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Ghaffari S, Kazemi F. Highly Efficient Synthesis of
N
‐Alkyl‐α‐amino Acid Methyl Esters by Microwave Irradiation. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Ghaffari
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan 45195-1159 Iran
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences Shiraz University Shiraz 71946-84795 Iran
| | - Foad Kazemi
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan 45195-1159 Iran
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2
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Abstract
This review covers the recent advances in the development of small RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp sequence) containing peptides and their mimetics as potential antithrombotic agents. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) antagonists include monoclonal antibodies, RGD peptides, peptide hybrids and nonpeptide mimetics. The current trend in the development of nonpeptide mimetics is clearly directed toward orally active and safe antithrombotic drug candidates. But several nonpeptide mimetics, being evaluated for their oral activity in human clinical trials, are currently not approved for clinical use due to poor safety profile. It is expected that newer and more effective nonpeptide mimetics will be developed in the near future.
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3
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Tal-Gan Y, Hurevich M, Klein S, Ben-Shimon A, Rosenthal D, Hazan C, Shalev DE, Niv MY, Levitzki A, Gilon C. Backbone cyclic peptide inhibitors of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt). J Med Chem 2011; 54:5154-64. [PMID: 21650457 DOI: 10.1021/jm2003969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of activated protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) have been detected in many types of cancer. Substrate-based peptide inhibitors have the advantage of selectivity due to their extensive interactions with the kinase-specific substrate binding site but often lack necessary pharmacological properties. Chemical modifications of potent peptide inhibitors, such as cyclization, may overcome these drawbacks while maintaining potency. We present an extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of a potent peptide-based PKB/Akt inhibitor. Two backbone cyclic (BC) peptide libraries with varying modes of cyclization, bridge chemistry, and ring size were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro PKB/Akt inhibition. Backbone-to-backbone urea BC peptides were more potent than N-terminus-to-backbone amide BC peptides. Several analogues were up to 10-fold more active than the parent linear peptide. Some activity trends could be rationalized using computational surface mapping of the PKB/Akt kinase catalytic domain. The novel molecules have enhanced pharmacological properties which make them promising lead candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yftah Tal-Gan
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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Doedens L, Opperer F, Cai M, Beck JG, Dedek M, Palmer E, Hruby VJ, Kessler H. Multiple N-methylation of MT-II backbone amide bonds leads to melanocortin receptor subtype hMC1R selectivity: pharmacological and conformational studies. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:8115-28. [PMID: 20496895 PMCID: PMC2895553 DOI: 10.1021/ja101428m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple N-methylation is a novel technology to improve bioavailability of peptides and increase receptor subtype selectivity. This technique has been applied here to the superpotent but nonselective cyclic peptide MT-II. A library of all possible 31 backbone N-methylated derivatives has been synthesized and tested for binding and activation at melanocortin receptor subtypes 1, 3, 4, and 5. It turned out that selectivity is improved with every introduced N-methyl group, resulting in several N-methylated selective and potent agonists for the hMC1R. The most potent of these derivatives is N-methylated on four out of five amide bonds in the cyclic structure. Its solution structure indicates a strongly preferred backbone conformation that resembles other alpha-MSH analogs but possesses much less flexibility and in addition distinct differences in the spatial arrangement of individual amino acid side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Doedens
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Florian Opperer
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Minying Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, U.S.A
| | - Johannes G. Beck
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Matt Dedek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, U.S.A
| | - Erin Palmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, U.S.A
| | - Victor J. Hruby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, U.S.A
| | - Horst Kessler
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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5
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Hurevich M, Tal-Gan Y, Klein S, Barda Y, Levitzki A, Gilon C. Novel method for the synthesis of urea backbone cyclic peptides using new Alloc-protected glycine building units. J Pept Sci 2010; 16:178-85. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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6
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Linde Y, Ovadia O, Safrai E, Xiang Z, Portillo FP, Shalev DE, Haskell-Luevano C, Hoffman A, Gilon C. Structure-activity relationship and metabolic stability studies of backbone cyclization and N-methylation of melanocortin peptides. Biopolymers 2008; 90:671-82. [PMID: 18655141 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Backbone cyclization (BC) and N-methylation have been shown to enhance the activity and/or selectivity of biologically active peptides and improve metabolic stability and intestinal permeability. In this study, we describe the synthesis, structure-activity relationship (SAR) and intestinal metabolic stability of a backbone cyclic peptide library, BL3020, based on the linear alpha-Melanocyte stimulating hormone analog Phe-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly. The drug lead, BL3020-1, selected from the BL3020 library (compound 1) has been shown to inhibit weight gain in mice following oral administration. Another member of the BL3020 library, BL3020-17, showed improved biological activity towards the mMC4R, in comparison to BL3020-1, although neither were selective for MC4R or MC5R. N-methylation, which restrains conformational freedom while increasing metabolic stability beyond that which is imparted by BC, was used to find analogs with increased selectivity. N-methylated backbone cyclic libraries were synthesized based on the BL3020 library. SAR studies showed that all the N-methylated backbone cyclic peptides demonstrated reduced biological activity and selectivity for all the analyzed receptors. N-methylation of active backbone cyclic peptides destabilized the active conformation or stabilized an inactive conformation, rendering the peptides biologically inactive. N-methylation of backbone cyclic peptides maintained stability to degradation by intestinal enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Linde
- Institute of Chemistry, Safra Campus, Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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7
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Manzoni L, Bassanini M, Belvisi L, Motto I, Scolastico C, Castorina M, Pisano C. Nonpeptide Integrin Antagonists: RGD Mimetics Incorporating Substituted Azabicycloalkanes as Amino Acid Replacements. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Weide T, Modlinger A, Kessler H. Spatial Screening for the Identification of the Bioactive Conformation of Integrin Ligands. Top Curr Chem (Cham). [DOI: 10.1007/128_052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Peptides containing N(alpha)-methylamino acids exhibit interesting therapeutic profiles and are increasingly recognized as potentially useful therapeutics. Unfortunately, their synthesis is hampered by the high price and nonavailability of many N(alpha)-methylamino acids. An efficient and practical three-step procedure for selective N-methylation of peptides on solid support is described. The procedure was based on the well known solid-phase N-methylation of N(alpha)-arylsulfonyl peptides, which was improved by using dimethylsulfate and the less expensive DBU as base. Every step of the procedure, amine activation by an o-nitrobenzenesulfonyl group, selective N-methylation and removal of the sulfonamide group, was optimized in respect of time and economy. The described optimized three-step procedure is performed in 35 min without solvent changes, instead of 3 h. Tripeptides (Fmoc-Phe-MeXaa-Leu-OH) containing N-methylated common amino acids were also prepared using the optimized procedure to demonstrate its compatibility with these amino acids. The described procedure allows an efficient synthesis of N(alpha)-methylamino acid containing peptides in a very short time using Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Biron
- Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl II für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Germany
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11
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Miller WH, Manley PJ, Cousins RD, Erhard KF, Heerding DA, Kwon C, Ross ST, Samanen JM, Takata DT, Uzinskas IN, Yuan CCK, Haltiwanger RC, Gress CJ, Lark MW, Hwang SM, James IE, Rieman DJ, Willette RN, Yue TL, Azzarano LM, Salyers KL, Smith BR, Ward KW, Johanson KO, Huffman WF. Phenylbutyrates as potent, orally bioavailable vitronectin receptor (integrin alphavbeta3) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:1483-6. [PMID: 12668017 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In our continuing efforts to identify small molecule vitronectin receptor antagonists, we have discovered a series of phenylbutyrate derivatives, exemplified by 16, which have good potency and excellent oral bioavailability (approximately 100% in rats). This new series is derived conceptually from opening of the seven-membered ring of SB-265123.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Miller
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd., PO Box 5089, PA 19426, USA.
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12
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Abstract
The conformational study on Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-containing tetrapeptides in the unhydrated and hydrated states has been carried out using the force field ECEPP/3 and the hydration shell model. The tetrapeptides studied here are H-RGDX-OH (X = Trp, Tyr, Phe, Leu, Val, Cys, Gln, and Ser), which show the inhibitory activity for binding of fibrinogen to platelets in the order of RGDW approximately equal to RGDY approximately equal to RGDF approximately equal to RGDL > RGDV > or = RGDC > or = RGDQ > or = RGDS. The backbone conformations with two C(7) backbone-to-backbone hydrogen bonds between Asp and Arg residues and between Xaa and Gly residues are in common most probable for the RGD sequence of RGDX tetrapeptides in the hydrated state. The dominant beta-turns for RGDX are found to be the types V' and IV at Gly-Asp and Asp-Xaa sequences, respectively, which are quite similar to the types II' and I (or II), respectively. However, it cannot be ruled out that the extended conformations are also remarkably feasible for RGDX tetrapeptides in water by peering the distributions of backbone conformations. These calculated results are consistent with the experimental results on RGD-containing proteins and conformationally constrained RGD-containing peptides. The reason why the RGDX becomes more potent as the side chain of the X residue is more hydrophobic may be ascribed to that the more hydrophobic is the residue X, the more populated are beta-turn structures for the Gly-Asp sequence. The hydrophobic side chain of X residue exposed to water is likely to interact with the hydrophobic region of receptor easily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Sook Park
- Department of Radiotechnology, Cheju-halla College, Cheju 690-708, Korea
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13
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Abstract
Synthesis of 1,3-disubstituted indoles derivatives as potential glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antagonists was reported. Substitution of the indolic nitrogen atom by piperidino or benzamidino moieties was used as mimics of an arginine residue. The acid carboxylic group was linked to the indole scaffold in position-3 via a methylene unit (compounds 4, 9, 10). Introduction of a beta-alanine chain was carried out on the acids (17-22) which after deprotection and basic hydrolysis afforded the final compounds 39-46. The distance between the indole scaffold and the amide bond was modulated from no methylene unit (compound 39) to 1 (compounds 40, 41) or 2 methylene units (compounds 42-46). The presence of a tosylamino group on the beta-alanine chain (compound 56) slightly increased the inhibiting action on platelet aggregation initiated by collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Grumel
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR CNRS 6005, Universite d'Orleans, BP 6759, F-45067 Orleans, France
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Abstract
Platelets play a major role in thrombus formation, as well as in the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis. Inhibition of platelet function is now emphasised more than ever for prevention and treatment of almost all vascular diseases, since thrombosis is established as the key pathogenic event causing acute ischaemic coronary and cerebrovascular syndromes. Although acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) has been shown to reduce the incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke, its effect is weak and more effective antithrombotic agents are required to manage patients at high-risk for recurrent vascular events. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor (GPIIb/IIIa) blockade represents a significant advance in interventional cardiology and treatment of acute ischaemic syndromes. The past several years have seen the introduction of many platelet GPIIb/IIIa blockers into the clinical arena targeting the unique platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor for the adhesive proteins, fibrinogen and von Willebrand Factor. Platelet GPIIb/IIIa blockers administered intravenously have proven efficacious in mitigating arterial thrombosis in acute coronary syndromes (unstable angina and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction) and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) such as balloon dilatation and stent implantation. Currently, orally-active platelet GPIIb/IIIa blockers are being developed to provide additional benefits for primary and secondary prevention of thrombosis as chronic treatment, especially in high-risk patients. Lotrafiban (SmithKline Beecham) is a member of the latest generation of orally-active platelet GPIIb/IIIa blockers undergoing Phase III clinical trials to test the relative effectiveness versus other oral platelet inhibitors for ischaemic conditions including unstable angina, restenosis after PCI and stroke. Lotrafiban is converted from an esterified prodrug by plasma and liver esterases to a peptidomimetic of the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid amino acid sequence. This sequence itself mimics the binding site of fibrinogen and von Willebrand Factor to the platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor. Preliminary results of the clinical trial APLAUD (antiplatelet useful dose) show that lotrafiban is clinically safe and well-tolerated in patients with recent myocardial infarction, unstable angina, transient ischaemic attack (TIA), or stroke when added to aspirin therapy. With lotrafiban, a worldwide large-scale Phase III clinical trial BRAVO (blockage of the GPIIb/IIIa receptor to avoid vascular occlusion) is currently underway. In general, GPIIb/IIIa blockade seems clinically very promising. A number of unresolved issues, however, remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Liu
- University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Eldred
- Receptor Chemistry 2 Department, Glaxo Wellcome Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, U.K
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16
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Dal Pozzo A, Fagnoni M, Bergonzi R, Vanini L, de Castiglione R, Aglio C, Colli S. Synthesis and anti-aggregatory activity of linear retro-inverso RGD peptides. J Pept Res 2000; 55:447-54. [PMID: 10888201 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2000.00713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Six retro-inverso tri- and tetrapeptide analogues of RGD were prepared and their anti-aggregatory activity was determined by platelet aggregation tests in comparison with the corresponding parent peptides. An efficient method for the introduction of a malonyl-aspartic residue into a peptide chain is described for the first time. A 2-3-fold decrease in potency or total loss of bioactivity was observed with the new peptides; structure-activity relationships are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dal Pozzo
- G. Ronzoni Institute of Chemical and Biochemical Research, Milan, Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liu
- DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Medical Imaging Division, 331 Treble Cove Road, North Billerica, Massachusetts 01862
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18
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Miller WH, Bondinell WE, Cousins RD, Erhard KF, Jakas DR, Keenan RM, Ku TW, Newlander KA, Ross ST, Haltiwanger RC, Bradbeer J, Drake FH, Gowen M, Hoffman SJ, Hwang SM, James IE, Lark MW, Lechowska B, Rieman DJ, Stroup GB, Vasko-Moser JA, Zembryki DL, Azzarano LM, Adams PC, Huffman WF. Orally bioavailable nonpeptide vitronectin receptor antagonists with efficacy in an osteoporosis model. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:1807-12. [PMID: 10406646 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new series of potent nonpeptide vitronectin receptor antagonists, based on a novel carbocyclic Gly-Asp mimetic, has been discovered. A representative of this series, SB 265123 (4), has 100% oral bioavailability in rats, and is orally active in vivo in the ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Miller
- Research & Development Division, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, PA 19426-0989, USA
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Keenan RM, Miller WH, Barton LS, Bondinell WE, Cousins RD, Eppley DF, Hwang SM, Kwon C, Lago MA, Nguyen TT, Smith BR, Uzinskas IN, Yuan CC. Orally bioavailable nonpeptide vitronectin receptor antagonists containing 2-aminopyridine arginine mimetics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:1801-6. [PMID: 10406645 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A peptide RGD analog containing a novel 2-aminopyridine arginine mimetic was discovered to have good affinity and selectivity for the vitronectin receptor. Incorporation of the 2-aminopyridine arginine mimetic into the 3-oxo-1,4-benzodiazepine-2-acetic acid integrin antagonist series led to novel and potent nonpeptide vitronectin receptor antagonists with promising levels of oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Keenan
- Research & Development Division, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, PA 19426-0989, USA
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20
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Abstract
Three 1 ns length molecular dynamics simulations of an RGD peptide (Ac-Pen-Arg-Gly-Asp-Cys-NH2, with Pen denoting penicillamine) have been performed in aqueous solution, one for the disulfide bridged, and two for the unbridged form. The trajectories were analyzed to identify conformations explored by the two forms and to calculate several properties: NMR vicinal coupling constants, order parameters, dipole moments and diffusion coefficients, in an effort to describe the physical role of the disulfide bond. The cyclic peptide was able to explore several distinct backbone conformations centered around a turn-extended-turn structure. However, its flexibility was limited and it appeared to be 'locked in' into a a family of structures characterized by a high dipole moment and a well-defined conformation of the pharmacophore, which has been previously identified as biologically active. Excellent agreement between the simulated and observed NMR vicinal coupling constants indicates that realistic structures were sampled in the cyclic peptide simulation. The linear form of the peptide was much more flexible than the cyclic one. In the two independent 1 ns simulations of the linear form the explored conformations could be roughly grouped into two classes, of cyclic-like and extended type. Within each simulation the peptide switched between the two classes of structures several times. Exact matches between conformations in the two linear peptide simulations were not found; several conformational regions with backbone rms deviations below 1A were identified, suggesting that representative structures of the linear form have also been identified. In the linear peptide simulations the RGD pharmacophore is able to adopt a wide range of conformations, including the one preferred by the cyclic form. The lower biological activity of the linear peptide compared to the cyclic one may be correlated with the lower population of this structure in the absence of the disulfide bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, USA
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Keenan RM, Miller WH, Lago MA, Ali FE, Bondinell WE, Callahan JF, Calvo RR, Cousins RD, Hwang SM, Jakas DR, Ku TW, Kwon C, Nguyen TT, Reader VA, Rieman DJ, Ross ST, Takata DT, Uzinskas IN, Yuan CC, Smith BR. Benzimidazole derivatives as arginine mimetics in 1,4-benzodiazepine nonpeptide vitronectin receptor (alpha v beta 3) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:3165-70. [PMID: 9873696 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00555-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In a 3-oxo-1,4-benzodiazepine-2-acetic acid series of vitronectin receptor (alpha v beta 3) antagonists containing a benzimidazole as a novel arginine mimetic, we examined the effects of benzimidazole modifications and amide substitutions on both activity and pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Keenan
- Research & Development Division, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, PA 19426-0989, USA
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Dal Pozzo A, Muzi L, Moroni M, Rondanin R, de Castiglione R, Bravo P, Zanda M. Synthesis of RGD analogues containing α-Tfm-arginine as potential fibrinogen receptor antagonists. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ku TW, Ali FE, Bondinell WE, Erhard KF, Huffman WF, Venslavsky JW, Yuan CCK. An alternate enantiospecific synthesis of methyl (S)-7-tert-butoxycarbonyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-4-methyl-3-oxo-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-2-acetate. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)00570-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Samanen JM, Lee CP, Smith PL, Bondinell WE, Calvo RR, Jakas DR, Newlander KA, Parker M, Uzinskas I, Yellin TO, Nichols AJ. The use of rabbit intestinal permeability as an in vitro assay in the search for orally active GPIIb/IIIa antagonists. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(96)00431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Miller WH, Ali FE, Bondinell WE, Callahan JF, Calvo RR, Eggleston DS, Curtis Haltiwanger R, Huffman WF, Hwang SM, Jakas DR, Keenan RM, Koster PF, Ku TW, Kwon C, Newlander KA, Nichols AJ, Parker MF, Samanen JM, Southall LS, Takata DT, Uzinskas IN, Valocik RE, Vasko-Moser JA, Wong AS, Yellin TO, Yuan CC. Structure-activity relationships in 3-oxo-1,4-benzodiazepine-2-acetic acid GPIIb/IIIa antagonists. The 2-benzazepine series. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(96)00432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Xue C, Rafalski M, Roderick J, Eyermann CJ, Mousa S, Olson RE, Degrado WF. Design, synthesis and in vitro activities of a series of benzimidazole/benzoxazole glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996; 6:339-44. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00590-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Samanen J, Wilson G, Smith PL, Lee CP, Bondinell W, Ku T, Rhodes G, Nichols A. Chemical approaches to improve the oral bioavailability of peptidergic molecules. J Pharm Pharmacol 1996; 48:119-35. [PMID: 8935160 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1996.tb07111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses both tools and strategies that may be employed as approaches towards the pursuit of orally active compounds from peptidergic molecules. Besides providing a review of these subjects, this paper provides an example of how these were utilized in a research programme at SmithKline Beecham involving the development of orally active GPIIb/IIIa antagonists. The tools for studying oral drug absorption in-vitro include variants of the Ussing chamber which utilize either intestinal tissues or cultured epithelial cells that permit the measurement of intestinal permeability. Example absorption studies that are described are mannitol, cephalexin, the growth hormone-releasing peptide SK&F 110679 and two GPIIb/IIIa antagonist peptides SK&F 106760 and SK&F 107260. With the exception of cephalexin, these compounds cross the intestine by passive paracellular diffusion. Cephalexin, on the other hand, crosses the intestine via the oligopeptide transporter. Structure-transport studies are reviewed for this transporter. The tools for studying oral drug absorption in-vivo involve animals bearing in-dwelling intestinal or portal vein catheters. A study of the segmental absorption of SK&F 106760 is provided. The review concludes with two chemical strategies that may be taken towards the enhancement of oral bioavailability of peptidergic molecules. The first strategy involves the chemical modification of peptides which enhance intestinal permeability, specifically the modification of amide bonds. The second strategy involves the design of compounds bearing nonpeptide templates, which are more amenable to the discovery of compounds with oral activity, from peptide pharmacophore models. An example is given regarding the discovery of SB 208651, a potent orally active GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, designed from the peptides SK&F 106760 and SK&F 107260.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Samanen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
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Samanen J. Chapter 10. GPIIb/IIIa Antagonists. Elsevier; 1996. pp. 91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Ojima I, Dong Q, Chakravarty S, Peerschke E, Hwang SM, Wong AS. Design, synthesis and SAR of RGD peptide hybrids as highly efficient inhibitors of platelet aggregation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00329-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
This review covers the recent advances in the development of highly potent inhibitors of platelet aggregation as potential therapeutic drugs for thrombosis related to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The discovery of RGD sequence-directed cell surface receptors (the integrins) has led to extensive research in the development of small RGD containing peptides and their mimetics as antithrombotic agents. These agents work by inhibiting platelet aggregation through competitive blocking of fibrinogen to the platelet surface receptor, GPIIb/IIIa. The pharmacophoric nature of the aspartic acid and arginine side chains of the RGD unit has allowed the development of strategies for rational design, largely based on assumed bioactive RGD conformations and lead optimization. Applications of such strategies, from RGD peptides to peptide hybrids and then to non-peptide mimetics, are described. Also discussed is the important issue of specificity toward GPIIb/IIIa, keeping in view that the RGD unit is a key recognition signal for a variety of cell surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ojima
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook 11794-3400, USA
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Lee MS, Gardner B, Kahn M, Nakanishi H. The three-dimensional solution structure of a constrained peptidomimetic in water and in chloroform. Observation of solvent induced hydrophobic cluster. FEBS Lett 1995; 359:113-8. [PMID: 7867780 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00007-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A large number of protein-protein interactions involved turn or loop regions. The excised linear peptides from these regions reveal complex conformational averaging. To circumvent this motional averaging and to stabilize the beta-turn conformation, extensive effort has been devoted to the design of constrained peptidomimetics. Here, we report the three-dimensional solution structure of a 12-membered cyclic peptidomimetic. The structures were calculated from NMR studies performed in chloroform and in water at 263 and 278K, respectively. This 12-membered cyclic scaffolding is part of a program to design and to construct conformationally stable beta-turn peptidomimetics. The impact of the surrounding environment on the conformation of this constrained peptidomimetic is discussed. The general structural features of the cyclic mimetic are retained in both environments; however, the formation of a hydrophobic patch in the aqueous solvent is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Lee
- Molecumetics, Bellevue, WA 98005
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Bean JW, Briand J, Burgess JL, Callahan JF. Conformational study of eight-membered diazocine turn mimics by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. FEBS Lett 1994; 354:143-8. [PMID: 7957914 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)01106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The eight-membered ring conformations of two diazocine turn mimics, methyl-[2,5-dioxo-3-(S)-(3-omega-tosyl-guanidino-propyl)-4-methyl-octahy dro- 1,4-diazocin-1-yl]acetate (I) and methyl-[2,5-dioxo-3-(S)-(3-omega-tosyl-guanidino-propyl)-octahydro-1,4- diazocin-1-yl]acetate (II), were determined using torsion angle constraints derived from 3J(C,H) coupling constants extracted from 13C-filtered TOCSY spectra with 13C in natural abundance. For I, the torsion angle constraints derived from 3J(C,H) coupling constants were in agreement with torsion angle constraints derived from 3J(H,H) coupling constants extracted from a P.E. COSY spectrum. Similar 3J(C,H) coupling constants were found for I and II, and they shared an identical eight-membered ring conformation characterized by two cis-amide bonds and a staggered conformation of the trimethylene group in which the H3 proton is proximal to both the H6 and H8 protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Bean
- Department of Physical & Structural Chemistry, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406-0939
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Bondinell WE, Keenan RM, Miller WH, Ali FE, Allen AC, de Brosse CW, Eggleston DS, Erhard KF, Haltiwanger RC, Huffman WF. Design of a potent and orally active nonpeptide platelet fibrinogen receptor (GPIIb/IIIa) antagonist. Bioorg Med Chem 1994; 2:897-908. [PMID: 7712125 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)82039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The direct design of the potent nonpeptide platelet fibrinogen receptor (GPIIb/IIIa) antagonist, 8-[[[4- (aminoiminomethyl)phenyl]amino]carbonyl]-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-oxo- 4- (2-phenylethyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-2-acetic acid, (3) (SB 207448), based on the structure and conformation of the potent and highly constrained cyclic peptide antagonist SK&F 107260 (2), has been reported [Ku et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 8861]. While 3 displayed in vivo activity in the conscious dog following intravenous administration, it was not active following intraduodenal administration; activity was measured with an ex vivo platelet aggregation assay. The secondary amide in 3 was N-methylated in the expectation of increased absorption and bioavailability. The resulting tertiary amide, 4 (SB 208651), also showed high binding affinity for human GPIIb/IIIa and potent antiaggregatory activity in human platelet-rich plasma. Most importantly, 4 was active in vivo following intravenous and intraduodenal administration. Comparison of the iv and id inhibition curves suggests an apparent bioavailability of approximately 10%. Thus, 4 represents the first orally active compound in this series of potent, nonpeptide fibrinogen receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Bondinell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406-0939
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Naylor A, Egbertson M, Vassallo L, Birchenough L, Zhang G, Gould R, Hartman G. Non-peptide fibrinogen receptor antagonists. 4. Proposed three-dimensional requirements in centrally constrained inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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