Distribution of HPV-16 and HPV-18 from the Patients Attending At Mymensingh Medical College Hospital by Newly Developed Oncoprotein Detection Assay

Cervical cancer is one of cause of death in women in many developing countries. Persistent infection with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), primarily high risk types 16 and 18, is recognized as a causal and essential factor for the development of cervical cancer. The objective of this cross sectional observational study is to detect the distribution of HPV-16 and HPV-18 among Onco E6 positive cases. Following universal safety precautions a total of 180 endocervical swabs were collected from Colposcopy clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH), Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2016 to December 2016. Laboratory work was done in the department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College. E6 strip test is an immunochromatographic test based on the detection of HPV-E6 oncoprotein in cervical swab samples. Onco E6 cervical test was done on 180cases. Among them 60% were VIA positive and 120% were VIA negative. From this VIA positive cases 12(16.25%) were On E6 cervical test positive and from VIA negative cases 3(2.5%) were positive by this On E6 cervical test. From this 12 Onco E6 cervical test positive cases 10(%) were HPV-16 and 2(%) were HPV-18 and from VIA negative cases 3 were only HPV-16 by this test. Histopathological test done on 35 suspected cases and out of 08 cervical carcinoma cases 07 were positive by this Onco E6 cervical test which was also HPV-16 type. It may be concluded that HPV-16 is most prevalent type to cause cervical cancer and by this newly developed protein detection assay will be helpful to reduce over treatment and save many lives.

The effect of shortening and varus collapse of the femoral neck on function after fixation of intracapsular fracture of the hip: a multi-centre cohort study

We have studied the effect of shortening of the femoral neck and varus collapse on the functional capacity and quality of life of patients who had undergone fixation of an isolated intracapsular fracture of the hip with cancellous screws. After screening 660 patients at four university medical centres, 70 patients with a mean age of 71 years (20 to 90) met the inclusion criteria. Overall, 66% (46 of 70) of the fractures healed with > 5 mm of shortening and 39% (27 of 70) with > 5 degrees of varus. Patients with severe shortening of the femoral neck had significantly lower short form-36 questionnaire (SF-36) physical functioning scores (no/mild (<5 mm) vs severe shortening (> 10 mm); 74 vs 42 points, p < 0.001). A similar effect was noted with moderate shortening, suggesting a gradient effect (no/mild (< 5 mm) vs moderate shortening (5 to 10 mm); 74 vs 53 points, p = 0.011). Varus collapse correlated moderately with the occurrence of shortening (r = 0.66, p < 0.001). Shortening also resulted in a significantly lower EuroQol questionnaire (EQ5D) index scores (p = 0.05). In a regression analysis shortening of the femoral neck was the only significant variable predictive of a low SF-36 physical functioning score (p < 0.001).

Consumer use of St. John's wort: a survey on effectiveness, safety, and tolerability

Despite its poorly described pharmacology, effectiveness, and safety, use of St. John's wort (SJW) is largely unsupervised and unexplored, and can potentially lead to adverse outcomes. We conducted a telephone survey of 43 subjects who had taken SJW to assess demographics, psychiatric and medical conditions, dosage, duration of use, reason for use, side effects, concomitant drugs, professional consultation, effectiveness, relapse, and withdrawal effects. Most subjects reported taking SJW for depression, and 74% did not seek medical advice. Mean dosage was 475.6+/-360 mg/day (range 300-1200 mg/day) and mean duration of therapy was 7.3+/-10.1 weeks (range 1 day-5 yrs). Among 36 (84%) reporting improvement, 18 (50%) had a psychiatric diagnosis. Twenty (47%) reported side effects, resulting in discontinuation in five (12%) and one emergency room visit. Two consumers experienced symptoms of serotonin syndrome and three reported food-drug interactions. Thirteen consumers experienced withdrawal symptoms and two had a depressive relapse. These data suggest the need for greater consumer and provider awareness of the potential risks of SJW in self-care of depression and related syndromes.

Immunophenotypic analysis of HL-60 cells during basophilic differentiation

Differentiation along specific myeloid lineages may be accompanied by characteristic cell surface marker changes. We have examined leukemic HL-60 cell changes under conditions which induce basophilic differentiation. An increased surface expression of CD35, CD11b, and decreased expression of CD15 was found by flow cytometry during the 5-day induction period. Further investigation revealed two cell populations after 5 days in vitro: (i) a CD35-positive population (61% of cells present) containing a significant number of CD15-negative cells, and (ii) a CD15-positive/CD35-negative population. The CD35-positive subset appears to account for the majority of the basophilic cells induced under these conditions, as measured by histamine content and metachromatic staining. In addition, this subset contains a small number of early monocytic cells (CD14 and CD23 positive). The expression of CD11b is variably found on the CD15-positive/ CD35-negative subset of induced cells. These results suggest that CD35 and CD15 surface immunophenotyping can be used to map steps involved in myeloid development. A role for CD35 and CD15 in early basophil differentiation is proposed.

Interactions of hemopoietic cytokines on differentiation of HL-60 cells. Nerve growth factor is a basophilic lineage-specific co-factor

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotropic polypeptide which has broad biological activity other than support of growth and survival of sympathetic, sensory and central neurons. NGF promotes rat mast cell hyperplasia in vivo and human granulopoiesis in vitro, selectively augmenting basophil/mast cell differentiation in the presence of T cells or conditioned medium derived from a human T cell line (Mo-CM), a source of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). NGF also synergizes with GM-CSF to promote human basophil/mast cell differentiation in both methylcellulose and suspension cultures of myeloid progenitors. In the current studies, we examined the interactions of NGF and several cytokines considered to be involved in human basophil/mast cell and eosinophil growth and differentiation, including interleukin (IL)-3, IL-4, IL-5, GM-CSF and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). NGF synergistically enhanced IL-5 induced dose-dependent increases in histamine content and basophilic cell differentiation of myeloid leukemic HL-60 cells, but was only additive to similar effects of IL-3. In contrast, IL-4 and G-CSF did not promote basophilic differentiation of HL-60 cells in the presence or absence of NGF. Various combinations of GM-CSF, G-CSF, IL-3, IL-4 and IL-5 could not reproduce the synergy observed between NGF and either IL-5 or GM-CSF. NGF appears to represent a class of lineage-specific co-factors, in this case being involved in GM-CSF- or IL-5-induced basophilic lineage differentiation, thus contributing to tissue inflammation or repair.

Factors influencing basophilic differentiation of HL-60 cells

Lineage-specific hematopoietins apparently act in concert with multipotent factors in an orderly sequence of growth and differentiation. We have used the human acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 to examine basophilic differentiation, using radioenzymatic assay of histamine content as an end point. Recombinant human interleukin 1 (rhIL-1), rhIL-2, rhIL-4, and recombinant human alpha and gamma interferons did not stimulate basophilic differentiation either in the presence or absence of sodium butyrate, an important cofactor for induction of differentiation. In contrast, rhG-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor), rhGM (granulocyte-macrophage) CSF, rhIL-3, rhIL-5, nerve growth factor, conditioned medium (CM) from the hairy T cell leukemic line Mo, and nasal polyp epithelial CM stimulated significant increases in histamine content in HL-60 cells at day 5 in vitro. GM-CSF did not account for all of the basophilic differentiating activity in Mo-CM. The data suggest that a unique, lineage-specific, basophilic cell differentiation factor is produced by T cells and point to the possible diagnostic and therapeutic relevance of in situ hematopoietic mechanisms in human respiratory disease.

Human basophilic cell differentiation promoted by 2.5S nerve growth factor

In liquid cultures of human cord blood mononuclear cells, the activities of the 2.5S nerve growth factor (NGF) inducing basophil and eosinophil differentiation were investigated. Various concentrations of immunopurified 2.5S NGF derived from murine submaxillary glands were added to cultures with or without conditioned medium from a human T cell line (Mo-CM), which has previously been shown to produce activities stimulating granulocyte-macrophage colonies. Addition of NGF led to significant increases in differentiation of basophilic cells accompanied by histamine synthesis at 2 weeks in vitro; eosinophil differentiation was not increased in these cultures. In addition, NGF could be shown to amplify basophil differentiation induced by Mo-CM, and the activity of NGF inducing basophil differentiation was dependent on the presence of T lymphocytes. These results indicate that NGF stimulates T-lymphocyte-dependent basophilic cell differentiation from human cord blood progenitors and may in this way support differentiation of basophils or mast cells in vivo at sites of allergic tissue inflammation.