, Eckert CA, Liotta CL. Epoxidized linolenic acid salts as multifunctional additives for the thermal stability of plasticized PVC. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiaz S. Mohammed
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; 311 Ferst St Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
- Specialty Separations Center; Georgia Institute of Technology; 311 Ferst St Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Mark Conley
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; 311 Ferst St Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
- Specialty Separations Center; Georgia Institute of Technology; 311 Ferst St Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Steven R. Saunders
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; 311 Ferst St Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
- Specialty Separations Center; Georgia Institute of Technology; 311 Ferst St Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Jackson Switzer
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; 311 Ferst St Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
- Specialty Separations Center; Georgia Institute of Technology; 311 Ferst St Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Rani Jha
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Georgia Institute of Technology; 911 Atlantic Dr Atlanta Georgia 30332
- Specialty Separations Center; Georgia Institute of Technology; 311 Ferst St Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Jeffrey M. Cogen
- Dow Elastomers, Electrical and Telecommunications R&D; The Dow Chemical Company; 400 Arcola Road Collegeville Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Bharat I. Chaudhary
- Dow Elastomers, Electrical and Telecommunications R&D; The Dow Chemical Company; 400 Arcola Road Collegeville Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Pamela Pollet
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Georgia Institute of Technology; 911 Atlantic Dr Atlanta Georgia 30332
- Specialty Separations Center; Georgia Institute of Technology; 311 Ferst St Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Charles A. Eckert
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; 311 Ferst St Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Georgia Institute of Technology; 911 Atlantic Dr Atlanta Georgia 30332
- Specialty Separations Center; Georgia Institute of Technology; 311 Ferst St Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Charles L. Liotta
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; 311 Ferst St Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Georgia Institute of Technology; 911 Atlantic Dr Atlanta Georgia 30332
- Specialty Separations Center; Georgia Institute of Technology; 311 Ferst St Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
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Saunders SR, Roberts CB. Size-selective fractionation of nanoparticles at an application scale using CO2 gas-expanded liquids. Nanotechnology 2009; 20:475605. [PMID: 19875872 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/47/475605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Size-based fractionation of nanoparticles remains a non-trivial task for the preparation of well-defined nanomaterials for certain applications and fundamental studies. Typical fractionation techniques prove to be inefficient for large nanoparticle quantities due to several factors including the expense of equipment, throughput constraints, and the amount of organic solvent waste produced. Through the use of the pressure-tunable physico-chemical properties of CO2-expanded liquids, a rapid, precise, and environmentally sustainable size-selective fractionation of ligand-stabilized nanoparticles is possible through simple variations in applied CO2 pressure. An apparatus capable of fractionating large quantities of nanoparticles into distinct fractions with the ability to control mean diameters and size distributions has been developed. This apparatus consists of three vertically mounted pressure vessels connected in series with needle valves. This process, at current design scales, operated at room temperature, and CO2 pressures between 0 and 50 bar, results in a batch size-selective fractionation of a concentrated nanoparticle dispersion. This paper presents this new apparatus and the separation results of various single pass fractionations as well as recursive fractionations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Saunders
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Anand M, You SS, Hurst KM, Saunders SR, Kitchens CL, Ashurst WR, Roberts CB. Thermodynamic Analysis of Nanoparticle Size Selective Fractionation Using Gas-Expanded Liquids. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ie070981p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Anand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Applied Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Byungcheon-myun, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 330-708, Korea, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Seong-Sik You
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Applied Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Byungcheon-myun, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 330-708, Korea, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Kendall M. Hurst
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Applied Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Byungcheon-myun, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 330-708, Korea, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Steven R. Saunders
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Applied Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Byungcheon-myun, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 330-708, Korea, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Christopher L. Kitchens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Applied Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Byungcheon-myun, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 330-708, Korea, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - W. Robert Ashurst
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Applied Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Byungcheon-myun, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 330-708, Korea, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Christopher B. Roberts
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Applied Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Byungcheon-myun, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 330-708, Korea, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
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Abstract
The fate of strains of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa that cause Pierce's disease of grapevines was investigated in 33 species of mostly perennial plants common in riparian habitats in northern coastal California grape-growing regions. Plants were inoculated in the field with needle puncture using cultured cells of X. fastidiosa as inoculum or inoculated in the laboratory with infective insect vectors (Graphocephala atropunctata). Populations of X. fastidiosa were highest in most plant species within 3 to 6 weeks of inoculation, followed by declines in populations of viable bacteria over the next 3 to 4 months. Homogenates of petioles of California black walnut (Juglans hindsii) and coffeeberry (Rhamnus californica) inhibited in vitro growth of X. fas-tidiosa, precluding culture of the bacterium from these plants. Big leaf maple (Acer macrophyl-lum), California buckeye (Aesculus californica), California blackberry (Rubus ursinus), coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), elderberry (Sambucus mexicana), French broom (Genista monspessulanus), periwinkle (Vinca major), valley oak (Quercus lobata), and the grape root-stock Vitis rupestris supported systemic populations of X. fastidiosa that survived throughout the year outdoors in Napa Valley, California.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Purcell
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley 94720-3112
| | - S R Saunders
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley 94720-3112
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Garlie TN, Saunders SR. Midline facial tissue thicknesses of subadults from a longitudinal radiographic study. J Forensic Sci 1999; 44:61-7. [PMID: 9987871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen midline facial tissue measurements were taken from 615 tracings of lateral radiographs of subadults aged 8 to 20 years. The data were collected to examine two questions: First, are there differences in facial soft tissue measurements between female and male subadults? Second, do facial tissue thicknesses change as children grow? Results indicate that males exhibit greater tissue thickness measurements than females but only significantly so after age 14. Results further indicate a trend of increased facial tissue thickness as individuals grow; however, correlations are weak and suggest that other unknown factors are involved. Data presented here can be of practical application for facial reproduction in forensic cases.
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Purcell AH, Saunders SR, Hendson M, Grebus ME, Henry MJ. Causal Role of Xylella fastidiosa in Oleander Leaf Scorch Disease. Phytopathology 1999; 89:53-8. [PMID: 18944803 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.1999.89.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A lethal leaf scorch disease of oleander (Nerium oleander) appeared in southern California in 1993. A bacterium, Xylella fastidiosa, was detected by culturing, enzyme-linked immunoassay, and polymerase chain reaction in most symptomatic plants but not in symptomless plants or negative controls. Inoculating oleanders mechanically with X. fastidiosa cultures from diseased oleanders caused oleander leaf scorch (OLS) disease. The bacterium was reisolated from inoculated plants that became diseased. Three species of xylem sap-feeding leafhoppers transmitted the bacterium from oleander to oleander. The bacterium multiplied, moved systemically, and caused wilting in Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus rosea) and leaf scorch in periwinkle (Vinca major) in a greenhouse after inoculation with needle puncture. No bacterium was reisolated from grapevine (Vitis vinifera), peach (Prunus persica), olive (Olea europaea), California blackberry (Rubus ursinus), or valley oak (Quercus lobata) mechanically inoculated with OLS strains of X. fastidiosa. A 500-bp sequence of the 16S-23S ribosomal intergenic region of oleander strains showed 99.2% identity with Pierce's disease strains, 98.4% identity with oak leaf scorch strains, and 98.6% identity with phony peach, plum leaf scald, and almond leaf scorch strains.
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Abstract
The 19th century St. Thomas'Anglican churchyard in Belleville, Ontario, Canada is associated with a large and well-preserved infant skeletal collection (n = 149) and good-quality parish records that document interments in the graveyard (1821-1874). By using a combination of historical demographic and stable nitrogen isotope analyses on the parish records and skeletal remains, respectively, a general pattern of extended nursing for about 14 months, introduction of foods other than breast milk by around 5 months of age, and variation in breast-feeding and weaning behaviours were detected for St. Thomas' infants. The results demonstrate that it is possible to go beyond the concept of weaning age to explore the weaning process in past populations when appropriate and large samples of documentary and skeletal data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Herring
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
We describe a simple method for extracting polymerase chain reaction-amplifiable DNA from ancient bones without the use of organic solvents. Bone powders are digested with proteinase K, and the DNA is purified directly using silica-based spin columns (QIAquick3, QIAGEN). The efficiency of this protocol is demonstrated using human bone samples ranging in age from 15 to 5,000 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Yang
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
This study examines the presence of dental caries in a large sample of adult skeletons from the 19th century cemetery of St. Thomas' Anglican Church in Belleville, Ontario. The cemetery was used from 1821 to 1874. Caries prevalence and frequencies of diseased and missing teeth were calculated both by observing summary statistics of individual rates and by the total sample of teeth. Postmortem tooth loss is low in this sample and antemortem tooth loss is highest in first mandibular molars, all other molars and then premolars. Age at death, but not sex, was found to be significantly related to the overall Caries Rate while both age and sex were significantly associated with the Diseased-Missing Index. The increase in diseased and missing teeth in older individuals is expected while the sex difference is not explained by simple dietary factors. When compared to reports on British and American samples, caries and antemortem tooth loss in the St. Thomas' sample is most similar to a pre-1850 British group and higher than American samples. Although there is undoubtedly a complex of factors contributing to caries prevalence in this sample, more data are required from large historic samples, particularly from the American northeast and late 19th century Britain, to have a clearer understanding of the influence of diet, cultural, and environmental factors affecting caries rates in historic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Saunders
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
Harris lines are regularly used in paleopathology as indicators of episodic nonspecific stress, but the methodology for their use has not been clearly established. We studied radiographs of the distal shaft of the tibia in 82 immature and 49 mature subjects from a medieval burial site and compared the number of Harris lines and observer error according to age categories. We found statistically significant differences in both line counts and in observer error by age groups. In conclusion, studies of Harris lines must take into account age variation in order to be validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Grolleau-Raoux
- Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Medico-légale, l'Université Paul Sabatier Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rangueil, Toulouse, France
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Dudar JC, Pfeiffer S, Saunders SR. Evaluation of morphological and histological adult skeletal age-at-death estimation techniques using ribs. J Forensic Sci 1993; 38:677-85. [PMID: 8515218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Adult age-at-death estimation standards were applied to an independent sample (N = 50, 55) of documented ages 17.5 to 95 years. Estimates derived from the sternal rib end morphological and from the cortical rib histological techniques were compared with each other and to the documented ages. Comparisons to the documented ages reveal no statistically significant differences between the techniques. However, the comparison of each individual's estimates show a poor correlation (r = 0.54) despite the equal performance of the age estimations on the entire sample. Averaging of the two rib age estimates results in an estimate with a stronger Pearson's r (0.86) and a lower standard error of the estimate (7.5 years).
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Dudar
- School of Human Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Katzenberg MA, Saunders SR, Fitzgerald WR. Age differences in stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in a population of prehistoric maize horticulturists. Am J Phys Anthropol 1993; 90:267-81. [PMID: 8460651 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330900302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Stable carbon isotope ratios in prehistoric human bone collagen have been used extensively to document the introduction and intensification of maize horticulture in notheastern North America. Most previous studies are based on small samples of adults who are assumed to characterize the diet of the population. In this study, all 29 individuals buried within an Ontario Iroquoian village site dated A.D. 1530-1580 were analysed for stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen. Age distribution of the sample ranges from preterm to elderly. Significant negative correlations between age and delta 13C, and age and delta 15N values were found. High delta 13C values in infants and young children (delta 13C = -6.8 to -12.3) suggest a weaning diet high in maize. High delta 15N values in infants relative to adults suggest a trophic level effect during breast-feeding which has been reported in a modern sample by Tuross et al. (Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 1993). In addition to the isotopic evidence for extremely high carbohydrate (maize) intake, the MacPherson sample includes two juveniles aged 3-4 years, exhibiting circular caries. No other cases of this condition are known in the extensively studied southern Ontario skeletal collections. Together the evidence from dentition and stable carbon isotopes indicates a very high carbohydrate diet in subadults. Circular caries result from developmental stress during enamel formation with subsequent caries formation in areas of thinner enamel. These findings are relevant to studies of infant and early childhood morbidity and mortality among prehistoric maize horticulturists.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Katzenberg
- Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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33
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De Vito C, Saunders SR. A discriminant function analysis of deciduous teeth to determine sex. J Forensic Sci 1990; 35:845-58. [PMID: 2391476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Studies of deciduous teeth have concluded that crown size differences in these teeth between males and females are not reliable sex discriminators, in contrast to such differences in permanent teeth. This study measured the mesiodistal and faciolingual crown diameters of all deciduous teeth, as well as those of the permanent first molars, of 162 children from the Burlington Orthodontic Growth Study, conducted earlier in Burlington, Ontario, Canada. All 40 deciduous tooth diameters (20 mesiolingual and 20 faciolingual) were significantly different between the sexes, as were the permanent tooth diameters. Using three to five measurements of deciduous teeth, discriminant analyses of several samplings of these children produced discriminant functions in which 76 to 90% of the holdout samples were correctly classified by sex. Combinations of deciduous and permanent measurements were used to classify 83 to 85% of the holdout samples correctly. When compared with published data on other sample populations, the Burlington group is the most dimorphic for deciduous teeth and is within the range of permanent tooth dimorphisms of other populations. The level of classification accuracy, when using discriminant analysis of the deciduous teeth, can approach the accuracy levels of analysis using the permanent teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- C De Vito
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Hand fractures can be a complicated management dilemma for both the general clinician and the specialist. To better equip the therapist to treat fractures in the hand, a brief review of bone and articular cartilage healing and the effects of immobilization are reviewed. Active, passive, and resistive exercises for the patient with hand fracture are reviewed in addition to treatment of the associated problems of scar formation, edema, and pain. Static and dynamic splinting techniques are also discussed.
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Abstract
Inuit (Eskimos) from the Foxe Basin region of the Northwest Territories, Canada, were studied to ascertain the amount of dimensional and morphological asymmetry in their dentitions. The results indicate that dimensional asymmetry does not appear to be greater on either the maxillary or mandibular teeth. Both types of asymmetry show partial conformity to the model of tooth fields with an increasing amount of asymmetry as one goes distally in each tooth group. The morphological asymmetry exception, the mandibular incisors, follows Dahlberg's "Field Concept." Rank-order correlations between the amount of dimensional asymmetry and morphological asymmetry reveal no detectable patterns. There appear to be no associations between the presence or absence of morphological asymmetry and the size of the tooth. This lack of association might be explained by differences in developmental timing of tooth dimensions and morphological traits; however, such a hypothesis requires experimental testing. In this population and those for which published results are available, it is practically impossible to overcome the "noise" level and test recent hypotheses regarding random dental asymmetry.
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Saunders SR, Mayhall JT. Fluctuating asymmetry of dental morphological traits: new interpretations. Hum Biol 1982; 54:789-99. [PMID: 7166300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
A longitudinal series of casts of the deciduous and permanent dentitions of 827 children from Burlington Growth Centre study was examined for 5 traits: shovel-shape of the incisors, cusp six, cusp seven and protostylid of the mandibular molars, and Carabelli trait of the maxillary molars. The changing trait frequencies found support the concept of morphogenetic gradients of expression for non-metric traits from deciduous to permanent teeth. Tests of association showed that if shovelling was present on the deciduous incisors it would usually appear on the permanent successors. Tests of association between the other 4 traits on deciduous second molars and the permanent molars support the view that the second deciduous molar belongs to the total molar tooth district. This gradient expression of morphological traits would fit either the field or clone concepts, but it, and the intra-individual discordances for trait presence, probably reflects the great temporal spacing of dental development seen in man.
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Abstract
Lateral cephalometric radiographs were used to study the similarities in craniofacial dimensions between members of 147 families. Standard product-moment and intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated for a selected series of measurements to compare parents to offspring and sibs to sibs. To assess further the use of the parents' records in predicting a child's craniofacial features, r2 values were calculated and multiple regression analyses were performed for the various pairings of related individuals. Results show a high level of significant correlations between first-degree relatives which are compatible with a polygenic theory of inheritance. These data give no evidence of added effects of autosomal dominance and sex-linkage. As might be expected, the use of multiple measurements from both parents gives the best results when one is attempting to predict a child's craniofacial dimensions. This suggests that information from the parents and siblings of a patient can be quite useful in clinical orthodontic treatment.
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Abstract
The frequency of two non-metric skeletal traits, atlas bridging and clinoid bridging, were examined serially in a randomly chosen sample of 147 families who participated in the Burlington Growth Study. The sample is representative of an Ontario white Anglo-Saxon population. Partial and complete atlas briging occurred in 29.2% of the sample, partial and complete clinoid bridging in 15.2%. Atlas bridging appears at an average age of 10.7 years, clinoid bridging at seven years, demonstrating that these characters are not simply expressions of soft tissue sclerosis in old age. Both traits show no strong associations with bone robusticity although atlas bridging is slightly more frequent in males. Both traits are more frequent in relatives of affected individuals than in the sample as a whole. Correlations between parents and offspring and between sibs are highly significant for atlas bridging, less so far clinoid bridging. These traits should fit either a single gene or quasi-continuous, polygenic model of inheritance. Several tests for polygenic inheritance such as the correlation between first and second born sibs' trait condition, the relationship between trait expression in offspring and total trait incidence in affected parents, and the correlation between trait frequency and expressivity on an intergroup basis were all positive for atlas bridging. The evidence for polygenic inheritance of clinoid bridging is weaker but suggestive. The results obtained in this study for atlas bridging are comparable to data from one earlier family study. The evidence suggests that these two traits should prove useful as genetic markers in skeletal population studies although there is still need for careful control over trait observation and description. Future research should attempt to measure non-metric traits continuously when their underlying distributions are known to be graded.
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