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Meng Q, Yan J, Wu R, Liu H, Sun Y, Wu N, Xiang J, Zheng L, Zhang J, Han B. Sustainable production of benzene from lignin. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4534. [PMID: 34312395 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24780-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzene is a widely used commodity chemical, which is currently produced from fossil resources. Lignin, a waste from lignocellulosic biomass industry, is the most abundant renewable source of benzene ring in nature. Efficient production of benzene from lignin, which requires total transformation of Csp2-Csp3/Csp2-O into C-H bonds without side hydrogenation, is of great importance, but has not been realized. Here, we report that high-silica HY zeolite supported RuW alloy catalyst enables in situ refining of lignin, exclusively to benzene via coupling Bronsted acid catalyzed transformation of the Csp2-Csp3 bonds on the local structure of lignin molecule and RuW catalyzed hydrogenolysis of the Csp2-O bonds using the locally abstracted hydrogen from lignin molecule, affording a benzene yield of 18.8% on lignin weight basis in water system. The reaction mechanism is elucidated in detail by combination of control experiments and density functional theory calculations. The high-performance protocol can be readily scaled up to produce 8.5 g of benzene product from 50.0 g lignin without any saturation byproducts. This work opens the way to produce benzene using lignin as the feedstock efficiently. Efficient production of benzene from lignin is attractive and of great importance, but has not been realized. Here, the authors develop a strategy to transform lignin into benzene over a RuW/zeolite catalyst in water, and the yield of benzene can be as high as 18.8% on lignin weight basis.
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Ovchinnikov A, Smetana V, Mudring AV. Metallic alloys at the edge of complexity: structural aspects, chemical bonding and physical properties. J Phys Condens Matter 2020; 32:243002. [PMID: 31935688 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab6b87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Complex metallic alloys belong to the vast family of intermetallic compounds and are hallmarked by extremely large unit cells and, in many cases, extensive crystallographic disorder. Early studies of complex intermetallics were focusing on the elucidation of their crystal structures and classification of the underlying building principles. More recently, ab initio computational analysis and detailed examination of the physical properties have become feasible and opened new perspectives for these materials. The present review paper provides a summary of the literature data on the reported compositions with exceptional structural complexity and their properties, and highlights the factors leading to the emergence of their crystal structures and the methods of characterization and systematization of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ovchinnikov
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16 C, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Meng Q, Yan J, Liu H, Chen C, Li S, Shen X, Song J, Zheng L, Han B. Self-supported hydrogenolysis of aromatic ethers to arenes. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaax6839. [PMID: 31803832 PMCID: PMC6874494 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax6839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Arenes are widely used chemicals and essential components in liquid fuels, which are currently produced from fossil feedstocks. Here, we proposed the self-supported hydrogenolysis (SSH) of aromatic ethers to produce arenes using the hydrogen source within the reactants, and it was found that RuW alloy nanoparticles were very efficient catalyst for the reactions. This route is very attractive and distinguished from the reported studies on the cleavage of the CAr─O bonds. The unique feature of this methodology is that exogenous hydrogen or other reductant is not required, and hydrogenation of aromatic rings could be avoided completely. The selectivities to arenes could reach >99.9% at complete conversion of the ethers. Moreover, lignin could also be transformed into arenes efficiently over the RuW alloy catalyst. The mechanism studies showed that the neighboring Ru and W species in the RuW alloy nanoparticles worked synergistically to accelerate the SSH reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglei Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiang Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huizhen Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Physical Science Laboratory, Huairou National Comprehensive Science Center, No. 5 Yanqi East Second Street, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Chunjun Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaopeng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaojun Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinliang Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Buxing Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Physical Science Laboratory, Huairou National Comprehensive Science Center, No. 5 Yanqi East Second Street, Beijing 101400, China
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Jayasinghe AS, Lai Y, Baumbach R, Latturner SE. U1.33T4Al8Si2 (T = Ni, Co): Complex Uranium Silicides Grown from Aluminum/Gallium Flux Mixtures. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:12209-12217. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashini S. Jayasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - You Lai
- Department of Physics, Florida State University and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Ryan Baumbach
- Department of Physics, Florida State University and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Susan E. Latturner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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Arachchige IU, Armatas GS, Biswas K, Subrahmanyam KS, Latturner S, Malliakas CD, Manos MJ, Oh Y, Polychronopoulou K, P Poudeu PF, Trikalitis PN, Zhang Q, Zhao LD, Peter SC. Mercouri G. Kanatzidis: Excellence and Innovations in Inorganic and Solid-State Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:7582-7597. [PMID: 28654276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 3-4 decades, solid-state chemistry has emerged as the forefront of materials design and development. The field has revolutionized into a multidisciplinary subject and matured with a scope of new synthetic strategies, new challenges, and opportunities. Understanding the structure is very crucial in the design of appropriate materials for desired applications. Professor Mercouri G. Kanatzidis has encountered both challenges and opportunities during the course of the discovery of many novel materials. Throughout his scientific career, Mercouri and his group discovered several inorganic compounds and pioneered structure-property relationships. We, a few Ph.D. and postdoctoral students, celebrate his 60th birthday by providing a Viewpoint summarizing his contributions to inorganic solid-state chemistry. The topics discussed here are of significant interest to various scientific communities ranging from condensed matter to green energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indika U Arachchige
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, United States
| | - Gerasimos S Armatas
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton , Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Kanishka Biswas
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) , Jakkur P.O., Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Kota S Subrahmanyam
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences , Jalahalli, Bangalore 560013, India
| | - Susan Latturner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32308, United States
| | - Christos D Malliakas
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 North Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Manolis J Manos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina , GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Youngtak Oh
- Center for Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyriaki Polychronopoulou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science, Technology, and Research , 127788 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Pierre F P Poudeu
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Pantelis N Trikalitis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete , Voutes Campus, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Qichun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Li-Dong Zhao
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing 10091, China
| | - Sebastian C Peter
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) , Jakkur P.O., Bangalore 560064, India
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Mumbaraddi D, Sarkar S, Peter SC. A review on the synthesis, crystal growth, structure and physical properties of rare earth based quaternary intermetallic compounds. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Subbarao U, Jana R, Chondroudi M, Balasubramanian M, Kanatzidis MG, Peter SC. Yb7Ni4InGe12: a quaternary compound having mixed valent Yb atoms grown from indium flux. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:5797-804. [PMID: 25714934 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03783a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The new intermetallic compound Yb7Ni4InGe12 was obtained as large silver needle shaped single crystals from reactive indium flux. Single crystal X-ray diffraction suggests that Yb7Ni4InGe12 crystallizes in the Yb7Co4InGe12 structure type, and tetragonal space group P4/m and lattice constants are a = b = 10.291(2) Å and c = 4.1460(8) Å. The crystal structure of Yb7Ni4InGe12 consists of columnar units of three different types of channels filled with the Yb atoms. The crystal structure of Yb7Ni4InGe12 is closely related to Yb5Ni4Ge10. The effective magnetic moment obtained from the magnetic susceptibility measurements in the temperature range 200-300 K is 3.66μB/Yb suggests mixed/intermediate valence behavior of ytterbium atoms. X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) confirms that Yb7Ni4InGe12 exhibits mixed valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udumula Subbarao
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, India.
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SUBBARAO UDUMULA, GHOSH ALOKEKUMAR, SARKAR SUMANTA, PETER SEBASTIANC. Crystal growth, structure and magnetic properties of Sm3Ni5Al19: A compound in the Sm2n+mNi4n+mAl15n+4m homologous series. J CHEM SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-014-0682-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Calta NP, Kanatzidis MG. Quaternary Aluminum Silicides Grown in Al Flux: RE5Mn4Al23–xSix (RE = Ho, Er, Yb) and Er44Mn55(AlSi)237. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:9931-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ic401659y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Calta
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
Evanston, Illinois 60208,
United States
| | - Mercouri G. Kanatzidis
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
Evanston, Illinois 60208,
United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439,
United States
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Chondroudi M, Peter SC, Malliakas CD, Balasubramanian M, Li Q, Kanatzidis MG. Yb3AuGe2In3: An Ordered Variant of the YbAuIn Structure Exhibiting Mixed-Valent Yb Behavior. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:1184-93. [DOI: 10.1021/ic100975x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chondroudi
- Materials Science Division
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Sebastian C. Peter
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Christos D. Malliakas
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | | | | | - Mercouri G. Kanatzidis
- Materials Science Division
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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Sebastian CP, Malliakas CD, Chondroudi M, Schellenberg I, Rayaprol S, Hoffmann RD, Pöttgen R, Kanatzidis MG. Indium Flux-Growth of Eu2AuGe3: A New Germanide with an AlB2 Superstructure. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:9574-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ic101340a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Peter Sebastian
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 N. Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Christos D. Malliakas
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 N. Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Maria Chondroudi
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Inga Schellenberg
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sudhindra Rayaprol
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Mumbai Centre, BARC, R-5 Shed, Trombay, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - Rolf-Dieter Hoffmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rainer Pöttgen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mercouri G. Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 N. Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
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Francisco MC, Malliakas CD, Piccoli PMB, Gutmann MJ, Schultz AJ, Kanatzidis MG. Development and Loss of Ferromagnetism Controlled by the Interplay of Ge Concentration and Mn Vacancies in Structurally Modulated Y4Mn1−xGa12−yGey. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:8998-9006. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1009986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie C. Francisco
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory-STFC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Christos D. Malliakas
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory-STFC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Paula M. B. Piccoli
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory-STFC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias J. Gutmann
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory-STFC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur J. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory-STFC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Mercouri G. Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory-STFC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Abstract
Cubic structure types of rare-earth intermetallic and related compounds are reviewed and their structural similarities are discussed. The description of the structural relations is based on the ordered substitution or inclusion of atoms or atomic groups starting from the structures of four “aristotypes”: diamond, Cu, CsCl and W. Structural similarities between some types are illustrated by family trees of crystallographic group-subgroup relations.
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Latturner SE, Bilc D, Mahanti SD, Kanatzidis MG. R3Au(6+x)Al26T (R = Ca, Sr, Eu, Yb; T = early transition metal): a large family of compounds with a stuffed BaHg11 structure type grown from aluminum flux. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:1346-55. [PMID: 19146424 DOI: 10.1021/ic801095v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A collection of new quaternary intermetallic compounds with a cubic, stuffed BaHg(11) structure type has been synthesized by the combination of a divalent rare earth or alkaline earth metal R, an early transition metal T, and gold in an excess of molten aluminum. Structural characterization of these R(3)Au(6+x)Al(26)T compounds by powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction indicates that the unit cell varies with the radii of the early transition metal T and the rare earth/alkaline earth R as expected. The element T (where T = group 4, 5, 6, and 7 element) appears to be responsible for the stabilization of up to 43 different members of the R(3)Au(6+x)Al(26)T family of compounds. Varying amounts of disorder and trends in partial occupancies of the Au stuffed site--the site that is vacant in the parent compound BaHg(11)--are also indicated by the diffraction studies of this family of compounds. Magnetic susceptibility data reveals that the transition metal atoms in these materials do not possess local magnetic moments. For the magnetic rare earth containing materials, the europium compounds undergo a ferromagnetic transition at 10 K, and the ytterbium analogues show mixed valent behavior. Band structure calculations also support a mixed valent state for Yb in these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Latturner
- Department of Chemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
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Latturner SE, Kanatzidis MG. RE(AuAl2)nAl2(AuxSi1−x)2: A New Homologous Series of Quaternary Intermetallics Grown from Aluminum Flux. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:2089-97. [DOI: 10.1021/ic701799z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Latturner
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Department of Chemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Mercouri G. Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Department of Chemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
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Abstract
The series of compounds REAu2In4 (RE = La, Ce, Pr, Nd) crystallize from excess In as rod-shaped single crystals. All members adopt the orthorhombic space group Pnma with a = 18.506(2) A, b = 4.6865(6) A, and c = 7.3414(9) A for LaAu2In4, a = 18.514(3) A, b = 4.6624(8) A, and c = 7.389(1) A for CeAu2In4, a = 18.420(4) A, b = 4.6202(9) A, and c = 7.376(2) A for the Pr analogue, and a = 18.406(2) A, b = 4.6114(5) A, and c = 7.4073(7) A for NdAu2In4. The REAu2In4 series can be regarded as polar intermetallic phases composed of a complex [Au2In4]3- polyanion network in which the rare-earth ions are embedded. The [Au2In4]3- network features In tetramer units, which defines the compounds as polyindides. Magnetic measurements found no magnetic ordering down to 2 K for any of the compounds. In addition, LaAu2In4 was found to be Pauli paramagnetic with a small susceptibility. Ab initio density functional methods were used to carry out electronic structure calculations to explore the bonding, the role of gold, and the contributions of different atoms to the density of states near the Fermi energy. We find that the density of states decreases slowly near Ef and reaches a minimum at about 0.5 eV above Ef.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Salvador
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Abstract
This review highlights the use and great potential of liquid metals as exotic and powerful solvents (i.e. fluxes) for the synthesis of intermetallic phases. The results presented demonstrate that considerable advances in the discovery of novel and complex phases are achievable utilizing molten metals as solvents. A wide cross-section of examples of flux-grown intermetallic phases and related solids are discussed and a brief history of the origins of flux chemistry is given. The most commonly used metal fluxes are surveyed and where possible, the underlying principal reasons that make the flux reaction work are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 320 Chemistry Building, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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Kanatzidis MG, Pöttgen R, Jeitschko W. Metallische Schmelzen - Reaktionsmedien zur Präparation intermetallischer Verbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200462170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wu X, Kanatzidis MG. REAuAl4Ge2 and REAuAl4(AuxGe1−x)2 (RE=rare earth element): Quaternary intermetallics grown in liquid aluminum. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2005.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Salvador JR, Gour JR, Bilc D, Mahanti SD, Kanatzidis MG. Stabilization of New Forms of the Intermetallic Phases β-RENiGe2 (RE = Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) in Liquid Indium. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:1403-10. [PMID: 14966976 DOI: 10.1021/ic035303j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Flux conditions using liquid indium bypass the thermodynamically stable structure and yield new forms of the phases RENiGe2 (RE = Dy, Er, Yb, Lu). The compounds crystallize in the orthorhombic Immm space group and possess the YIrGe2 structure type. Lattice parameters for ErNiGe2, DyNiGe2, YbNiGe2, and LuNiGe2 are a = 4.114(1) A, b = 8.430(2) A, c = 15.741(5) A; a = 4.1784(9) A, b = 8.865(2) A, c = 15.745(3) A; a = 4.0935(6) A, b = 8.4277(13) A, c = 15.751(2) A, and a = 4.092(1) A, b = 8.418(3) A, c = 15.742(5) A, respectively. These phases represent a new structural arrangement (beta) of the compound type RENiGe2 as another set of compounds with identical stoichiometry are known to adopt the orthorhombic Cmcm CeNiSi2 type structure (alpha). In this paper we report the crystal and electronic band structure of four new members of the YIrGe2 structure type, as well as an investigation of the relative thermodynamic stabilities of the two forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Salvador
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Fundamental Materials Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48842, USA
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Latturner SE, Bilc D, Mahanti SD, Kanatzidis MG. RE2MAl6Si4 (RE = Gd, Tb, Dy; M = Au, Pt): layered quaternary intermetallics featuring CaAl2Si2-type and YNiAl4Ge2-type slabs grown from aluminum flux. Inorg Chem 2003; 42:7959-66. [PMID: 14632514 DOI: 10.1021/ic0346432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Six new intermetallic aluminum silicides--Gd(2)PtAl(6)Si(4), Gd(2)AuAl(6)Si(4), Tb(2)PtAl(6)Si(4), Tb(2)AuAl(6)Si(4), Dy(2)PtAl(6)Si(4), and Dy(2)AuAl(6)Si(4)--have been obtained from reactions carried out in aluminum flux. The structure of these compounds was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. They form in space group Rthremacr;m with cell constants of a = 4.1623(3) A and c = 51.048(5) A for the Gd(2)PtAl(6)Si(4) compound. The crystal structure is comprised of hexagonal nets of rare earth atoms alternating with two kinds of layers that have been observed in other multinary aluminide intermetallic compounds (CaAl(2)Si(2) and YNiAl(4)Ge(2)). All six RE(2)MAl(6)Si(4) compounds show antiferromagnetic transitions at low temperatures (T(N) < 20 K); magnetization studies of the Dy compounds show metamagnetic behavior with reorientation of spins at 6000 G. Band structure calculations indicate that the AlSi puckered hexagonal sheets in this structure are electronically distinct from the other surrounding structural motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Latturner
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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Zhuravleva MA, Pcionek RJ, Wang X, Schultz AJ, Kanatzidis MG. REMGa3Ge and RE3Ni3Ga8Ge3 (M = Ni, Co; RE = Rare-Earth Element): New Intermetallics Synthesized in Liquid Gallium. X-ray, Electron, and Neutron Structure Determination and Magnetism. Inorg Chem 2003; 42:6412-24. [PMID: 14514317 DOI: 10.1021/ic0341892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New quaternary intermetallic phases REMGa(3)Ge (1) (RE = Y, Sm, Tb, Gd, Er, Tm; M = Ni, Co) and RE(3)Ni(3)Ga(8)Ge(3) (2) (RE = Sm, Gd) were obtained from exploratory reactions involving rare-earth elements (RE), transition metal (M), Ge, and excess liquid Ga the reactive solvent. The crystal structures were solved with single-crystal X-ray and electron diffraction. The crystals of 1 and 2 are tetragonal. Single-crystal X-ray data: YNiGa(3)Ge, a = 4.1748(10) A, c = 23.710(8) A, V = 413.24(2) A(3), I4/mmm, Z = 4; Gd(3)Ni(3)Ga(8)Ge(3), a = 4.1809(18) A, c = 17.035(11) A, V = 297.8(3) A(3), P4/mmm, Z = 1. Both compounds feature square nets of Ga atoms. The distribution of Ga and Ge atoms in the REMGa(3)Ge was determined with neutron diffraction. The neutron experiments revealed that in 1 the Ge atoms are specifically located at the 4e crystallographic site, while Ga atoms are at 4d and 8g. The crystal structures of these compounds are related and could be derived from the consecutive stacking of disordered [MGa](2) puckered layers, monatomic RE-Ge planes and [MGa(4)Ge(2)] slabs. Complex superstructures with modulations occurring in the ab-plane and believed to be associated with the square nets of Ga atoms were found by electron diffraction. The magnetic measurements show antiferromagnetic ordering of the moments located on the RE atoms at low temperature, and Curie-Weiss behavior at higher temperatures with the values of mu(eff) close to those expected for RE(3+) free ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Zhuravleva
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Zhuravleva MA, Kanatzidis MG. RE3Ga9Ge (RE=Y, Ce, Sm, Gd and Yb): compounds with an open three-dimensional polygallide framework synthesized from liquid gallium. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-4596(03)00057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zhuravleva MA, Bilc D, Mahanti SD, Kanatzidis MG. Single Crystal X-ray Structure Investigation and Electronic Structure Studies of La-Deficient Nickel Stannide La4.87Ni12Sn24 Grown from Sn Flux. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200390052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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