1
|
Lei JC, Ruan YX, Luo S, Yang JS. Stereodirecting Effect of C3-Ester Groups on the Glycosylation Stereochemistry of L-Rhamnopyranose Thioglycoside Donors: Stereoselective Synthesis of α- and β-L-Rhamnopyranosides. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Cai Lei
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry; Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology; West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; 610041 Chengdu China
| | - Yu-Xiong Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry; Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology; West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; 610041 Chengdu China
| | - Sheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry; Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology; West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; 610041 Chengdu China
| | - Jin-Song Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry; Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology; West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; 610041 Chengdu China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Seley-Radtke KL, Yates MK. The evolution of nucleoside analogue antivirals: A review for chemists and non-chemists. Part 1: Early structural modifications to the nucleoside scaffold. Antiviral Res 2018; 154:66-86. [PMID: 29649496 PMCID: PMC6396324 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This is the first of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside-analogue antiviral drugs, written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, as well as chemists who may not be familiar with the field. Rather than providing a simple chronological account, we have examined and attempted to explain the thought processes, advances in synthetic chemistry and lessons learned from antiviral testing that led to a few molecules being moved forward to eventual approval for human therapies, while others were discarded. The present paper focuses on early, relatively simplistic changes made to the nucleoside scaffold, beginning with modifications of the nucleoside sugars of Ara-C and other arabinose-derived nucleoside analogues in the 1960's. A future paper will review more recent developments, focusing especially on more complex modifications, particularly those involving multiple changes to the nucleoside scaffold. We hope that these articles will help virologists and others outside the field of medicinal chemistry to understand why certain drugs were successfully developed, while the majority of candidate compounds encountered barriers due to low-yielding synthetic routes, toxicity or other problems that led to their abandonment. This is the first of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside-analogue antiviral drugs. It is written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, and for chemists unfamiliar with the field. Numerous modifications have been made to the nucleoside scaffold in order to impart therapeutic benefits. Nucleoside modifications led to the development of potent antivirals such as acyclovir, entecavir, and tenofovir. We examine thought processes, progress in synthetic chemistry and results of antiviral testing that led to approved drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Seley-Radtke
- 1000 Hilltop Circle, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Mary K Yates
- 1000 Hilltop Circle, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
5'-Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) and 5'-methylthioadenosine nucleosidase (MTAN) catalyze the phosphorolysis and hydrolysis of 5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA), respectively. Both enzymes have low KM values for their substrates. Kinetic assays for these enzymes are challenging, as the ultraviolet absorbance spectra for reactant MTA and product adenine are similar. We report a new assay using 2-amino-5'-methylthioadenosine (2AMTA) as an alternative substrate for MTAP and MTAN enzymes. Hydrolysis or phosphorolysis of 2AMTA forms 2,6-diaminopurine, a fluorescent and easily quantitated product. We kinetically characterize 2AMTA with human MTAP, bacterial MTANs and use 2,6-diaminopurine as a fluorescent substrate for yeast adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. 2AMTA was used as the substrate to kinetically characterize the dissociation constants for three-transition-state analogue inhibitors of MTAP and MTAN. Kinetic values obtained from continuous fluorescent assays with MTA were in good agreement with previously measured literature values, but gave smaller experimental errors. Chemical synthesis from ribose and 2,6-dichloropurine provided crystalline 2AMTA as the oxalate salt. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis from ribose and 2,6-diaminopurine produced 2-amino-S-adenosylmethionine for hydrolytic conversion to 2AMTA. Interaction of 2AMTA with human MTAP was also characterized by pre-steady-state kinetics and by analysis of the crystal structure in a complex with sulfate as a catalytically inert analogue of phosphate. This assay is suitable for inhibitor screening by detection of fluorescent product, for quantitative analysis of hits by rapid and accurate measurement of inhibition constants in continuous assays, and pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of the target enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ross S Firestone
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Scott A Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Peter C Tyler
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington , Lower Hutt, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Rodrigo G Ducati
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Adam Z Spitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Vern L Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zheng Z, Tran HA, Manivannan S, Wen X, Kaiser M, Brun R, Snyder FF, Back TG. Novel nucleoside-based antimalarial compounds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2861-2865. [PMID: 27156774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The malaria-causing parasite Plasmodium falciparum employs a salvage pathway for the biosynthesis of nucleotides, in contrast to de novo biosynthesis that is utilized by the human host. A series of twenty-two 2-, 6- and 5'-modified adenosine ribonucleosides was synthesized, with the expectation that these compounds would generate toxic metabolites instead of active nucleotides by the pathogen, while remaining inert in host cells. Bioassays with P. falciparum (K1 strain) indicated IC50 values as low as 110nM and a selectivity index with respect to cytotoxicity toward an L6 rat myoblast cell line of >1000 for the most potent analogue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Huu-Anh Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Srinivasan Manivannan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Xianghui Wen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Brun
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Floyd F Snyder
- Biochemical Genetics Lab, Alberta Children's Hospital, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, Alberta T3B 6A9, Canada.
| | - Thomas G Back
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang RM, Chen YN, Zeng Z, Gao CH, Su X, Peng Y. Marine nucleosides: structure, bioactivity, synthesis and biosynthesis. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:5817-38. [PMID: 25474189 PMCID: PMC4278203 DOI: 10.3390/md12125817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleosides are glycosylamines that structurally form part of nucleotide molecules, the building block of DNA and RNA. Both nucleosides and nucleotides are vital components of all living cells and involved in several key biological processes. Some of these nucleosides have been obtained from a variety of marine resources. Because of the biological importance of these compounds, this review covers 68 marine originated nucleosides and their synthetic analogs published up to June 2014. The review will focus on the structures, bioactivities, synthesis and biosynthetic processes of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ri-Ming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Yin-Ning Chen
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Ziyu Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Cheng-Hai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
| | - Xiangdong Su
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Yan Peng
- Life Science & Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 52048, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lubin M, Lubin A. Selective killing of tumors deficient in methylthioadenosine phosphorylase: a novel strategy. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5735. [PMID: 19478948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gene for methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) lies on 9p21, close to the gene CDKN2A that encodes the tumor suppressor proteins p16 and p14ARF. MTAP and CDKN2A are homozygously co-deleted, with a frequency of 35 to 70%, in lung and pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, osteosarcoma, soft-tissue sarcoma, mesothelioma, and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In normal cells, but not in tumor cells lacking MTAP, MTAP cleaves the natural substrate, 5′-deoxy-5′-methylthioadenosine (MTA), to adenine and 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate (MTR-1-P), which are then converted to adenine nucleotides and methionine. This distinct difference between normal MTAP-positive cells and tumor MTAP-negative cells led to several proposals for therapy. We offer a novel strategy in which both MTA and a toxic adenine analog, such as 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP), 6-methylpurine (MeP), or 2-fluoroadenine (F-Ade), are administered. In MTAP-positive cells, abundant adenine, generated from supplied MTA, competitively blocks the conversion of an analog, by adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT), to its active nucleotide form. In MTAP-negative tumor cells, the supplied MTA cannot generate adenine; hence conversion of the analog is not blocked. Principal Findings We show that this combination treatment – adenine analog plus MTA – kills MTAP-negative A549 lung tumor cells, while MTAP-positive human fibroblasts (HF) are protected. In co-cultures of the breast tumor cell line, MCF-7, and HF cells, MCF-7 is inhibited or killed, while HF cells proliferate robustly. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and 6-thioguanine (6-TG) may also be used with our strategy. Though neither analog is activated by APRT, in MTAP-positive cells, adenine produced from supplied MTA blocks conversion of 5-FU and 6-TG to their toxic nucleotide forms by competing for 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP). The combination of MTA with 5-FU or 6-TG, in the treatment of MTAP-negative tumors, may produce a significantly improved therapeutic index. Conclusion We describe a selective strategy to kill tumor cells lacking MTAP.
Collapse
|
7
|
Isakovic L, Saavedra OM, Llewellyn DB, Claridge S, Zhan L, Bernstein N, Vaisburg A, Elowe N, Petschner AJ, Rahil J, Beaulieu N, Gauthier F, MacLeod AR, Delorme D, Besterman JM, Wahhab A. Constrained (l-)-S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH) analogues as DNA methyltransferase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2742-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
8
|
Sivapriya K, Suguna P, Shubashree S, Sridhar PR, Chandrasekaran S. Novel chalcogenides of thymidine and uridine: synthesis, properties and applications. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1151-8. [PMID: 17397814 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A facile and efficient methodology has been developed for the synthesis of dithymidine and di-uridine derived disulfides using benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate as a sulfur transfer reagent. However, a similar reaction of thymidine derivative with tetraethylammonium tetraselenotungstate as a selenium transfer reagent resulted in the formation of an unexpected cyclic diselenide. The disulfide derivatives of nucleosides have been used as precursors in a tandem disulfide cleavage-Michael addition/ring opening reactions to construct aminoacid and carbocyclic derivatives of nucleosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirubakaran Sivapriya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Kamath VP, Zhang J, Morris PE, Babu YS. Synthesis of a potent 5′-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine (MTAN) inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2662-5. [PMID: 16504506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Revised: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
MTAN has been known to occur in a variety of bacterial cell types. Due to the evolution of bacterial strains which are resistant to some of the most powerful antibiotics there has been a renewed interest in the development of novel anti-microbial agents. Presented herein is a synthesis of a potent MTAN inhibitor, namely 2-amino-4-[5-(4-amino-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)-3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidin-2-ylmethylsulfanyl]-butyric acid (1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivekanand P Kamath
- BioCryst Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2190 Parkway Lake Drive, Birmingham, AL 35244, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kung PP, Zehnder LR, Meng JJ, Kupchinsky SW, Skalitzky DJ, Johnson MC, Maegley KA, Ekker A, Kuhn LA, Rose PW, Bloom LA. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel human 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) substrates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2829-33. [PMID: 15911263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Revised: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The structure-based design, chemical synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel MTAP substrates are described. These compounds incorporate various C5'-moieties and are shown to have different k(cat)/K(m) values compared with the natural MTAP substrate (MTA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Kung
- Pfizer Global Research and Development-La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Aslam T, Fuchs MG, Le Formal A, Wightman RH. Synthesis of C-disaccharide analogues of the α-d-arabinofuranosyl-(1→5)-α-d-arabinofuranosyl motif of mycobacterial cell walls via alkynyl intermediates. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Abstract
Human 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) participates in the purine salvage pathway to generate adenine and methylthioribose-1-phosphate, which in turn is converted into adenine nucleotides and methionine. Hence, inhibition of MTA phosphorylase may be an effective target in the design of potential antiproliferative agents. Presented herein is the synthesis of 2-(4-amino-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)-5-methylsulfanylmethylpyrrolidin-3,4-diol (1), a potent inhibitor of MTAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivekanand P Kamath
- BioCryst Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2190 Parkway Lake Drive, Birmingham, Alabama 35244
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gadikota RR, Callam CS, Wagner T, Del Fraino B, Lowary TL. 2,3-Anhydro sugars in glycoside bond synthesis. Highly stereoselective syntheses of oligosaccharides containing alpha- and beta-arabinofuranosyl linkages. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:4155-65. [PMID: 12670238 DOI: 10.1021/ja029302m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ever-increasing discovery of biologically important events mediated by carbohydrates has generated great interest in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and the development of new methods for glycosidic bond formation. In this paper, we report that 2,3-anhydrofuranose thioglycosides (1, 5) and glycosyl sulfoxides (2, 6), in which the hydroxyl groups C-2 and C-3 are "protected" as an epoxide, glycosylate alcohols with an exceptionally high degree of stereocontrol. The predominant or exclusive product of reactions with this fundamentally new class of glycosylating agent is that in which the newly formed glycosidic bond is cis to the epoxide moiety. We further demonstrate that subsequent nucleophilic opening of the epoxide moiety proceeds under basic conditions to give products in high yield and with good to excellent regioselectivity. The major ring-opened products possess the arabino stereochemistry, and thus this methodology constitutes a new approach for the synthesis of arabinofuranosides. In the epoxide opening reactions of glycosides with the 2,3-anhydro-beta-D-lyxo stereochemistry (e.g., 73), the addition of (-)-sparteine (78) to the reaction mixture dramatically enhanced the regioselectivity in favor of the arabino product. This represents the first example of the use of 78 to influence the regioselectivity of an epoxide ring opening reaction with a non-carbon nucleophile. We have demonstrated the utility of this methodology through the efficient synthesis of an arabinofuranosyl hexasaccharide, 7, which is a key structural motif in two mycobacterial cell wall polysaccharides.
Collapse
|
15
|
Yin H, D'Souza FW, Lowary TL. Arabinofuranosides from mycobacteria: synthesis of a highly branched hexasaccharide and related fragments containing beta-arabinofuranosyl residues. J Org Chem 2002; 67:892-903. [PMID: 11856034 DOI: 10.1021/jo010910e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 11 oligosaccharides (4-14) containing beta-arabinofuranosyl residues is reported. The glycans are all fragments of two polysaccharides, arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan, which are found in the cell wall complex of mycobacteria. In the preparation of the targets, the key step was a low-temperature glycosylation reaction that installed the beta-arabinofuranosyl residues with good to excellent stereocontrol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Yin
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zingg JM, Shen JC, Yang AS, Rapoport H, Jones PA. Methylation inhibitors can increase the rate of cytosine deamination by (cytosine-5)-DNA methyltransferase. Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24:3267-75. [PMID: 8774911 PMCID: PMC146075 DOI: 10.1093/nar/24.16.3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The target cytosines of (cytosine-5)-DNA methyltransferases in prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA show increased rates of C-->T transition mutations compared to non-target cytosines. These mutations are induced either by the spontaneous deamination of 5-mC-->T generating inefficiently repaired G:T rather than G:U mismatches, or by the enzyme-induced C-->U deamination which occurs under conditions of reduced levels of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy). We tested whether various inhibitors of (cytosine-5)-DNA methyltransferases analogous to AdoMet and AdoHcy would affect the rate of enzyme-induced deamination of the target cytosine by M.HpaII and M.SssI. Interestingly, we found two compounds, sinefungin and 5'-amino-5'-deoxyadenosine, that increased the rate of deamination 10(3)-fold in the presence and 10(4)-fold in the absence of AdoMet and AdoHcy. We have therefore identified the first mutagenic compounds specific for the target sites of (cytosine-5)-DNA methyltransferases. A number of analogs of AdoMet and AdoHcy have been considered as possible antiviral, anticancer, antifungal and antiparasitic agents. Our findings show that chemotherapeutic agents with affinities to the cofactor binding pocket of (cytosine-5)-DNA methyltransferase should be tested for their potential mutagenic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Zingg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Bacchi CJ, Sufrin JR, Nathan HC, Spiess AJ, Hannan T, Garofalo J, Alecia K, Katz L, Yarlett N. 5'-Alkyl-substituted analogs of 5'-methylthioadenosine as trypanocides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35:1315-20. [PMID: 1929287 PMCID: PMC245164 DOI: 10.1128/aac.35.7.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
5'-Deoxy-5'-(methylthio)adenosine (MTA) is a by-product of polyamine metabolism and is phosphoryolytically cleaved to adenine and 5-deoxy-5-(methylthio)ribose-1-phosphate (MTR-1-P) by MTA phosphorylase. In eukaryotes, adenine is subsequently salvaged and converted to nucleotides, while MTR-1-P is converted to methionine. We examined 5'-deoxy-5'-substituted analogs of MTA for trypanocidal activity in vitro and in vivo. 5'-Deoxy-5'-(hydroxyethyl)thioadenosine (HETA) and its 5'-bromo,5'-chloro and 5'-fluoro derivatives were cleaved by extracts of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei brucei (Km for MTA, 11.5 microM; Km for HETA, 13.2 microM) in a phosphate-dependent reaction. HETA and the three halo analogs were 50% inhibitory to growth at 0.5 to 5.0 microM in vitro. Inhibition of growth was reversible by exogenous methionine and 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid, an intermediate in methionine synthesis from MTR-1-P. HETA was selected for further study in vivo. When administered by miniosmotic pump (25 to 150 mg/kg/day for 7 days) to mice infected with T. brucei brucei, HETA effected 70 to 90% cure rates. Results of this study indicate that these analogs of MTA are converted to trypanocidal MTR-1-P analogs and that this approach deserves further consideration in the development of novel chemotherapy of trypanosomiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Bacchi
- Haskins Laboratory, Pace University, New York, New York 10038
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
|
21
|
Porcelli M, Cacciapuoti G, Cimino G, Gavagnin M, Sodano G, Zappia V. Characterization and biogenesis of 5'-methylthioxylofuranosyl adenine, a new natural analog of 5'-methylthioadenosine. Adv Exp Med Biol 1988; 250:219-28. [PMID: 3267127 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5637-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Porcelli
- Istituto di Biochimica della Macromolecole, I Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Savarese TM, Cannistra AJ, Parks RE, Secrist JA, Shortnacy AT, Montgomery JA. 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase--IV. Biological activity of 2-fluoroadenine-substituted 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine analogs. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36:1881-93. [PMID: 3109431 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(87)90484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
5'-Deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAPase) phosphorolyzes 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) generated during polyamine biosynthesis to adenine and 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate. Two doubly-substituted, 2-fluoroadenine-containing analogs of MTA, 5'-deoxy-2-fluoroadenosine (5'-dFAdo) and 5'-deoxy-5'-iodo-2-fluoroadenosine (5'-IFAdo), were synthesized and studied as substrates of MTAPase: their reaction with this enzyme resulted in the liberation of the cytotoxic base, 2-fluoroadenine, as well as potentially cytotoxic analogs of 5-methylribose-1-phosphate. The activities of these MTA analogs were compared to that of the singly-substituted analog, 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthio-2-fluoroadenosine (5'-MTFAdo). The cytotoxic action of these MTA analogs depended primarily on their conversion to 2-fluoroadenine-containing nucleotides, as a cell line that contains both MTAPase and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) activity (HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia) readily converted these MTA analogs to 2-fluoroadenine-containing nucleotides (especially 2-fluoroadenosine triphosphate) and was highly sensitive to the growth-inhibitory effects of all three compounds (IC50 values in the 10(-8) M range), whereas cell lines lacking MTAPase (CCRF-CEM human T-cell leukemia) or APRT (HL-60/aprt1 cells) did not form analog nucleotides and were relatively insensitive to these compounds (IC50 values in the 10(-5) M range). The doubly-substituted analogs were not more growth inhibitory than 5'-MTFAdo in wild type HL-60 cells as the potent effects of 2-fluoroadenine may mask the activity of the 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate analogs generated in the reaction of these compounds with MTAPase. 5'-dFAdo and 5'-IFAdo also were irreversible inhibitors of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, which may explain in part the weak but observable growth inhibitory action of these compounds against MTAPase-deficient cell lines.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
An adenine nucleoside phosphorylase has been partially purified from extracts of epimastigotes of the Peru strain of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease. The purification procedure separated this enzyme from the three other nucleoside-cleaving enzymes found in extracts. The adenine nucleoside phosphorylase, which efficiently cleaved 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA), had a particle weight of 68,000 and exhibited a broad pH optimum between pH 6 and 8. In addition to MTA, the purified enzyme cleaved and synthesized adenosine and 2'-deoxyadenosine with high efficiency. This contrasts to the enzyme from S-180 cells which has been reported to cleave adenosine poorly and not to cleave 2'-deoxyadenosine. Several observations suggested that the three substrates, MTA, adenosine and 2'-deoxyadenosine, use a common catalytic site: (a) all served as alternate-substrate inhibitors exhibiting mutually competitive inhibition with Ki values equivalent to their respective Km values, (b) 5'-chloroformycin A exhibited a competitive Ki value of 4 microM with each nucleoside substrate, and (c) the Km value of phosphate derived from initial velocity studies (180 +/- 20 microM) was independent of the nucleoside substrate. Substrate specificity studies in both the synthesis and cleavage direction indicated that the enzyme had a broad specificity for bases and nucleosides. For the synthesis of nucleosides, the enzyme demonstrated a preference for an amino group in the position equivalent to the 6 position of purine. Compounds containing a hydroxyl group in this position were not substrates. Although a hydrogen or methyl group could substitute for a 6-amino group, a marked decrease in substrate efficiency was observed with these compounds. Alterations in the purine ring led to decreases in the maximal velocity values as evidenced by the substrate or nonsubstrate properties of 1-, 3-, and 7-deazaadenine and 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine. The Km values for 5-methylthioribose 1-phosphate, ribose 1-phosphate and 2'-deoxyribose 1-phosphate with adenine serving as acceptor were 21, 150 and 370 microM. For nucleoside cleavage, the T. cruzi enzyme catalyzed the phosphorolysis of a variety of 5'-substituted adenine-containing nucleosides including those possessing 5'-hydrogen-, hydroxyl-, halogeno-, alkylthio-, amino- and azido-moieties. Inclusion of an ionized group in the 5'-position, such as 5'-carboxy-5'-deoxyadenosine or AMP, precluded substrate activity. 3'-Deoxyadenosine, arabinosyladenine and alpha-adenosine did not serve as substrates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Collapse
|
24
|
Cimino G, Crispino A, De Stefano S, Gavagnin M, Sodano G. A naturally-occurring analog of methylthioadenosine (MTA) from the nudibranch molluscDoris verrucosa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01946433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
25
|
Savarese TM, Dexter DL, Parks RE. 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase--II. Role of the enzyme in the metabolism and antineoplastic action of adenine-substituted analogs of 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine. Biochem Pharmacol 1983; 32:1907-16. [PMID: 6411095 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(83)90057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The biological activities of several previously synthesized [J. A. Montgomery et al., J. med. Chem. 17, 1197 (1974)] adenine-substituted analogs of 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthio- or 5'-deoxy-5'-ethyl-thioadenosine, including the 2-fluoroadenine, 2-chloroadenine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 8-azaadenine, and 4-aminopyrazolo [3,4-d]pyrimidine-containing derivatives, have been reexamined. It is demonstrated that many of these analogs are cleaved to their respective free base analogs by 5'-deoxy-5'-methyl-thioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAPase), an enzyme associated with polyamine biosynthesis, and that this reaction is necessary for the cytotoxic action of these MTA analogs to be fully expressed. Evidence to support this includes: (1) the growth of two MTAPase-containing human colon carcinoma cell lines (the HCT-15 and DLD-1 lines) was inhibited by these analogs, whereas an MTAPase-deficient cell line, the CCRF-CEM human T-cell leukemia, was relatively insensitive to their cytotoxic action; (2) extracts of the MTAPase-containing colon carcinoma cell lines were able to cleave these analogs to their respective free base analogs; in contrast, extracts of MTAPase-deficient CCRF-CEM cells were unable to cleave these analogs; (3) intact colon carcinoma cells converted these MTA analogs to their corresponding 5'-phosphorylated analog nucleotides, whereas CCRF-CEM cells did not, at least to detectable levels; and (4) the MTA analog, 5'-deoxy-5'-ethylthio-4-aminopyrazolo [3,4-d]pyrimidine ribonucleoside, which is not a substrate of MTAPase, did not form analog nucleotides and was essentially noncytotoxic to all cell lines tested, whereas the corresponding adenine analog, 4-aminopyrazolo [3,4-d]pyrimidine, readily formed analog nucleotides and was highly cytotoxic to all the lines. It is postulated that the corresponding adenine analog 5'-phosphorylated nucleotides are the primary active metabolites of these MTA analogs, having been formed by the cleavage of these nucleosides to free adenine analogs by MTAPase, followed by the conversion of these base analogs to analog nucleotides by adenine phosphoribosyltransferase and the enzymes of adenine nucleotide phosphorylation. This pathway represents a novel drug-activation system for the synthesis of analog nucleotides and has the potential to be exploited chemotherapeutically.
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Abstract
Isoguanosine (oxyadenosine or crotonoside), previously known to occur in nature only in the croton bean, was isolated from an animal, the marine nudibranch mollusk Diaulula sandiegensis.
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
1. S-Adenosyl-l-methionine, S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine, 5'-methylthioadenosine and a number of analogues having changes in the base, sugar or amino acid portions of the molecule were tested as potential inhibitors of spermidine synthase and spermine synthase from rat ventral prostate. 2. S-Adenosyl-l-methionine was inhibitory to these reactions, as were other nucleosides containing a sulphonium centre. The most active of these were S-adenosyl-l-ethionine, S-adenosyl-4-methylthiobutyric acid, S-adenosyl-d-methionine and S-tubercidinylmethionine, which were all comparable in activity with S-adenosylmethionine itself, producing 70-98% inhibition at 1mm concentrations. Spermine synthase was somewhat more sensitive than spermidine synthase. 3. 5'-Methylthioadenosine, 5'-ethylthioadenosine and 5'-methylthiotubercidin were all powerful inhibitors of both enzymes, giving 50% inhibition of spermine synthase at 10-15mum and 50% inhibition of spermidine synthase at 30-45mum. 4. S-Adenosyl-l-homocysteine was a weak inhibitor of spermine synthase and practically inactive against spermidine synthase. Analogues of S-adenosylhomocysteine lacking either the carboxy or the amino group of the amino acid portion were somewhat more active, as were derivatives in which the ribose ring had been opened by oxidation. The sulphoxide and sulphone derivatives of decarboxylated S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine and the sulphone of S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine were quite potent inhibitors and were particularly active against spermidine synthase (giving 50% inhibition at 380, 50 and 20mum respectively). 5. These results are discussed in terms of the possible regulation of polyamine synthesis by endogenous nucleosides and the possible value of some of the inhibitory substances in experimental manipulations of polyamine concentrations. It is suggested that 5'-methylthiotubercidin and the sulphone of S-adenosylhomocysteine or of S-adenosyl-3-thiopropylamine may be particularly valuable in this respect.
Collapse
|
29
|
Savarese TM, Crabtree GW, Parks RE. Reaction of 5'-deoxyadenosine and related analogs with the 5'-methylthioadenosine cleaving enzyme of sarcoma 180 cells, a possible chemotherapeutic target enzyme. Biochem Pharmacol 1979; 28:2227-30. [PMID: 315229 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(79)90211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
30
|
Chiang PK, Cantoni GL, Bader JP, Shannon WM, Thomas HJ, Montgomery JA. Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors: synthesis of 5'-deoxy-5'-(isobutylthio)-3-deazaadenosine and its effect on Rous sarcoma virus and Gross murine leukemia virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 82:417-23. [PMID: 208563 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)90892-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
31
|
|
32
|
Robert-Géro M, Lawrence F, Farrugia G, Berneman A, Blanchard P, Vigier P, Lederer E. Inhibition of virus-induced cell transformation by synthetic analogues of S-adenosyl homocysteine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975; 65:1242-9. [PMID: 209786 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(75)80363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|