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Lan Y, Zhou L, Liu S, Wan R, Wang N, Chen D, Li Y, Jiang Y, Rao Z, Jiang W, Song D, Tan Q, Yang F. Light absorption enhancement of black carbon and its impact factors during winter in a megacity of the Sichuan Basin, China. Sci Total Environ 2024; 918:170374. [PMID: 38307267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols play a vital role in global climate patterns due to their potent light absorption capabilities. However, the light absorption enhancement effect (Eabs) of black carbon (BC) is still subject to great uncertainties due to factors such as the mixing state, coating material, and particle size distribution. In this study, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected in Chengdu, a megacity in the Sichuan Basin, during the winter of 2020 and 2021. The chemical components of PM2.5 and the light absorption properties of BC were investigated. The results revealed that secondary inorganic aerosols and carbonaceous aerosols were the dominant components in PM2.5. Additionally, the aerosol filter filtration-dissolution (AFD) treatment could improve the accuracy of measuring elemental carbon (EC) through thermal/optical analysis. During winter in Chengdu, the absorption enhancement values of BC ranged between 1.56 and 2.27, depending on the absorption wavelength and the mixing state of BC and non-BC materials. The presence of internally mixed BC and non-BC materials significantly contributed to Eabs, accounting for an average of 68 % at 405 nm and 100 % at 635 nm. The thickness of the BC coating influenced Eabs, displaying an increasing-then-decreasing trend. This trend was primarily attributed to the hygroscopic growth and dehydration shrinkage of particulate matter. Nitrate, as the major component of BC coating, played a crucial role in the lensing effect and exhibited fast growth during variation in Eabs. By combining the results from PMF, we identified the secondary formation and vehicle emission as the primary contributors to Eabs. Consequently, this study can provide valuable insights into the optical parameters, which are essential for assessing the environmental quality, improving regional atmospheric conditions, and formulating effective air pollution control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Lan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Yibin 644600, China
| | - Li Zhou
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Yibin 644600, China.
| | - Song Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Yibin 644600, China
| | - Ruilin Wan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Yibin 644600, China
| | - Ning Wang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Yibin 644600, China
| | - Dongyang Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Yibin 644600, China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Yibin 644600, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Sichuan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Chengdu 610091, China
| | - Zhihan Rao
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Yibin 644600, China; Sichuan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Chengdu 610091, China
| | - Wanting Jiang
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Danlin Song
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Qinwen Tan
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Yibin 644600, China
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Zhang Z, Cheng Y, Liang L, Liu J. The Measurement of Atmospheric Black Carbon: A Review. Toxics 2023; 11:975. [PMID: 38133376 PMCID: PMC10748019 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Black Carbon (BC), the second-largest contributor to global warming, has detrimental effects on human health and the environment. However, the accurate quantification of BC poses a significant challenge, impeding the comprehensive assessment of its impacts. Therefore, this paper aims to critically review three quantitative methods for measuring BC: Thermal Optical Analysis (TOA), the Optical Method, and Laser-Induced Incandescence (LII). The determination principles, available commercial instruments, sources of deviation, and correction approaches associated with these techniques are systematically discussed. By synthesizing and comparing the quantitative results reported in previous studies, this paper aims to elucidate the underlying relationships and fundamental disparities among Elemental Carbon (EC), Equivalent Black Carbon (eBC), and Refractory Black Carbon (rBC). Finally, based on the current advancements in BC quantification, recommendations are proposed to guide future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Linlin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiumeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.C.)
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Mooibroek D, Sofowote UM, Hopke PK. Source apportionment of ambient PM 10 collected at three sites in an urban-industrial area with multi-time resolution factor analyses. Sci Total Environ 2022; 850:157981. [PMID: 35964756 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemical speciation data for PM10, collected for annual trend analyses of health-relevant species, at three receptor sites in a highly industrialized area (IJmond) in the Netherlands were used in a multi-time resolution receptor model (ME-2) to identify the PM10 sources in this area. Despite the available data not being optimized for receptor modelling, five-factor solutions were obtained for all sites based on independent PMF analysis on PM10 data from the three sites (IJM, WAZ and BEV). Four factors were common to all three sites: nitrate-sulphate (average percentage contributions to PM10: IJM: 35.3 %, WAZ: 37.7 %, and BEV: 36.3 %); sea salt (20.2 %, 23.7 %, 15.2 %); industrial (8.1 %, 11.0 %, 18.1 %) and brake wear/traffic (31.4 %, 21.2 %, 20.6 %). At WAZ, a local/site-specific factor containing most of the PAH measurements was found (6.4 %) while a crustal matter factor was resolved at IJM (7.6 %) and BEV (9.8 %). Additionally, sludge-drying was a potential source of the marker species in the industrial factor at WAZ. Bootstrapping (BS) and factor displacement (DISP) were applied to the factor profiles in this work for error estimation. In general, the factor profiles at all three sites had very small intervals from both BS and DISP methods. To our knowledge, this is the first time DISP was applied in a complex model such as the multi-time resolution model. Most of the measured metal and PAH concentrations found in the IJmond area during the 2017-2019 period had local sources, with significant contributions from several processes related to the steel industry. This study shows that available detailed PM10 chemical speciation data, although primarily collected for annual trend analyses of health-relevant species, could also be used in receptor modelling by applying a multi-time framework. We propose general recommendations for the optimization of the measurement strategy for source apportionment of PM in areas with similar urban-industrial land use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Mooibroek
- Centre for Environmental Monitoring, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Uwayemi M Sofowote
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Canada
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
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Aakko-saksa P, Kuittinen N, Murtonen T, Koponen P, Aurela M, Järvinen A, Teinilä K, Saarikoski S, Barreira LMF, Salo L, Karjalainen P, Ortega IK, Delhaye D, Lehtoranta K, Vesala H, Jalava P, Rönkkö T, Timonen H. Suitability of Different Methods for Measuring Black Carbon Emissions from Marine Engines. Atmosphere 2022; 13:31. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) emissions intensify global warming and are linked to adverse health effects. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) considers the impact of BC emissions from international shipping. A prerequisite for the anticipated limits to BC emissions from marine engines is a reliable measurement method. The three candidate methods (photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), laser-induced incandescence (LII), and filter smoke number (FSN)) selected by the IMO were evaluated with extensive ship exhaust matrices obtained by different fuels, engines, and emission control devices. A few instruments targeted for atmospheric measurements were included as well. The BC concentrations were close to each other with the smoke meters (AVL 415S and 415SE), PAS (AVL MSS), LII (Artium-300), MAAP 5012, aethalometers (Magee AE-33 and AE-42), and EC (TOA). In most cases, the standard deviation between instruments was in the range of 5–15% at BC concentrations below 30 mg Sm−3. Some differences in the BC concentrations measured with these instruments were potentially related to the ratio of light-absorbing compounds to sulphates or to particle sizes and morphologies. In addition, calibrations, sampling, and correction of thermophoretic loss of BC explained differences in the BC results. However, overall differences in the BC results obtained with three candidate methods selected by the IMO were low despite challenging exhaust compositions from marine diesel engines. Findings will inform decision making on BC emission control from marine engines.
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Karanasiou A, Panteliadis P, Perez N, Minguillón MC, Pandolfi M, Titos G, Viana M, Moreno T, Querol X, Alastuey A. Evaluation of the Semi-Continuous OCEC analyzer performance with the EUSAAR2 protocol. Sci Total Environ 2020; 747:141266. [PMID: 32777506 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluates the applicability of the reference protocol EUSAAR2 in the Semi-Continuous OCEC analyzer under two environments, an urban background site influenced by traffic emissions and a regional background site. The comparison of the 24-h averaged OC and EC measurements of the Semi-Continuous analyzer with the OC and EC concentrations determined offline in PM2.5 24 h filters yielded very good agreement for both denuded and undenuded samples. In the urban background site, the regression for EC yielded a slope of 0.93 and 1.04 (b = 0.07 and 0.05, R2 = 0.83 and 0.84), for denuded and undenuded samples respectively. The slopes of OC regressions were 0.99 (b = -0.18, R2 = 0.81) for the low volume and 0.93 (b = 0.12, R2 = 0.84) for the high volume samples. In the regional background site, the slopes of the EC regression with the denuded and undenuded samples was 0.91 and 1.02 correspondingly (b = 0 and - 0.03, R2 = 0.77 and 0.89). The regression of OC had slopes close to 1; 1.03 for the high volume and 0.95 for the low volume sampler (b = 0.08 and 0.26, R2 = 0.78 and 0.78). BC measurements obtained by an aethalometer and MAAP were in very good agreement with EC at both sampling sites. BC levels were consistently higher than EC (slope of the regression aethalometer BC vs EC slope a = 1.2, intercept b = 0.19, R2 = 0.79, for the urban background site and a = 1.9, b = -0.04, R2 = 0.94, for the regional site, slope MAAP BC vs EC a = 1.2, b = 0.06, R2 = 0.94, for the urban background site and 1.7, b = -0.03, R2 = 0.96, for the regional site). This confirms the need of using the site-specific mass absorption cross section (MAC) instead of the ones provided by manufacturers for the conversion of absorption units into BC mass concentration. BC data correlated very well with the optical EC obtained from the semi-continuous OCEC analyzer (a = 1.3, b = 0.16, R2 = 0.80 for the urban background site and a = 1.7, b = 0.009, R2 = 0.94 for the regional site, respectively). The comparison of OC concentrations by the Semi-Continuous Sunset analyzer with organic aerosol online measurements by ACSM showed strong correlations. The ratio OA/OC was 1.9 and 2.3 for the urban background and regional sites. The accumulation of refractory material on the filter, because of prolonged periods of sampling, caused a shift of the split point to the inert mode and changes on PC formation and evolution. Extreme dust outbreaks lead to the overestimation of OC due to the evolution of carbonate in the He mode. Generally, the Sunset Semi-Continuous OCEC analyzer with EUSAAR2 provided robust and consistent measurements with offline thermal-optical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karanasiou
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - P Panteliadis
- GGD, Department of Air Quality, Public Health Service Amsterdam, 1018WT, the Netherlands
| | - N Perez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M C Minguillón
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Titos
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - M Viana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Chen P, Kang S, Li C, Zhang Q, Guo J, Tripathee L, Zhang Y, Li G, Gul C, Cong Z, Wan X, Niu H, Panday AK, Rupakheti M, Ji Z. Carbonaceous aerosol characteristics on the Third Pole: A primary study based on the Atmospheric Pollution and Cryospheric Change (APCC) network. Environ Pollut 2019; 253:49-60. [PMID: 31302402 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols (CAs) scatter and absorb incident solar radiation in the atmosphere, thereby influencing the regional climate and hydrological cycle, particularly in the Third Pole (TP). Here, we present the characteristics of CAs at 19 observation stations from the Atmospheric Pollution and Cryospheric Change network to obtain a deep understanding of pollutant status in the TP. The organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations decreased noticeably inwards from outside to inland of the TP, consistent with their emission load and also affected by transport process and meteorological condition. Urban areas, such as Kathmandu, Karachi, and Mardan, exhibited extremely high OC and EC concentrations, with low and high values occurring in the monsoon and non-monsoon seasons, respectively. However, remote regions inland the TP (e.g., Nam Co and Ngari) demonstrated much lower OC and EC concentrations. Different seasonal variations were observed between the southern and northern parts of the TP, suggesting differences in the patterns of pollutant sources and in distance from the sources between the two regions. In addition to the influence of long-range transported pollutants from the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), the TP was affected by local emissions (e.g., biomass burning). The OC/EC ratio also suggested that biomass burning was prevalent in the center TP, whereas the marginal sites (e.g., Jomsom, Dhunche, and Laohugou) were affected by fossil fuel combustion from the up-wind regions. The mass absorption cross-section of EC (MACEC) at 632 nm ranged from 6.56 to 14.7 m2 g-1, with an increasing trend from outside to inland of the TP. Urban areas had low MACEC values because such regions were mainly affected by local fresh emissions. In addition, large amount of brown carbon can decrease the MACEC values in cities of South Asia. Remote sites had high MACEC values because of the coating enhancement of aerosols. Influenced by emission, transport process, and weather condition, the CA concentrations and MACEC presented decreasing and increasing trends, respectively, from outside to inland of the TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Chaoliu Li
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qianggong Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Junming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Gang Li
- Arid Meteorological Research Institute, Lanzhou Meteorological Bureau, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Chaman Gul
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hewen Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Arnico K Panday
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, 44700, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Zhenming Ji
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China
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Merico E, Cesari D, Dinoi A, Gambaro A, Barbaro E, Guascito MR, Giannossa LC, Mangone A, Contini D. Inter-comparison of carbon content in PM 10 and PM 2.5 measured with two thermo-optical protocols on samples collected in a Mediterranean site. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:29334-29350. [PMID: 31396867 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Scientific interest is focusing on different approaches for characterising organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and equivalent black carbon (eBC), although EUSAAR2 protocol has been established and frequently used in EU for regulatory purposes. Discrepancies are observed due to thermal protocols used for OC/EC determinations and the effect of the chemical-physical properties of aerosol using optical measurements for eBC. In this work, a long-term inter-comparison of carbon measurements with two widely used protocols (EUSAAR2 and NIOSH870) was performed on PM2.5 and PM10 samples. The influence of the protocol on the evaluation of secondary organic aerosol (SOC) and on the correlation between EC and eBC was investigated. An extensive check of repeatability gave typical uncertainties of ~ 5% for TC and OC, and ~ 10% for EC for both thermal protocols. Results show that OC is statistically comparable between the two protocols but EC is significantly higher with EUSAAR2, especially during the warm season. The ratio OC/EC is lower with EUSAAR2, also showing a seasonality (lower values in the warm season) not observed with NIOSH870. Despite the differences in OC/EC ratios, the contribution of SOC to OC (~ 50%), evaluated using the EC-tracer method, did not differ significantly between the two protocols and for both size fractions. Further, SOC/OC ratios were comparable in cold and warm periods. eBC/EC ratios larger than one for both protocols were obtained, 1.62 (EUSAAR2) and 1.92 (NIOSH870), and also correlated with the ratio OC/EC for both protocols, especially in the cold season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Merico
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Daniela Cesari
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, IDPA-CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - Adelaide Dinoi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, IDPA-CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice Mestre, Italy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, IDPA-CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice Mestre, Italy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - Maria R Guascito
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100, Lecce, Italy
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Lorena C Giannossa
- Department of Economics, Management and Business Law, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Largo Abbazia Santa Scolastica 53, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Annarosa Mangone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniele Contini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100, Lecce, Italy
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Wonaschuetz A, Haller T, Sommer E, Witek L, Grothe H, Hitzenberger R. Collection of soot particles into aqueous suspension using a particle-into-liquid sampler. Aerosol Sci Technol 2018; 53:21-28. [PMID: 30828703 PMCID: PMC6382284 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2018.1540859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Steam collection devices collecting aerosol particles into liquid samples are frequently used to analyze water-soluble particulate material. The fate of water-insoluble components is often neglected. In this work, we show that fresh soot particles can be suspended into pure water using a steam collection device, the particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS, Weber et al. 2001). The overall collection efficiency of freshly generated soot particles was found to be on the order of 20%. This shows that, depending on the analytic technique employed, the presence of insoluble, and/or hydrophobic particles in liquid samples from steam collection cannot be neglected. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theresa Haller
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Sommer
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenz Witek
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hinrich Grothe
- TU Wien, Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Bai Z, Cui X, Wang X, Xie H, Chen B. Light absorption of black carbon is doubled at Mt. Tai and typical urban area in North China. Sci Total Environ 2018; 635:1144-1151. [PMID: 29710569 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The estimates of radiative forcing of black carbon (BC) remain great uncertainty, largely due to variations in the absorption enhancement of BC by mixing with organic and inorganic coatings in ambient aerosols. We applied a two-step solvent treatment method that experimentally removed coating materials in aerosol samples to determine the BC absorption enhancement. Aerosol samples were collected at Mt. Tai and a severely polluted urban area (Jinan) in North China Plain (NCP). The mass absorption cross-section (MAC) of BC aerosols was determined before and after the coating removal. Three thermal-optical protocols, NIOSH, EUSAAR and IMPROVE, were tested for determining of BC mass and MAC. The EUSAAR protocol gave the optimal values of BC mass concentrations and MAC. The MAC for decoated BC was 3.8 ± 0.9 and 3.8 ± 0.1 m2 g-1 (Average and 1SD) at 678 nm wavelength at the urban area and Mt. Tai, respectively, and it was consistent with the theoretical calculation for pure BC. The MAC for ambient aerosol samples was enhanced to 7.4 ± 2.6 and 7.8 ± 2.7 m2 g-1 at Jinan and Mt. Tai respectively. Non -BC coatings could enhance the MAC (EMAC) by a factor of 2 at both the polluted urban area and mountain summit. The light absorption of BC may be rapidly enhanced from air pollution in severely polluted area, and then it remains relatively constant for aged aerosols at Mt. Tai. Climate model is recommended for amplifying BC absorption by a factor of 2 in East Asia and other areas with intense industrialization and urbanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Bai
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xinjian Cui
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Huijun Xie
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Wang X, Chen M, Zhong M, Hu Z, Qiu L, Rajagopalan S, Fossett NG, Chen LC, Ying Z. Exposure to Concentrated Ambient PM2.5 Shortens Lifespan and Induces Inflammation-Associated Signaling and Oxidative Stress in Drosophila. Toxicol Sci 2018; 156:199-207. [PMID: 28069988 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ambient PM 2.5 is associated with human premature mortality. However, it has not yet been toxicologically replicated, likely due to the lack of suitable animal models. Drosophila is frequently used in longevity research due to many incomparable merits. The present study aims to validate Drosophila models for PM 2.5 toxicity study through characterizing their biological responses to exposure to concentrated ambient PM 2.5 (CAP). The survivorship curve demonstrated that exposure to CAP markedly reduced lifespan of Drosophila. This antilongevity effect of CAP exposure was observed in both male and female Drosophila, and by comparison, the male was more sensitive [50% survivals: 20 and 48 days, CAP- and filtered air (FA)-exposed males, respectively; 21 and 40 days, CAP- and FA-exposed females, respectively]. Similar to its putative pathogenesis in humans, CAP exposure-induced premature mortality in Drosophila was also coincided with activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways including Jak, Jnk, and Nf-κb and increased systemic oxidative stress. Furthermore, like in humans and mammals, exposure to CAP significantly increased whole-body and circulating glucose levels and increased mRNA expression of Ilp2 and Ilp5 , indicating that CAP exposure induces dysregulated insulin signaling in Drosophila. Similar to effects on humans exposure to CAP leads to premature mortality likely through induction of inflammation-associated signaling, oxidative stress, and metabolic abnormality in Drosophila, strongly supporting that it can be a useful model organism for PM 2.5 toxicity study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China.,Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Minjie Chen
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.,Department of Environmental Health School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mianhua Zhong
- Department of Nutrition and Food hygiene School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Ziying Hu
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Lianglin Qiu
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.,Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and the Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Nancy G Fossett
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and the Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Lung-Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine School of Medicine, New York University Tuxedo, New York, New York 10987
| | - Zhekang Ying
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.,Department of Environmental Health School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Bhuyan P, Deka P, Prakash A, Balachandran S, Hoque RR. Chemical characterization and source apportionment of aerosol over mid Brahmaputra Valley, India. Environ Pollut 2018; 234:997-1010. [PMID: 29665640 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol samples (as PM10, n = 250) were collected from three rural/remote receptor locations in the mid Brahmaputra plain region and were chemically characterized for metals (Al, Fe, Co, Cu, Cr, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb), ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+, F-, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-), and carbon. Vital ratios like NO3-/SO42-, EC/OC, K+/EC, K+/OC, enrichment factors and inter-species correlations were exploited to appreciate possible sources of aerosol. These empirical analyses pointed towards anthropogenic contributions of aerosol, particularly from biomass burning, vehicular emission, and road dust. The chemically characterized concentration data were subsequently fed into two receptor models viz. Principal Component Analysis-Multiple Linear Regression (PCA-MLR) and Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) for apportionment of sources of aerosol. The PCA-MLR estimates identified that the combustion sources together accounted for ∼42% of aerosol and the contribution of secondary formation to be 24%. Road and crustal dusts have been well apportioned by PCA-MLR, which together accounts for ∼26% of the aerosol. The CMB model estimates explained that the combustion sources taken together contributed ∼47% to the aerosol, which includes biomass burning (27%), vehicular emission (13%), coal (1%), kerosene (4%), and petroleum refining (2%). Other major sources that were apportioned were road dust (15%), crustal dust (26%), and construction dust (6%). There are inherent limitations in the source strength estimations because of uncertainty present in the source emission profiles that have been applied to the remote location of India. However, both the models (PCA-MLR and CMB) estimated the contribution of combustion sources to 42 and 47% respectively, which is comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranamika Bhuyan
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, India
| | - Pratibha Deka
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, India
| | - Amit Prakash
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, India
| | - S Balachandran
- Department of Environmental Studies, Visva Bharati, Bengal, India
| | - Raza Rafiqul Hoque
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, India; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.
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Lappi MK, Ristimäki JM. Evaluation of thermal optical analysis method of elemental carbon for marine fuel exhaust. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2017; 67:1298-1318. [PMID: 28548907 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2017.1335251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The awareness of black carbon (BC) as the second largest anthropogenic contributor in global warming and an ice melting enhancer has increased. Due to prospected increase in shipping especially in the Arctic reliability of BC emissions and their invented amounts from ships is gaining more attention. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is actively working toward estimation of quantities and effects of BC especially in the Arctic. IMO has launched work toward constituting a definition for BC and agreeing appropriate methods for its determination from shipping emission sources. In our study we evaluated the suitability of elemental carbon (EC) analysis by a thermal-optical transmittance (TOT) method to marine exhausts and possible measures to overcome the analysis interferences related to the chemically complex emissions. The measures included drying with CaSO4, evaporation at 40-180ºC, H2O treatment, and variation of the sampling method (in-stack and diluted) and its parameters (e.g., dilution ratio, Dr). A reevaluation of the nominal organic carbon (OC)/EC split point was made. Measurement of residual carbon after solvent extraction (TC-CSOF) was used as a reference, and later also filter smoke number (FSN) measurement, which is dealt with in a forthcoming paper by the authors. Exhaust sources used for collecting the particle sample were mainly four-stroke marine engines operated with variable loads and marine fuels ranging from light to heavy fuel oils (LFO and HFO) with a sulfur content range of <0.1-2.4% S. The results were found to be dependent on many factors, namely, sampling, preparation and analysis method, and fuel quality. It was found that the condensed H2SO4 + H2O on the particulate matter (PM) filter had an effect on the measured EC content, and also promoted the formation of pyrolytic carbon (PyC) from OC, affecting the accuracy of EC determination. Thus, uncertainty remained regarding the EC results from HFO fuels. IMPLICATIONS The work supports one part of the decision making in black carbon (BC) determination methodology. If regulations regarding BC emissions from marine engines will be implemented in the future, a well-defined and at best unequivocal method of BC determination is required for coherent and comparable emission inventories and estimating BC effects. As the aerosol from marine emission sources may be very heterogeneous and low in BC, special attention to the effects of sampling conditions and sample pretreatments on the validity of the results was paid in developing the thermal-optical analysis methodology (TOT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija K Lappi
- a VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland , Espoo , Finland
| | - Jyrki M Ristimäki
- b Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd, Newbuilding and Innovation , Turku , Finland
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Hu Z, Kang S, Li C, Yan F, Chen P, Gao S, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Sillanpää M. Light absorption of biomass burning and vehicle emission-sourced carbonaceous aerosols of the Tibetan Plateau. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:15369-15378. [PMID: 28502054 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols over the Tibetan Plateau originate primarily from biomass burning and vehicle emissions (BB and VEs, respectively). The light absorption characteristics of these carbonaceous aerosols are closely correlated with the burning conditions and represent key factors that influence climate forcing. In this study, the light absorption characteristics of elemental carbon (EC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in PM2.5 (fine particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm) generated from BB and VEs were investigated over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The results showed that the organic carbon (OC)/EC ratios from BB- and VE-sourced PM2.5 were 17.62 ± 10.19 and 1.19 ± 0.36, respectively. These values were higher than the ratios in other regions, which was primarily because of the diminished amount of oxygen over the TP. The mass absorption cross section of EC (MACEC) at 632 nm for the BB-sourced PM2.5 (6.10 ± 1.21 m2.g-1) was lower than that of the VE-sourced PM2.5 (8.10 ± 0.98 m2.g-1), indicating that the EC content of the BB-sourced PM2.5 was overestimated because of the high OC/EC ratio. The respective absorption per mass (α/ρ) values at 365 nm for the VE- and BB-sourced PM2.5 were 0.71 ± 0.17 m2.g-1 and 0.91 ± 0.18 m2.g-1. The α/ρ value of the VEs was loaded between that of gasoline and diesel emissions, indicating that the VE-sourced PM2.5 originated from both types of emissions. Because OC and WSOC accounts for most of the carbonaceous aerosols at remote area of the TP, the radiative forcing contributed by the WSOC should be high, and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chaoliu Li
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130, Mikkeli, Finland.
| | - Fangping Yan
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130, Mikkeli, Finland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, -33174, USA
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Cheng MT, Chen HJ, Young LH, Yang HH, Tsai YI, Wang LC, Lu JH, Chen CB. Carbonaceous composition changes of heavy-duty diesel engine particles in relation to biodiesels, aftertreatments and engine loads. J Hazard Mater 2015; 297:234-240. [PMID: 25974660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Three biodiesels and two aftertreatments were tested on a heavy-duty diesel engine under the US FTP transient cycle and additional four steady engine loads. The objective was to examine their effects on the gaseous and particulate emissions, with emphasis given to the organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC) in the total particulate matter. Negligible differences were observed between the low-sulfur (B1S50) and ultralow-sulfur (B1S10) biodiesels, whereas small reductions of OC were identified with the 10% biodiesel blend (B10). The use of diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC1) showed moderate reductions of EC and particularly OC, resulting in the OC/EC ratio well below unity. The use of DOC plus diesel particulate filter (DOC2+DPF) yielded substantial reductions of OC and particularly EC, resulting in the OC/EC ratio well above unity. The OC/EC ratios were substantially above unity at idle and low load, whereas below unity at medium and high load. The above changes in particulate OC and EC are discussed with respect to the fuel content, pollutant removal mechanisms and engine combustion conditions. Overall, the present study shows that the carbonaceous composition of PM could change drastically with engine load and aftertreatments, and to a lesser extent with the biodiesels under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Ting Cheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 40254, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Jung Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 40254, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hao Young
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Hsi-Hsien Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168, Jifeng E. Road, Wufeng District, Taichung 41349, Taiwan
| | - Ying I Tsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60, Sec. 1, Erren Rd., Rende District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Chi Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Cheng Shiu University, 840, Chengcing Road, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Huai Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 40254, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Bang Chen
- Fuel Quality and Engine Performance Research, Refining and Manufacturing Research Institute, Chinese Petroleum Corporation, 217, Minsheng S. Road, West District, Chiayi 60051, Taiwan
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Cheng Y, He KB, Duan FK, Du ZY, Zheng M, Ma YL. Ambient organic carbon to elemental carbon ratios: influence of the thermal-optical temperature protocol and implications. Sci Total Environ 2014; 468-469:1103-1111. [PMID: 24103257 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ambient organic carbon (OC) to elemental carbon (EC) ratios are strongly associated with not only the radiative forcing due to aerosols but also the extent of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. An inter-comparison study was conducted based on fine particulate matter samples collected during summer in Beijing to investigate the influence of the thermal-optical temperature protocol on the OC to EC ratio. Five temperature protocols were used such that the NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) and EUSAAR (European Supersites for Atmospheric Aerosol Research) protocols were run by the Sunset carbon analyzer while the IMPROVE (the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments network)-A protocol and two alternative protocols designed based on NIOSH and EUSAAR were run by the DRI analyzer. The optical attenuation measured by the Sunset carbon analyzer was more easily biased by the shadowing effect, whereas total carbon agreed well between the Sunset and DRI analyzers. The EC(IMPROVE-A) (EC measured by the IMPROVE-A protocol; similar hereinafter) to EC(NIOSH) ratio and the EC(IMPROVE-A) to EC(EUSAAR) ratio averaged 1.36 ± 0.21 and 0.91 ± 0.10, respectively, both of which exhibited little dependence on the biomass burning contribution. Though the temperature protocol had substantial influence on the OC to EC ratio, the contributions of secondary organic carbon (SOC) to OC, which were predicted by the EC-tracer method, did not differ significantly among the five protocols. Moreover, the SOC contributions obtained in this study were comparable with previous results based on field observation (typically between 45 and 65%), but were substantially higher than the estimation provided by an air quality model (only 18%). The comparison of SOC and WSOC suggests that when using the transmittance charring correction, all of the three common protocols (i.e., IMPROVE-A, NIOSH and EUSAAR) could be reliable for the estimation of SOC by the EC-tracer method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Pan XL, Kanaya Y, Wang ZF, Taketani F, Tanimoto H, Irie H, Takashima H, Inomata S. Emission ratio of carbonaceous aerosols observed near crop residual burning sources in a rural area of the Yangtze River Delta Region, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cheng Y, Duan FK, He KB, Zheng M, Du ZY, Ma YL, Tan JH. Intercomparison of thermal-optical methods for the determination of organic and elemental carbon: influences of aerosol composition and implications. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:10117-10123. [PMID: 22044188 DOI: 10.1021/es202649g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An intercomparison of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) measurements was conducted based on ambient aerosol samples collected during four seasons in Beijing, China. Dependence of OC and EC values on the temperature protocol and the charring correction method is presented and influences of aerosol composition are investigated. EC was found to decrease with the peak inert mode temperature (T(peak)) such that EC determined by the IMPROVE (the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments)-A protocol (T(peak) was 580 °C) was 2.85 ± 1.31 and 3.83 ± 2.58 times that measured by an alternative protocol with a T(peak) of 850 °C when using the transmittance and reflectance correction, respectively. It was also found that reflectance correction tends to classify more carbon as EC compared with transmittance; results from the IMPROVE-A protocol showed that the ratio of EC defined by reflectance correction (EC(R)) to that based on transmittance (EC(T)) averaged 1.50 ± 0.42. Moreover, it was demonstrated that emissions from biomass burning would increase the discrepancy between EC values determined by different temperature protocols. On the other hand, the discrepancy between EC(R) and EC(T) was strongly associated with secondary organic aerosol (SOA) which was shown to be an important source of the organics that pyrolyze during the inert mode of thermal-optical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Cheng Y, Zheng M, He KB, Chen Y, Yan B, Russell AG, Shi W, Jiao Z, Sheng G, Fu J, Edgerton ES. Comparison of two thermal-optical methods for the determination of organic carbon and elemental carbon: Results from the southeastern United States. Atmospheric Environment 2011; 45:1913-1918. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
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Zhi G, Chen Y, Sun J, Chen L, Tian W, Duan J, Zhang G, Chai F, Sheng G, Fu J. Harmonizing aerosol carbon measurements between two conventional thermal/optical analysis methods. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:2902-2908. [PMID: 21366219 DOI: 10.1021/es102803f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although total carbon (TC) can be consistently quantified by various aerosol carbon measurement methods, the demarcation of TC into organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) has long been inconsistent. The NIOSH and IMPROVE protocols are most widely used for thermal/optical analysis (TOA), but current knowledge rests in the description that the NIOSH protocol usually gives lower EC values than does the IMPROVE protocol. This study seeks to explore the possibility of quantitatively linking the difference between the two TOA protocols. Residential coal-burning samples that had been collected and analyzed following the NIOSH protocol in previous studies were directly reanalyzed following the IMPROVE protocol for this study. A comparison of each pair of NIOSH and IMPROVE EC values reveals the dynamic relation between the two protocols, which can be expressed as a regression equation, y=(1-x)/(1+4.86x2) (R2=0.96), where the independent x is the EC/TC ratio R(EC/TC) for the IMPROVE protocol, and the dependent y is the difference between IMPROVE and NIOSH REC/TC relative to IMPROVE REC/TC. This regression equation may be the first effort in formulating the relationship between the two TOA protocols, and it is very helpful in harmonizing inconsistent TOA measurements, for example, source characterization, ambient monitoring, and atmospheric modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Zhi
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Sarkar S, Khillare PS, Jyethi DS, Hasan A, Parween M. Chemical speciation of respirable suspended particulate matter during a major firework festival in India. J Hazard Mater 2010; 184:321-330. [PMID: 20817345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ambient respirable particles (PM ≤ 10 μm, denoted by PM(10)) were characterized with respect to 20 elements, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), elemental and organic carbon (EC and OC) during a major firework event-the "Diwali" festival in Delhi, India. The event recorded extremely high 24-h PM(10) levels (317.2-616.8 μg m(-3), 6-12 times the WHO standard) and massive loadings of Ba (16.8 μg m(-3), mean value), K (46.8 μg m(-3)), Mg (21.3 μg m(-3)), Al (38.4 μg m(-3)) and EC (40.5 μg m(-3)). Elemental concentrations as high as these have not been reported previously for any firework episode. Concentrations of Ba, K, Sr, Mg, Na, S, Al, Cl, Mn, Ca and EC were higher by factors of 264, 18, 15, 5.8, 5, 4, 3.2, 3, 2.7, 1.6 and 4.3, respectively, on Diwali as compared to background values. It was estimated that firework aerosol contributed 23-33% to ambient PM(10) on Diwali. OC levels peaked in the post-Diwali samples, perhaps owing to secondary transformation processes. Atmospheric PAHs were not sourced from fireworks; instead, they correlated well with changes in traffic patterns indicating their primary source in vehicular emissions. Overall, the pollutant cocktail generated by the Diwali fireworks could be best represented with Ba, K and Sr as tracers. It was also found that chronic exposure to Diwali pollution is likely to cause at least a 2% increase in non-carcinogenic hazard index (HI) associated with Al, Mn and Ba in the exposed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Sarkar
- Environmental Monitoring and Management Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pandit S Khillare
- Environmental Monitoring and Management Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Darpa S Jyethi
- Environmental Monitoring and Management Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Amreen Hasan
- Environmental Monitoring and Management Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Musarrat Parween
- Environmental Monitoring and Management Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Wallén A, Lidén G, Hansson HC. Measured elemental carbon by thermo-optical transmittance analysis in water-soluble extracts from diesel exhaust, woodsmoke, and ambient particulate samples. J Occup Environ Hyg 2010; 7:35-45. [PMID: 19904658 DOI: 10.1080/15459620903368859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Elemental carbon has been proposed as a marker of diesel particulate matter. The objective of this study was to investigate if water-soluble carbonaceous compounds could be responsible for positive bias of elemental carbon using NIOSH Method 5040 with a thermo-optical carbon transmittance analyzer. Filter samples from eight different aerosol environments were used: pure diesel exhaust fume with a high content of elemental carbon, pure diesel exhaust fume with a low content of elemental carbon, pure biodiesel exhaust fume, pure woodsmoke, an urban road tunnel, an urban street canyon, an urban background site, and residential woodburning in an urban area. Part of each filter sample was analyzed directly with a thermo-optical carbon analyzer, and another part was extracted with water. This water-soluble extract was filtered to remove particles, spiked onto filter punches, and analyzed with a thermo-optical transmittance carbon analyzer. The ratio of elemental carbon in the water-soluble extract to the particulate sample measurement was 18, 12, and 7%, respectively, for the samples of pure woodsmoke, residential woodburning, and urban background. Samples with diesel particulate matter and ambient samples with motor exhaust detected no elemental carbon in the water-soluble extract. Since no particles were present in the filtered water-soluble extract, part of the water-soluble organic carbon species, existing or created during analysis, are misclassified as elemental carbon with this analysis. The conclusion is that in measuring elemental carbon in particulate aerosol samples with thermo-optical transmittance analysis, woodsmoke, and biomass combustion samples show a positive bias of elemental carbon. The water-soluble EC could be used as a simple method to indicate other sources, such as wood or other biomass combustion aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wallén
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Wonaschütz A, Hitzenberger R, Bauer H, Pouresmaeil P, Klatzer B, Caseiro A, Puxbaum H. Application of the integrating sphere method to separate the contributions of brown and black carbon in atmospheric aerosols. Environ Sci Technol 2009; 43:1141-1146. [PMID: 19320171 DOI: 10.1021/es8008503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Until about a decade ago, black carbon (BC) was thought to be the only light absorbing substance in the atmospheric aerosol except for soil or desert dust In more recent years, light absorbing polymeric carbonaceous material was found in atmospheric aerosols. Absorption increases appreciably toward short wavelengths, so this fraction was called brown carbon. Because brown carbon is thermally rather refractory, it influences the split between organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in thermal methods and, through its light absorption characteristics, leads to overestimations of BC concentrations. The goal of the present study was to extend the integrating sphere method to correct the BC signal for the contribution of brown carbon and to obtain an estimate of brown carbon concentrations. Humic acid sodium salt was used as proxy for brown carbon. The extended method is first tested on mixtures of test substances and then applied to atmospheric samples collected during biomass smoke episodes (Easter bonfires) in Austria. The resulting concentrations of black and brown carbon are compared to EC obtained with a widely used thermal method, the Cachier method (Cachier et al. Tellus 1989, 41B, 379-390) and a thermal-optical method (Schmid et al. Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 2111-2121), as well as to concentrations of humic like substances (HULIS) and to biomass smoke POM (particulate organic matter). Both the thermal methods were found to overestimate BC on days with large contributions of woodsmoke, which agrees with the findings of the method intercomparison study by Reisinger et at. (Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 884-889). During the days of the bonfires, the Cachier method gave EC concentrations that were higher by a factor of 3.8 than the BC concentrations, while the concentrations obtained with the thermal-optical method were higher by a factor of 2.6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wonaschütz
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Hadley OL, Corrigan CE, Kirchstetter TW. Modified thermal-optical analysis using spectral absorption selectivity to distinguish black carbon from pyrolized organic carbon. Environ Sci Technol 2008; 42:8459-8464. [PMID: 19068832 DOI: 10.1021/es800448n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a method for analyzing the black carbon (BC) mass loading on a quartz fiber filter using a modified thermal-optical analysis method, wherein light transmitted through the sample is measured over a spectral region instead of at a single wavelength. Evolution of the spectral light transmission signal depends on the relative amounts of light-absorbing BC and char, the latter of which forms when organic carbon in the sample pyrolyzes during heating. Absorption selectivities of BC and char are found to be distinct and are used to apportion the amount of light attenuated by each component in the sample. Light attenuation is converted to mass concentration on the basis of derived mass attenuation efficiencies (MAEs) of BC and char. The fractions of attenuation due to each component are scaled by their individual MAE values and added together as the total mass of light absorbing carbon (LAC). An iterative algorithm is used to find the MAE values for both BC and char that provide the best fit to the carbon mass remaining on the filter (derived from direct measurements of thermally evolved CO2) at temperatures higher than 480 degrees C. This method was applied to measure the BC concentration in precipitation samples collected in northern California. The uncertainty in the measured BC concentration of samples that contained a high concentration of organics susceptible to char ranged from 12% to 100%, depending on the mass loading of BC on the filter. The lower detection limit for this method was approximately 0.35 microg of BC, and the uncertainty approached 20% for BC mass loading greater than 1.0 microg of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odelle L Hadley
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, MC 0221, La Jolla, California 92093-0221, USA.
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