1
|
Affiliation(s)
- Kuhali Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Koushik Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Biplab Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma W, Zhang X, Fan J, Liu Y, Tang W, Xue D, Li C, Xiao J, Wang C. Iron-Catalyzed Anti-Markovnikov Hydroamination and Hydroamidation of Allylic Alcohols. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13506-13515. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710062, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710062, China
| | - Juan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710062, China
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710062, China
| | - Weijun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710062, China
| | - Dong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710062, China
| | - Chaoqun Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710062, China
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710062, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710062, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Janikowska K, Makowiec S, Rachoń J. Preparation of Pseudo-Peptide Building Blocks with retro-Thioamide Bond Mediated via Thiocarbamoyl Meldrum's Acid. Helv Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201100347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
4
|
Tice CM, Singh SB. Evolution of Diverse Classes of Renin Inhibitors through the Years. In: Ghosh AK, editor. Aspartic Acid Proteases as Therapeutic Targets. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2010. pp. 297-324. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527630943.ch11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
|
5
|
Monteiro S, Freitas R, Rajasekhar BT, Teixeira AR, Ferreira RB. The unique biosynthetic route from lupinus beta-conglutin gene to blad. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8542. [PMID: 20066045 PMCID: PMC2798717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During seed germination, beta-conglutin undergoes a major cycle of limited proteolysis in which many of its constituent subunits are processed into a 20 kDa polypeptide termed blad. Blad is the main component of a glycooligomer, accumulating exclusively in the cotyledons of Lupinus species, between days 4 and 12 after the onset of germination. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The sequence of the gene encoding beta-conglutin precursor (1791 nucleotides) is reported. This gene, which shares 44 to 57% similarity and 20 to 37% identity with other vicilin-like protein genes, includes several features in common with these globulins, but also specific hallmarks. Most notable is the presence of an ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM), which possibly links the unique catabolic route of beta-conglutin to the ubiquitin/proteasome proteolytic pathway. SIGNIFICANCE Blad forms through a unique route from and is a stable intermediary product of its precursor, beta-conglutin, the major Lupinus seed storage protein. It is composed of 173 amino acid residues, is encoded by an intron-containing, internal fragment of the gene that codes for beta-conglutin precursor (nucleotides 394 to 913) and exhibits an isoelectric point of 9.6 and a molecular mass of 20,404.85 Da. Consistent with its role as a storage protein, blad contains an extremely high proportion of the nitrogen-rich amino acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Monteiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
|
8
|
Erdal EP, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Silverman RB. Hydroxyethylene isosteres of selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:6096-108. [PMID: 17614291 PMCID: PMC2001161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important second messenger molecule for blood pressure homeostasis, as a neurotransmitter, and in the immune defense system. Excessive NO can lead to neurodegeneration and connective tissue damage. Three different isozymes of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase regulate NO production in endothelial (eNOS), neuronal (nNOS), and macrophage (iNOS) cells. Whereas creating a lower level of NO in some cells could be beneficial, it also could be detrimental to the protective effects that NO has on other cells. Therefore, it is essential that therapeutic NOS inhibitors be made that are subtype selective. Previously, we reported a series of nitroarginine-containing dipeptide amides as potent and selective nNOS inhibitors. Here we synthesize peptidomimetic hydroxyethylene isosteres of these dipeptide amides for potential increased bioavailability. None of the compounds is as potent or selective as the dipeptide amides, but they exhibit good inhibition and selectivity. When the terminal amino group was converted to a hydroxyl group, potency and selectivity greatly diminished, supporting the importance of the terminal amino group for binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik P. Erdal
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, and the Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760
| | - Linda J. Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, and the Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The important role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade in the treatment of systemic hypertension, heart failure, diabetic kidney disease, and atherogenesis has been clearly established. The theoretical therapeutic advantages for inhibiting the detrimental effects of the renin-angiotensin system at its most upstream point have served as the impetus for the development of renin inhibitors. The advent of aliskiren, the first in a novel class of orally active, nonpeptide, highly specific, human renin inhibitors, provides a new modality in the armamentarium of renin-angiotensin system antagonists. Studies in marmosets and rats demonstrated that aliskiren reduced blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner and is highly efficacious in blocking plasma renin activity with parallel reductions in the levels of the other downstream constituents of the renin-angiotensin system. Clinical trials in hypertensive patients have confirmed these benefits with aliskiren whose blood pressure-lowering efficacy is similar to or better than those of standard therapeutic doses of enalapril, losartan, irbesartan, and hydrochlorothiazide. Aliskiren is well tolerated, with few reported adverse effects even at the highest doses tested. Given the established beneficial effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in the treatment of cardiovascular and renovascular diseases, future studies may further elucidate a similar protective role for aliskiren both as a monotherapy and as part of a combination therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Sepehrdad
- Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Newhouse B, Allen S, Fauber B, Anderson AS, Eary CT, Hansen JD, Schiro J, Gaudino JJ, Laird E, Chantry D, Eberhardt C, Burgess LE. Racemic and chiral lactams as potent, selective and functionally active CCR4 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:5537-42. [PMID: 15482919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Revised: 08/31/2004] [Accepted: 09/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of racemic and chiral, nonracemic lactams that display high binding affinities, functional chemotaxis antagonism, and selectivity toward CCR4 are described. Compound 41, which provides reasonably high blood levels in mice when dosed intraperitoneally, was identified as a useful pharmacological tool to explore the role of CCR4 antagonism in animal models of allergic disease.
Collapse
|
11
|
Igo DH, Brennan TD, Pullen EE. Development of an automated in-line microfiltration system coupled to an HPLC for the determination of solubility. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 26:495-500. [PMID: 11489395 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An automated in-line microfiltration system coupled to an HPLC was developed for the determination of solubility. Filtrations and subsequent solubility determinations are performed using a standard Gilson dilutor and autosampler and dual Rheodyne valves equipped with a filtration assembly and configured to an HPLC system. The solubility data obtained using the automated in-line microfiltration system are in good agreement with the results obtained using conventional manual preparation techniques. Automating this labor-intensive and often variable portion of the solubility determination provides a reliable means of improving both the consistency and quality of solubility data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D H Igo
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-3398, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jung GL, Anderson PC, Bailey M, Baillet M, Bantle GW, Berthiaume S, Lavallée P, Llinas-Brunet M, Thavonekham B, Thibeault D, Simoneau B. Novel small renin inhibitors containing 4,5- or 3,5-dihydroxy-2-substituted-6-phenylhexanamide replacements at the P2-P3 sites. Bioorg Med Chem 1998; 6:2317-36. [PMID: 9925293 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(98)80011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Renin inhibitors containing a 4,5- or a 3,5-dihydroxy-2-substituted-6-phenylhexanamide fragment at the P2-P3 sites have been prepared and evaluated. The four possible diastereomeric diols of the two series of inhibitors were synthesized to determine the optimal configuration of the carbinol centers for these replacements. The most potent inhibitors of each series, la and 2c have a molecular weight of only 503 and IC50 values of 23 and 20 nM in a human plasma renin assay at pH 6.0. Their very low aqueous solubility limited their further evaluation. The efficacy of these P2-P3 replacements is a result of their ability to maintain the important hydrogen-bonds with the enzyme. Due to conformational differences with the dipeptide, adjustment at the P2 side chain was required. These 4,5- and 3,5-dihydroxyhexanamide segments could be seen as novel N-terminal dipeptide replacements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G L Jung
- Bio-Méga Research Division, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd, Laval, Québec
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Affiliation(s)
- S H Rosenberg
- Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- M F Songster
- Biosearch Technologies, Inc., San Rafael, California 94903, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tamura K, Agrios KA, Vander Velde D, Aubé J, Borchardt RT. Effect of stereochemistry on the transport of Aca-linked beta-turn peptidomimetics across a human intestinal cell line. Bioorg Med Chem 1997; 5:1859-66. [PMID: 9354242 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(97)00115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Transcellular transport is one of the most important barriers facing the development of new therapeutic agents. However, little is known about the specific effects of structure and particularly stereochemistry on cell permeability. An attractive in vitro model has been developed for the direct assessment of cell transport, using the immortalized human epithelial cell line, Caco-2. The present study assesses the effects of stereochemistry on transport in a commonly used beta-turn model system. Thus, L,L- and L,D-Ala-Ala were cyclized with aminocaproic acid, resulting in macrocycles in which the dipeptides correspond to the i + 1 and i + 2 positions of a beta-turn. The transport of these dipeptides across a Caco-2 cell monolayer was determined, along with corresponding acyclic models (L,L- and L,D-CH3CH2C(O)-Ala-Ala-n-Pr). The transport studies were carried out in the presence and absence of verapamil, a known inhibitor of the apically polarized efflux system present in Caco-2 cells. Both apical-->basolateral and basolateral-->apical transport were measured. Measurements made in the presence of verapamil showed that the cyclic peptides experienced a ca. 4-5-fold difference in intrinsic flux depending on stereochemistry, with the L,D isomer being transported at a higher rate. These differences disappeared in the acyclic cases examined (permeability coefficient ratios of the L,D/L,L isomers were 1.04-1.13). These observations are discussed in terms of the conformations and hydrogen-bonding characteristics of the compounds as determined by NMR spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Tamura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045-2506, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a major contributor in the regulation of blood pressure, and pharmacologic manipulation of this system has resulted in a beneficial class of therapeutic agents, which include angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. However, ACE inhibitors are not specific for RAS, and in addition, they can affect bradykinin and prostaglandin, which can also cause changes in vascular tone. Under development are renin inhibitors that are specific for angiotensinogen and act at the initial, rate-determining step of the RAS cascade. The various pharmacologic approaches to renin inhibition include specific renin antibodies, synthetic derivatives of the prosegment of renin precursor, pepstatin analogs, and angiotensinogen analogs. The last approach is the most promising for patient therapy. Multiple studies have shown the effectiveness of the renin inhibitors in both primates and human beings. Further research is now directed toward the development of an agent with good oral bioavailability for patient treatment and as a biologic probe for helping to understand the role of the RAS in control of blood pressure and blood volume.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Lin
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chander SK, Antoniw P, Beeley NR, Boyce B, Crabbe T, Docherty AJ, Leonard J, Mason B, Millar K, Millican AT. An in vivo model for screening peptidomimetic inhibitors of gelatinase A. J Pharm Sci 1995; 84:404-9. [PMID: 7629728 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600840405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Gelatinase A, a matrix metalloproteinase, is frequently associated with human solid tumors, and its secretion and activation in the tumor milieu is considered important in the process of angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Consequently, metalloproteinase inhibitors may be of value in the therapy of cancer as well as other disease states involving tissue remodeling and release of biologically active peptide/protein by proteolytic cleavage. Here we describe the development of a rapid screening assay for in vivo activity of peptidomimetic inhibitors of gelatinase A that involves assessment of inhibition of an enzyme-substrate reaction in a circumscribed body compartment, the mouse pleural cavity. As examples of the utility of this assay, in vivo activity of the aryl sulfonamide, sulfamyl urea, morpholino and carboxylic acid functionality at the P3' position of a series of hydroxamic acid inhibitors was examined after administration both intraperitoneally (ip) (to approximate systemic administration) and orally. For up to 2 h after ip administration, all inhibitors tested showed marked activity (> 90% inhibition) at 17 mumol/kg (approximately 10 mg/kg). This activity declined in a dose-responsive manner to insignificant levels at 0.67 mumol/kg (approximately 0.4 mg/kg). Aryl sulfonamides showed significant inhibition (> 50%) for up to 7 h after administration. A higher dosage (136 mumol/kg, approximately 80 mg/kg) was required to reveal oral activity, which was observed only with morpholino compounds (> 50% inhibition). Thus, the model described may be of value in the identification of orally active gelatinase A inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Chander
- Division of Oncology Biology, Celltech Ltd., Slough, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Karajiannis H, van de Waterbeemd H. The prediction of the lipophilicity of peptidomimetics. A comparison between experimental and theoretical lipophilicity values of renin inhibitors and their building blocks. Pharm Acta Helv 1995; 70:67-77. [PMID: 7770478 DOI: 10.1016/0031-6865(94)00052-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to test how well the lipophilicity of large and flexible molecules can be predicted by theoretical approaches, renin inhibitors and their building blocks have been investigated. Different experimental methods have been used for the determination of lipophilicity of the selected compounds, including RP-HPLC and a new pH-metric or two-phase titration method. This latter method appears to be well-suited for the log P measurement of lipophilic compounds. The experimental results have been compared to computer-assisted log P calculations (CLOGP and PrologP). Different correction terms have been introduced to correlate the experimental to the calculated results. Finally, in view of the poor oral bioavailability of most renin inhibitors, we have investigated the correlation between aqueous solubility data and their log P values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Karajiannis
- University of Berne, Institute of Pharmacy, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Affiliation(s)
- S H Rosenberg
- Aging and Degenerative Disease Research, Pharmaceutical Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Harrison AW, Fisher JF, Guido DM, Couch SJ, Lawson JA, Sutter DM, Williams MV, DeGraaf GL, Rogers JE, Pals DT. Appraisal of a glycopeptide cloaking strategy for a therapeutic oligopeptide: glycopeptide analogs of the renin inhibitor ditekiren. Bioorg Med Chem 1994; 2:1339-61. [PMID: 7788297 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)82086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Among the limitations to the practical therapeutic oligopeptide are low oral availability, indifferent aqueous solubility, and an astonishing efficient sequestration and biliary elimination by a multi-capacity liver transporter. Given the purposed use of N- and O- linked saccharides as functional appendages of eukaryotic peptides and proteins, a strategy of glycopeptide mimicry was examined for the oligopeptide renin inhibitor, ditekiren. The anticipation was that the saccharide would impart significant aqueous solubility, and might impact beneficially on the remaining two limitations. Execution of this approach was achieved by the removal of the (dimethylethoxy)carbonyl amino terminus of ditekiren, and its substitution by Boc-L-asparagine N-linked mono- and disaccharides. Potent hypotensive activity, as measured by a human renin-infused rat assay, is observed for virtually all of these structures (N-linked beta-pyranose D-N-acetyglucosaminyl, D-glucosaminyl, D-N-acetylgalactosaminyl, D-mannosyl, D-galactosyl, D-maltosyl, D-cellobiosyl, D-chitobiosyl, but not L-fucosyl). The basis for this dramatic improvement (relative to ditekiren in the same assay) is the diversion of the peptide clearance from rapid liver biliary clearance to slower urinary clearance (Fisher, J. F.; Harrison, A. W.; Wilkinson, K. F.; Rush, B. R.; Ruwart, M. J. J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34, 3140). Guided by the human renin-infused rat hypertension assay, an evaluation of the linker-saccharide pairing was made. Loss of hypotensive activity is observed upon substitution of the Boc-L-asn by Boc-D-asn, and by removal of the Boc amino terminus of the glycopeptide. Potent hypotensive activity is preserved by replacement of the Boc-L-asn linker by succinate, malate, tartrate, and adipate linkers. With the longer adipate spacer, attachment of the saccharide to the P-3 phenylalanine--with omission of the P-4 proline--retains activity. These data suggest value to the glycopeptide guise for preserving the in vivo activity, and for the beneficial manipulation of pharmacodynamics, of this renin inhibitory oligopeptide. This strategy may have general applicability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A W Harrison
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Upjohn Laboratories, Kalamazoo, MI 49007-4940, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
A novel transition-state mimic containing a C-terminal oxetane has been developed. Renin inhibitors incorporating this fragment exhibit enhanced potency against human plasma renin at physiological pH. The binding affinity of this new species has allowed size reductions at other sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Rosenberg
- Pharmaceutical Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Smith S, Al-barazanji K, Buckingham R, Cassidy F, Coldwell M, Finney F, Hadley M, Ham P, Lawrence S, Nash D, Tingley E, Watson J. The identification of a novel renin inhibitor of equivalent efficacy following oral or intravenous administration. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994; 4:1291-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80347-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
23
|
Affiliation(s)
- R M Freidinger
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Baker WR, Pratt JK. Dipeptide isosteres. 2. Synthesis of hydroxyethylene dipeptide isostere diastereomers from a common γ-lactone intermediate. Preparation of renin and HIV-1 protease inhibitor transition state mimics. Tetrahedron 1993; 49:8739-56. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)81896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
25
|
Kleinert HD, Stein HH, Boyd S, Fung AK, Baker WR, Verburg KM, Polakowski JS, Kovar P, Barlow J, Cohen J. Discovery of a well-absorbed, efficacious renin inhibitor, A-74273. Hypertension 1992; 20:768-75. [PMID: 1452292 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.20.6.768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of orally active renin inhibitors has been plagued by limited bioavailability in animals and humans. A-74273 is a novel, potent nonpeptide inhibitor of human renin (IC50 = 3.1 nM). This compound was absorbed into the portal and systemic circulations of anesthetized rats, ferrets, monkeys, and dogs after intraduodenal dosing. This favorable pattern also was observed after oral dosing in conscious animals, except in monkeys. Hepatic extraction of A-74273 was more efficient in rats and monkeys than in dogs or ferrets. A-74273 modestly inhibits dog renin, and when given orally as the base (0, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg; n = 8 per dose) to conscious, salt-depleted dogs it induced dose-related reductions in mean arterial pressure and plasma renin activity. Peak falls in mean arterial pressure from normotensive baselines were -14 +/- 1, -26 +/- 3, and -44 +/- 3 mm Hg for the 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg groups, respectively (p < 0.05). Baseline plasma renin activity values (10.9 +/- 1.1-12.7 +/- 1.1 ng angiotensin I/ml/hr) were maximally inhibited, ranging from 43 +/- 8% at 0.3 mg/kg to 98 +/- 1% at 30 mg/kg. Bioavailability in this model was estimated to be 54 +/- 13% when plasma drug levels were determined by a renin inhibitory activity assay, but bioavailability was lower when compared with high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of A-74273. This discrepancy was accounted for by the identification of structurally similar metabolites that are as active as the parent drug against human renin but much less potent against dog renin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H D Kleinert
- Abbott Laboratories, Cardiovascular Research Division, Abbott Park, IL 60064
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|