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Stigler S, Fujimori S, Kostenko A, Inoue S. Tetryliumylidene ions in synthesis and catalysis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4275-4291. [PMID: 38516066 PMCID: PMC10952068 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06452b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Tetryliumylidene ions ([R-E:]+), recognised for their intriguing electronic properties, have attracted considerable interest. These positively charged species, with two vacant p-orbitals and a lone pair at the E(ii) centre (E = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), can be viewed as the combination of tetrylenes (R2E:) and tetrylium ions ([R3E]+), which makes them potent Lewis ambiphiles. Such electronic features highlight the potential of tetryliumylidenes for single-site small molecule activation and transition metal-free catalysis. The effective utilisation of the electrophilicity and nucleophilicity of tetryliumylidenes is expected to stem from appropriate ligand choice. For most of the isolated tetryliumylidenes, electron donor- and/or kinetic stabilisation is necessary. This minireview highlights the developments in tetryliumylidene syntheses and the progress of research towards their reactivity and applications in catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Stigler
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Shiori Fujimori
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
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2
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Mahawar P, Rajeshkumar T, Maron L, Spaniol TP, Okuda J. Heterobimetallic Hydrides with a Germanium(II)-Zinc Bond. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301496. [PMID: 37309983 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the presence of TMEDA (TMEDA=N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine), zinc dihydride reacted with germanium(II) compounds (BDI-H)Ge (1) and [(BDI)Ge][B(3,5-(CF3 )2 C6 H3 )4 ] (3) (BDI-H = HC{(C=CH2 )(CMe)(NAr)2 }, BDI = [HC(CMeNAr)2 ]; Ar = 2,6-i Pr2 C6 H3 ) by formal insertion of the germanium(II) center into the Zn-H bond of polymeric [ZnH2 ]n to give neutral and cationic zincagermane with a H-Ge-Zn-H core [(BDI-H)Ge(H)-(H)Zn(tmeda)] (2) and [(BDI)Ge(H)-(H)Zn(tmeda)][B(3,5-(CF3 )2 C6 H3 )4 ] (4), respectively. Compound 2 eliminated [ZnH2 ] giving diamido germylene 1 at 60 °C. Compound 2 and deuterated analogue 2-d2 exchanged with [ZnH2 ]n and [ZnD2 ]n in the presence of TMEDA to give a mixture of 2 and 2-d2 . Compounds 2 and 4 reacted with carbon dioxide (1 bar) at room temperature to form zincagermane diformate [(BDI-H)Ge(OCHO)-(OCHO)Zn(tmeda)] (5) and formate bridged digermylene [({BDI}Ge)2 (μ-OCHO)]+ [B(C6 H3 (CF3 )2 )4 ] (6) along with zinc formate [(tmeda)Zn(μ-OCHO)3 Zn(tmeda)][B(C6 H3 (CF3 )2 )4 ] (7), respectively. The hydridic nature of the Ge-H and Zn-H bonds in 2 and 4 was probed by reactions with Brönsted and Lewis acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Mahawar
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, 35 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, 35 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas P Spaniol
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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3
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Zhao Z, Tan J, Chen T, Hussain Z, Li Y, Wu Y, Stephan DW. Ambiphilic Behavior of Ge(II)-Pseudohalides in Inter- and Intramolecular Frustrated Lewis Pair Alkyne Addition Reactions. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:18670-18677. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211 Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjie Tan
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211 Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211 Zhejiang, China
| | - Zahid Hussain
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211 Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanguo Li
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211 Zhejiang, China
| | - Yile Wu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211 Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S3H6, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211 Zhejiang, China
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4
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Khan S, Hossain J, Parvin N, Shah BK. Four‐Coordinate Germylene and Stannylene and their Reactivity towards Se & Te. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Khan
- INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE EDUCATION AND RESEARCH PUNE CHEMISTRY HOMI BHABA ROADPASHANPUNE 411008 PUNE INDIA
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Hadlington TJ, Keil PM. Protonation of Hydrido‐Tetrylenes: H2 Elimination vs. Tetrylium Cation Formation. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip Maximillian Keil
- Technical University Munich: Technische Universitat Munchen Department of Chemistry Lichtenberg Str 4 85748 Garching GERMANY
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Wu Y, Zhao Z, Chen T, Tan J, Qu Z, Grimme S, Zhao Y, Stephan DW. The Varied Frustrated Lewis Pair Reactivity of the Germylene Phosphaketene (CH{(CMe)(2,6‐
i
Pr
2
C
6
H
3
N)}
2
)GePCO. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200666. [PMID: 35262970 PMCID: PMC9314608 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The germylene species (CH{(CMe)(2,6‐iPr2C6H3N)}2)GePCO 1 is shown to react with the Lewis acids (E(C6F5)3 E=B, Al). Nonetheless, 1 participates in FLP chemistry with electron deficient alkynes or olefins, acting as an intramolecular FLP. In contrast, in the presence of B(C6F5)3 and an electron rich alkyne, 1 behaves as Ge‐based nucleophile to effect intermolecular FLP addition to the alkyne. This reactivity demonstrates that the reaction pathway is controlled by the nature of the electrophile and nucleophile generated in solution, as revealed by extensive DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yile Wu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 Zhejiang P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University 30071 Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Zhao Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Ting Chen
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Jingjie Tan
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Zheng‐Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry University of Bonn Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry University of Bonn Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 Zhejiang P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 Fujian P. R. China
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 Zhejiang P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George St Toronto ON M5S3H6 Canada
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Biswas S, Patel N, Deb R, Majumdar M. Chemistry of the Bis(imine)-Based Tetradentate Ligand Stabilized Group 14 E(II) Cations (E=Ge and Sn). CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200003. [PMID: 35253982 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The ambiphilic Ge(II) and Sn(II) cationic species have been reported to be isolated through kinetic or thermodynamic stabilizations. Nonetheless, steric congestion or excessive coordination of donor atoms to the cationic center concurrently disfavors its prompt reactivity. Our research in this field revolves around the utilization of structurally non-rigid bis(imine) based tetradentate supporting ligands for the stabilization of Ge(II) and Sn(II) cationic species. Such E(II) cationic systems have been advantaged due to inherent flexibility present at the ligand backbone allowing disposal of E(II) orbitals through geometric rearrangements for further reactivity. The bifunctionality present in the ligand enables the first examples of Ge(II) bis-monocations. Furthermore, the redox-active nature of the ligand encourages participation in chemical transformations. In this personal account we have provided a detailed discussion of our published work in this direction in the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swastik Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Niranjan Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul Deb
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
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Liu J, Shang J, Wei J, Gao F, Hou L, Zeng F, Li A, Wang W. An α-diiminato germylene family: syntheses, structures, and reactivity towards C-C coupled digermylene and digermylene oxide. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:8671-8679. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00981a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and reactivity of a rigid α-diiminate ligand supported chlorogermylene 2 was demonstrated. The reaction of 2 with hydride donor K[BH(sBu)3] yielded a hydride addition product, a five-membered 6π-aromatic...
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Hu C, Zhang J, Yang H, Guo L, Cui C. Synthesis of Cationic Silaamidinate Germylenes and Stannylenes and the Catalytic Application for Hydroboration of Pyridines. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:14038-14046. [PMID: 34505507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The N-heterocyclic germylenes and stannylenes LSi(NAr)2EX (L = PhC(NtBu)2, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3; E = Ge, Sn; X = Cl, CF3SO3, BPh4) supported by the bulky silaamidinate ligand [LSi(NAr)2]- have been synthesized and fully characterized. The germylene triflate LSi(NAr)2GeOTf (3b) and dimeric borate [LSi(NAr)2Ge]2ClBPh4 (3a) enabled highly regio- and chemoselective catalytic hydroboration of pyridines and may represent the most active catalytic system for the transformation. DFT calculations disclosed that the cationic germylene [LSi(NAr)2Ge]+ with a low-lying LUMO energy initiated the catalytic process. In contrast, the analogous amidinate germylene triflates are almost inactive, indicating the silaamidinate ligand is essential for the stabilization of cationic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaopeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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10
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Abstract
The rare examples of B-H bond activation in a frustrated radical pair regime have been observed by treatment of TEMPO radicals with Piers' borane HB(C6F5)2 or bis-borane, respectively. The resulting concomitant formation of zwitterionic products and geminal N/B frustrated Lewis pairs implied a one electron process. In addition, the reaction of a TEMPO/B(C6F5)3 pair with H2O·B(C6F5)3 was assumed to involve one-electron reduction of water. Our results provide insights into chemical bond (e.g. B-H and O-H) activation via a single electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Pan
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Cui
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Yongliang Wei
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Zhaochao Xu
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China. and CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Tongdao Wang
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
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11
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Bestgen S, Mehta M, Johnstone TC, Roesky PW, Goicoechea JM. A "Push-Pull" Stabilized Phosphinidene Supported by a Phosphine-Functionalized β-Diketiminato Ligand. Chemistry 2020; 26:9024-9031. [PMID: 32511823 PMCID: PMC7496897 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of a bis(diphenyl)phosphine functionalized β-diketiminato ligand, [HC{(CH3 )C}2 {(ortho-[P(C6 H5 )2 ]2 C6 H4 )N}2 ]- (PNac), as a support for germanium(II) and tin(II) chloride and phosphaketene compounds, is described. The conformational flexibility and hemilability of this unique ligand provide a versatile coordination environment that can accommodate the electronic needs of the ligated elements. For example, chloride abstraction from [(PNac)ECl] (E=Ge, Sn) affords the cationic germyliumylidene and stannyliumylidene species [(PNac)E]+ in which the pendant phosphine arms associate more strongly with the Lewis acidic main group element centers, providing further electronic stabilization. In a similar fashion, chemical decarbonylation of the germanium phosphaketene [(PNac)Ge(PCO)] with tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane affords a "push-pull" stabilized phosphinidene in which one of the phosphine groups of the ligand backbone associates with the low valent phosphinidene center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bestgen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Meera Mehta
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Timothy C. Johnstone
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California Santa Cruz1156 High St., PSB 248Santa Cruz CA95064-1077USA
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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12
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Zhou X, Vasko P, Hicks J, Fuentes MÁ, Heilmann A, Kolychev EL, Aldridge S. Cooperative N-H bond activation by amido-Ge(ii) cations. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:9495-9504. [PMID: 32608471 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01960g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and tertiary phosphine-stabilized germylium-ylidene cations, [R(L)Ge:]+, featuring tethered amido substituents at R have been synthesized via halide abstraction. Characterization in the solid state by X-ray crystallography shows these systems to be monomeric, featuring a two-coordinate C,N- or P,N-ligated germanium atom. The presence of the strongly Lewis acidic cationic germanium centre and proximal amide function allows for facile cleavage of N-H bonds in 1,2-fashion: the products resulting from reactions with carbazole feature a tethered secondary amine donor bound to a three-coordinate carbazolyl-GeII centre. In each case, addition of the components of the N-H bond occurs to the same face of the germanium amide function, consistent with a coordination/proton migration mechanism. Such as sequence is compatible with the idea that substrate coordination via the pπ orbital at germanium reduces the extent of N-to-Ge π donation from the amide, thereby enhancing the basicity of the proximal N-group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueer Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Petra Vasko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK. and Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - M Ángeles Fuentes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Eugene L Kolychev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
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13
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Do DCH, Protchenko AV, Fuentes MÁ, Hicks J, Vasko P, Aldridge S. N–H cleavage vs. Werner complex formation: reactivity of cationic group 14 tetrelenes towards amines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4684-4687. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00875c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Two-coordinate cations [(N-nacnac)E]+ (E = Si, Ge, Sn) react differently towards ammonia/amines: simple adduct formation (Ge,Sn) contrasts with N–H activation (Si).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Cao Huan Do
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- South Parks Road
- Oxford
| | - Andrey V. Protchenko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- South Parks Road
- Oxford
| | - M. Ángeles Fuentes
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- South Parks Road
- Oxford
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- South Parks Road
- Oxford
| | - Petra Vasko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- South Parks Road
- Oxford
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- South Parks Road
- Oxford
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14
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Mangan RJ, Rit A, Sindlinger CP, Tirfoin R, Campos J, Hicks J, Christensen KE, Niu H, Aldridge S. Activation of Protic, Hydridic and Apolar E-H Bonds by a Boryl-Substituted Ge II Cation. Chemistry 2019; 26:306-315. [PMID: 31660651 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a boryl-substituted germanium(II) cation, [Ge{B(NDippCH)2 }(IPrMe)]+ , (Dipp=2,6-diisopropylphenyl) featuring a supporting N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) donor, has been explored through chloride abstraction from the corresponding (boryl)(NHC)GeCl precursor. Crystallographic studies in the solid state and UV/Vis spectra in fluorobenzene solution show that this species dimerizes under such conditions to give [(IPrMe){(HCNDipp)2 B}Ge=Ge{B(NDippCH)2 }(IPrMe)]2+ (IPrMe = 1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazolin-2-ylidene), which can be viewed as an imidazolium-functionalized digermene. The dimer is cleaved in the presence of donor solvents such as [D8 ]thf or [D5 ]pyridine, to give monomeric adducts of the type [Ge{B(NDippCH)2 }(IPrMe)(L)]+ . In the case of the thf adduct, the additional donor is shown to be sufficiently labile that it can act as a convenient in situ source of the monomeric complex [Ge{B(NDippCH)2 }(IPrMe)]+ for oxidative bond-activation chemistry. Thus, [Ge{B(NDippCH)2 }(IPrMe)(thf)]+ reacts with silanes and dihydrogen, leading to the formation of GeIV products, whereas the cleavage of the N-H bond in ammonia ultimately yields products containing C-H and B-N bonds. The facile reactivity observed in E-H bond activation is in line with the very small calculated HOMO-LUMO gap (132 kJ mol-1 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Mangan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Arnab Rit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Christian P Sindlinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Rémi Tirfoin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jesús Campos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Kirsten E Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Haoyu Niu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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15
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Abstract
Syntheses of a bulky carbazole-based substituent, the parent 1,8-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)-3,6-di-tert-butyl-carbazole (R-H) and a series of chlorotetrylenes, RECl (E=Ge, Sn, Pb), are described. Detailed analysis of the properties of the carbazole-based substituent revealed that it features flexible high bulkiness and electronic non-innocence, which may make it suitable for many applications in both main-group and transition-metal chemistry. To further showcase the employability of the novel substituent, the chlorotetrylenes were subjected to halide abstraction reactions, affording the corresponding tetrylenium salts [RE][Al(OC4 F9 )4 ] (E=Ge, Sn, Pb) as strongly coloured compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hinz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry (AOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, Gebäude 30.45, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. B. Moos
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Division Molecular Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstr. 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Wolfram Feuerstein
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Division Molecular Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstr. 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Felix Krämer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Division Molecular Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstr. 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Division Molecular Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstr. 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Celestine Seow
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Muhammad Luthfi Bin Ismail
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Hong-Wei Xi
- Singapore Institute of Technology, 10 Dover Drive, Singapore 138683
| | - Yongxin Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Kok Hwa Lim
- Singapore Institute of Technology, 10 Dover Drive, Singapore 138683
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanting Su
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Nanyang Link 21 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yongxin Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Nanyang Link 21 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Rakesh Ganguly
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Nanyang Link 21 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Nanyang Link 21 637371 Singapore Singapore
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19
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20
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Lu X, Cheng H, Meng Y, Wang X, Hou L, Wang Z, Chen S, Wang Y, Tan G, Li A, Wang W. A Two-Coordinate Neutral Germylene Supported by a β-Diketiminate Ligand in the Radical State. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Lu
- Key Laboratory of
Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’An 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hecong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of
Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’An 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinfeng Meng
- Key Laboratory of
Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’An 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinmiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of
Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’An 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Hou
- Key Laboratory of
Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’An 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of
Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’An 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sanping Chen
- Key Laboratory of
Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’An 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of
Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’An 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gengwen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anyang Li
- Key Laboratory of
Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’An 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of
Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’An 710127, People’s Republic of China
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21
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Abstract
The reactivity of germanium phosphanido complexes with elemental chalcogens is reported. Addition of sulfur to [(BDI)GePCy2] (BDI = CH{(CH3)CN-2,6-iPr2C6H3}2) results in oxidation at germanium to form germanium(IV) sulfide [(BDI)Ge(S)PCy2] and oxidation at both germanium and phosphorus to form germanium(IV) sulfide dicylohexylphosphinodithioate complex [(BDI)Ge(S)SP(S)Cy2], whereas addition of tellurium to [(BDI)GePCy2] only gives the chalcogen inserted product, [(BDI)GeTePCy2]. This reactivity is different from that observed between [(BDI)GePCy2] and selenium. Addition of selenium to the diphenylphosphanido germanium complex, [(BDI)GePPh2], results in insertion of selenium into the Ge-P bond to form [(BDI)GeSePCy2] as well as the oxidation at phosphorus to give [(BDI)GeSeP(Se)Ph2]. In contrast, addition of selenium to the bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphanido germanium complex, [(BDI)GeP(SiMe3)2], yields the germanium(IV) selenide [(BDI)Ge(Se)P(SiMe3)2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex , Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom
| | - Eric C Y Tam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex , Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom
| | - Struan J W Cummins
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington , P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Martyn P Coles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex , Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom
| | - J Robin Fulton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex , Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom
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22
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Paul D, Heins F, Krupski S, Hepp A, Daniliuc CG, Klahr K, Neugebauer J, Glorius F, Hahn FE. Synthesis and Reactivity of Intramolecularly NHC-Stabilized Germylenes and Stannylenes. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Paul
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frederik Heins
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28−30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sergei Krupski
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28−30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28−30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kevin Klahr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center
for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Neugebauer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center
for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - F. Ekkehardt Hahn
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28−30, 48149 Münster, Germany
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23
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Walz F, Moos E, Garnier D, Köppe R, Anson CE, Breher F. A Redox-Switchable Germylene and its Ligating Properties in Selected Transition Metal Complexes. Chemistry 2017; 23:1173-1186. [PMID: 27883244 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, structure, and full characterization of a redox-switchable germylene based on a [3]ferrocenophane ligand arrangement, [Fc(NMes)2 Ge] (4), is presented. The mesityl (Mes)-substituted title compound is readily available from Fc(NHMes)2 (2) and Ge{N(SiMe3 )2 }2 , or from the dilithiated, highly air- and moisture-sensitive compound Fc(NLiMes)2 ⋅3 Et2 O (3) and GeCl2 . Cyclic voltammetry studies are provided for 4, confirming the above-mentioned view of a redox-switchable germylene metalloligand. Although several 1:1 RhI and IrI complexes of 4 (5-7) are cleanly formed in solution, all attempts to isolate them in pure form failed due to stability problems. However, crystalline solids of [Mo(κ1 Ge-4)2 (CO)4 ] (8) and [W(κ1 Ge-4)2 (CO)4 ] (9) were isolated and fully characterized by common spectroscopic techniques (8 by X-ray diffraction). DFT calculations were performed on a series of model compounds to elucidate a conceivable interplay between the metal atoms in neutral and cationic bimetallic complexes of the type [Rh(κ1 E-qE)(CO)2 Cl]0/+ (qE=[Fc(NPh)2 E] with E=C, Si, Ge). The bonding characteristics of the coordinated Fc-based metalloligands (qE/qE+ ) are strongly affected upon in silico oxidation of the calculated complexes. The calculated Tolman electronic parameter (TEP) significantly increases by approximately 20 cm-1 (E=C) to 25 cm-1 (E=Si, Ge) upon oxidation. The change in the ligand-donating abilities upon oxidation can mainly be attributed to Coulombic effects, whereas an orbital-based interaction appears to have only a minor influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Walz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eric Moos
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Delphine Garnier
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ralf Köppe
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher E Anson
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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24
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Ochiai T, Szilvási T, Franz D, Irran E, Inoue S. Isolation and Structure of Germylene-Germyliumylidenes Stabilized by N-Heterocyclic Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsumi Ochiai
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Szent Gellért tér 4 1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - Daniel Franz
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Elisabeth Irran
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
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25
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Ochiai T, Szilvási T, Franz D, Irran E, Inoue S. Isolation and Structure of Germylene-Germyliumylidenes Stabilized by N-Heterocyclic Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11619-24. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsumi Ochiai
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Szent Gellért tér 4 1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - Daniel Franz
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Elisabeth Irran
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
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26
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Fang H, Jing H, Zhang A, Ge H, Yao Z, Brothers PJ, Fu X. Synthesis, Electronic Structure, and Reactivity Studies of a 4-Coordinate Square Planar Germanium(IV) Cation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7705-10. [PMID: 27243114 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A tetra-coordinate, square planar germanium(IV) cation [(TPFC)Ge](+) (TPFC = tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole) was synthesized quantitatively by the reaction of (TPFC)Ge-H with [Ph3C](+)[B(C6F5)4](¯). The highly reactive [(TPFC)Ge](+) cation reacted with benzene to form phenyl complex (TPFC)Ge-C6H5 through an electrophilic pathway. The key intermediate, a σ-type germylium-benzene adduct, [(TPFC)Ge(η(1)-C6H6)](+), was isolated and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Deprotonation of [(TPFC)Ge(η(1)-C6H6)](+) cation led to the formation of (TPFC)Ge-C6H5. [(TPFC)Ge](+) also reacted with ethylene and cyclopropane in benzene at room temperature to form (TPFC)Ge-CH2CH2C6H5 and (TPFC)Ge-CH2CH2CH2C6H5, respectively. The observed electrophilic reactivity is ascribed to the highly exposed cationic germanium center with novel frontier orbitals comprising two vacant sp-hybridized orbitals that are not conjugated to π-system. The three electron-withdrawing pentafluorophenyl groups on the corrole ligand also enhance the electrophilicity of the cationic germanium corrole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayi Fang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huize Jing
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Aixi Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haonan Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhengmin Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Penelope J Brothers
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - Xuefeng Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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27
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Engesser TA, Lichtenthaler MR, Schleep M, Krossing I. Reactive p-block cations stabilized by weakly coordinating anions. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:789-899. [PMID: 26612538 PMCID: PMC4758321 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00672d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of the p-block elements is a huge playground for fundamental and applied work. With their bonding from electron deficient to hypercoordinate and formally hypervalent, the p-block elements represent an area to find terra incognita. Often, the formation of cations that contain p-block elements as central ingredient is desired, for example to make a compound more Lewis acidic for an application or simply to prove an idea. This review has collected the reactive p-block cations (rPBC) with a comprehensive focus on those that have been published since the year 2000, but including the milestones and key citations of earlier work. We include an overview on the weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) used to stabilize the rPBC and give an overview to WCA selection, ionization strategies for rPBC-formation and finally list the rPBC ordered in their respective group from 13 to 18. However, typical, often more organic ion classes that constitute for example ionic liquids (imidazolium, ammonium, etc.) were omitted, as were those that do not fulfill the - naturally subjective -"reactive"-criterion of the rPBC. As a rule, we only included rPBC with crystal structure and only rarely refer to important cations published without crystal structure. This collection is intended for those who are simply interested what has been done or what is possible, as well as those who seek advice on preparative issues, up to people having a certain application in mind, where the knowledge on the existence of a rPBC that might play a role as an intermediate or active center may be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A. Engesser
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Martin R. Lichtenthaler
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Mario Schleep
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
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28
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Abstract
Notable aspects of the chemistry of polyether complexes of group 13 and 14 elements are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala'aeddeen Swidan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Windsor
- Windsor
- Canada
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29
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Rit A, Tirfoin R, Aldridge S. Exploiting Electrostatics To Generate Unsaturation: Oxidative GeE Bond Formation Using a Non π-Donor Stabilized [R(L)Ge:]+
Cation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Rit A, Tirfoin R, Aldridge S. Exploiting Electrostatics To Generate Unsaturation: Oxidative GeE Bond Formation Using a Non π-Donor Stabilized [R(L)Ge:]+
Cation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:378-82. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Bouska M, Dostál L, Lutter M, Glowacki B, Ruzickova Z, Beck D, Jambor R, Jurkschat K. N-Coordinated Tin(II) Trifluoromethanesulfonates and Their Reactions with Transition Metal Carbonyls. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:6792-800. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Lutter
- Lehrstuhl
für Anorganische Chemie II, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Britta Glowacki
- Lehrstuhl
für Anorganische Chemie II, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Klaus Jurkschat
- Lehrstuhl
für Anorganische Chemie II, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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32
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Ochiai T, Franz D, Wu XN, Inoue S. Isolation of a germanium(ii) cation and a germylene iron carbonyl complex utilizing an imidazolin-2-iminato ligand. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:10952-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01554e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel amino(imino)germylene was synthesised. Its conversion with B(C6F5)3 afforded a cyclic germanium(ii) cation in a methyl abstraction and ring closing reaction. The conversion with Fe2(CO)9 furnished a germylene iron carbonyl complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsumi Ochiai
- Institut für Chemie
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Daniel Franz
- Institut für Chemie
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Xiao-Nan Wu
- Institut für Chemie
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Institut für Chemie
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
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33
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Abstract
This review gives an introduction to the synthesis, properties, and reactivity of the cations and dications of the heavier group 14 elements in their low oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. S. V. S. N. Swamy
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - Shiv Pal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Education
- Research
- Pune 411008
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Education
- Research
- Pune 411008
| | - Sakya S. Sen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
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34
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Xiong Y, Szilvási T, Yao S, Tan G, Driess M. Synthesis and Unexpected Reactivity of Germyliumylidene Hydride [:GeH]+ Stabilized by a Bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)borate Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11300-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja506824s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xiong
- Institute of Chemistry: Metalorganics and
Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17.
Juni 135, Sekr. C2, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- Department of Inorganic
and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Shenglai Yao
- Institute of Chemistry: Metalorganics and
Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17.
Juni 135, Sekr. C2, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gengwen Tan
- Institute of Chemistry: Metalorganics and
Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17.
Juni 135, Sekr. C2, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Institute of Chemistry: Metalorganics and
Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17.
Juni 135, Sekr. C2, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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35
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Uhl W, Bohnemann J, Layh M, Würthwein EU. Hydroalumination of a Chlorotrialkynylsilane: Spontaneous Stepwise 1,3-Dyotropic Rearrangement via an Intermediate Silyl Cation. Chemistry 2014; 20:8771-81. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jurca T, Hiscock LK, Korobkov I, Rowley CN, Richeson DS. The tipping point of the inert pair effect: experimental and computational comparison of In(I) and Sn(II) bis(imino)pyridine complexes. Dalton Trans 2013; 43:690-697. [PMID: 24141972 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52227j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The autoionization reaction of neutral bis(imino)pyridine and SnX2 led to three compounds [{ArN[double bond, length as m-dash]CPh}2(NC5H3)]SnX(+)SnX3(-) (Ar = 2,6-(2,5-(t)Bu2C6H3), X = Cl, Br; Ar = 2,6-(2,6-Me2C6H3), X = Cl) which display, within the same species, cations and anions possessing Sn(ii) centers. Computational analysis compared the ligated Sn(ii) cations with bis(imino)pyridine In(i) complexes that showed unprecedented weak metal-ligand covalent interactions, consistent with the In(i) 5s(2) electrons remaining as an inert nonbonding pair. Analysis of the metal-ligand bonding indicates that the chloride ligand of the Sn(ii) complex induces promotion of the metal 5s(2) electron pair to a stereochemically active hybridized orbital, which, in turn, allows strong coordination of the bis(imino)pyridine to Sn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titel Jurca
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Lana K Hiscock
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Ilia Korobkov
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Christopher N Rowley
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Darrin S Richeson
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Strašák T, Sýkora J, Lamač M, Kubišta J, Horáček M, Gyepes R, Pinkas J. Reactivity of a Titanocene Pendant Si–H Group toward Alcohols. Unexpected Formation of Siloxanes from the Reaction of Hydrosilanes and Ph3COH Catalyzed by B(C6F5)3. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400253g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Strašák
- Institute
of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rozvojová
135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Sýkora
- Institute
of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rozvojová
135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lamač
- J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3,
182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kubišta
- J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3,
182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Horáček
- J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3,
182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Róbert Gyepes
- J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3,
182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- J. Selye University, Faculty of Education, Bratislavská
cesta 3322, 945 01 Komárno, Slovak Republic
| | - Jiří Pinkas
- J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3,
182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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38
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Khan S, Gopakumar G, Thiel W, Alcarazo M. Stabilization of a two-coordinate [GeCl]+ cation by simultaneous σ and π donation from a monodentate carbodiphosphorane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:5644-7. [PMID: 23584982 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Khan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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39
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Khan S, Gopakumar G, Thiel W, Alcarazo M. Stabilisierung zweifach koordinierter [GeCl]+-Kationen durch σ- und π-Donorfähigkeit eines einzähnigen Carbodiphosphorans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201300677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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40
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Bouška M, Dostál L, Růžička A, Jambor R. Stabilization of Three-Coordinated Germanium(II) and Tin(II) Cations by a Neutral Chelating Ligand. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400082t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Bouška
- Department of General and
Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 95, CZ-532
10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Dostál
- Department of General and
Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 95, CZ-532
10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and
Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 95, CZ-532
10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and
Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 95, CZ-532
10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
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41
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Brown ZD, Erickson JD, Fettinger JC, Power PP. Facile, High-Yield Functionalization of Germanium and Tin by Oxidative Insertion of Tetrelenes into the E–H Bonds of Inorganic Acids (E = C, N, O, F): Arene Elimination versus Oxidative Addition and Formation of a Germanium Cation–Water Complex. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om301121x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616,
United States
| | - Jeremy D. Erickson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616,
United States
| | - James C. Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616,
United States
| | - Philip P. Power
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616,
United States
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42
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Li J, Schenk C, Winter F, Scherer H, Trapp N, Higelin A, Keller S, Pöttgen R, Krossing I, Jones C. Weak Arene Stabilization of Bulky Amido-Germanium(II) and Tin(II) Monocations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Li J, Schenk C, Winter F, Scherer H, Trapp N, Higelin A, Keller S, Pöttgen R, Krossing I, Jones C. Weak Arene Stabilization of Bulky Amido-Germanium(II) and Tin(II) Monocations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9557-61. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Pratap Singh
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Herbert W. Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elena Carl
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Demers
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Faßberg 11,
D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Adam Lange
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Faßberg 11,
D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Arii H, Nakadate F, Mochida K, Kawashima T. Lewis Base Complexes of an Enantiomeric Germanium(II) Cation Bearing a Bis(oxazoline) Ligand. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om200149a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Arii
- Department of Chemistry, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Fumiya Nakadate
- Department of Chemistry, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Kunio Mochida
- Department of Chemistry, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawashima
- Department of Chemistry, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
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Woodul WD, Carter E, Müller R, Richards AF, Stasch A, Kaupp M, Murphy DM, Driess M, Jones C. A Neutral, Monomeric Germanium(I) Radical. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:10074-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja204344e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William D. Woodul
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Emma Carter
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Robert Müller
- Institute of Chemistry: Quantum Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C7, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne F. Richards
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Andreas Stasch
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institute of Chemistry: Quantum Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C7, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Driess
- Institute of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Dostálová
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 95, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Dostál
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 95, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 95, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 95, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
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49
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Lyhs B, Bläser D, Wölper C, Schulz S. Syntheses and X-ray Crystal Structures of Organoantimony Diazides. Chemistry 2011; 17:4914-20. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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50
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Choong SL, Woodul WD, Stasch A, Schenk C, Jones C. A Neutral Gallium(I) N-Heterocyclic Carbene Analogue: Synthesis, Characterization and Theoretical Analysis. Aust J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/ch11193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The six-membered N-heterocyclic gallium(I) compound [:Ga(ButNacnac)] (ButNacnac– = [{N(Dip)C(But)}2CH]–, Dip =2,6-diisopropylphenyl) has been synthesized, crystallographically characterized, and its electronic properties analyzed using density functional theory. For purposes of comparison, the isoelectronic cationic germanium(II) complex, [:Ge(ButNacnac)][Al{OC(CF3)3}4], has been prepared and structurally authenticated.
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