1
|
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jia Hao
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Si Hu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Sheng Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Water plays a significant role in determining the protein–ligand binding modes, especially when water molecules are involved in mediating protein–ligand interactions, and these important water molecules are receiving more and more attention in recent years. Considering the effects of water molecules has gradually become a routine process for accurate description of the protein–ligand interactions. As a free docking program, Autodock has been most widely used in predicting the protein–ligand binding modes. However, whether the inclusion of water molecules in Autodock would improve its docking performance has not been systematically investigated. Here, we incorporate important bridging water molecules into Autodock program, and systematically investigate the effectiveness of these water molecules in protein–ligand docking. This approach was evaluated using 18 structurally diverse protein–ligand complexes, in which several water molecules bridge the protein–ligand interactions. Different treatment of water molecules were tested by using the fixed and rotatable water molecules, and a considerable improvement in successful docking simulations was found when including these water molecules. This study illustrates the necessity of inclusion of water molecules in Autodock docking, and emphasizes the importance of a proper treatment of water molecules in protein–ligand binding predictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiangna Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicine, Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Lian-Wen Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicine, Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicine, Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Saidi L, Rocha DHA, Talhi O, Bentarzi Y, Nedjar‐Kolli B, Bachari K, Almeida Paz FA, Helguero LA, Silva AMS. Synthesis of Benzophenones and in vitro Evaluation of Their Anticancer Potential in Breast and Prostate Cancer Cells. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1041-1048. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Saidi
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryHouari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology, USTHB, BP 32, El-Alia Bab-Ezzouar 16111 Algiers Algeria
| | - Djenisa H. A. Rocha
- QOPNA and LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED)Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Oualid Talhi
- QOPNA and LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC) BP384 Bou-Ismail 42004 Tipaza Algeria
| | - Yamina Bentarzi
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryHouari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology, USTHB, BP 32, El-Alia Bab-Ezzouar 16111 Algiers Algeria
| | - Bellara Nedjar‐Kolli
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryHouari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology, USTHB, BP 32, El-Alia Bab-Ezzouar 16111 Algiers Algeria
| | - Khaldoun Bachari
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC) BP384 Bou-Ismail 42004 Tipaza Algeria
| | | | - Luisa A. Helguero
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED)Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Artur M. S. Silva
- QOPNA and LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
König G, Pickard FC, Huang J, Thiel W, MacKerell AD, Brooks BR, York DM. A Comparison of QM/MM Simulations with and without the Drude Oscillator Model Based on Hydration Free Energies of Simple Solutes. Molecules 2018; 23:E2695. [PMID: 30347691 PMCID: PMC6222909 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining a proper balance between specific intermolecular interactions and non-specific solvent interactions is of critical importance in molecular simulations, especially when predicting binding affinities or reaction rates in the condensed phase. The most rigorous metric for characterizing solvent affinity are solvation free energies, which correspond to a transfer from the gas phase into solution. Due to the drastic change of the electrostatic environment during this process, it is also a stringent test of polarization response in the model. Here, we employ both the CHARMM fixed charge and polarizable force fields to predict hydration free energies of twelve simple solutes. The resulting classical ensembles are then reweighted to obtain QM/MM hydration free energies using a variety of QM methods, including MP2, Hartree⁻Fock, density functional methods (BLYP, B3LYP, M06-2X) and semi-empirical methods (OM2 and AM1 ). Our simulations test the compatibility of quantum-mechanical methods with molecular-mechanical water models and solute Lennard⁻Jones parameters. In all cases, the resulting QM/MM hydration free energies were inferior to purely classical results, with the QM/MM Drude force field predictions being only marginally better than the QM/MM fixed charge results. In addition, the QM/MM results for different quantum methods are highly divergent, with almost inverted trends for polarizable and fixed charge water models. While this does not necessarily imply deficiencies in the QM models themselves, it underscores the need to develop consistent and balanced QM/MM interactions. Both the QM and the MM component of a QM/MM simulation have to match, in order to avoid artifacts due to biased solute⁻solvent interactions. Finally, we discuss strategies to improve the convergence and efficiency of multi-scale free energy simulations by automatically adapting the molecular-mechanics force field to the target quantum method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard König
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Simulation Research, Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Frank C Pickard
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Jing Huang
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Street, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Alexander D MacKerell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Bernard R Brooks
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Darrin M York
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Simulation Research, Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kysilka J, Vondrášek J. A systematic method for analysing the protein hydration structure of T4 lysozyme: ANALYSIS OF THE PROTEIN HYDRATION SHELL OF T4 LYSOZYME. J Mol Recognit 2013; 26:479-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
6
|
König G, Bruckner S, Boresch S. Absolute hydration free energies of blocked amino acids: implications for protein solvation and stability. Biophys J 2013; 104:453-62. [PMID: 23442867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most proteins perform their function in aqueous solution. The interactions with water determine the stability of proteins and the desolvation costs of ligand binding or membrane insertion. However, because of experimental restrictions, absolute solvation free energies of proteins or amino acids are not available. Instead, solvation free energies are estimated based on side chain analog data. This approach implies that the contributions to free energy differences are additive, and it has often been employed for estimating folding or binding free energies. However, it is not clear how much the additivity assumption affects the reliability of the resulting data. Here, we use molecular dynamics-based free energy simulations to calculate absolute hydration free energies for 15 N-acetyl-methylamide amino acids with neutral side chains. By comparing our results with solvation free energies for side chain analogs, we demonstrate that estimates of solvation free energies of full amino acids based on group-additive methods are systematically too negative and completely overestimate the hydrophobicity of glycine. The largest deviation of additive protocols using side chain analog data was 6.7 kcal/mol; on average, the deviation was 4 kcal/mol. We briefly discuss a simple way to alleviate the errors incurred by using side chain analog data and point out the implications of our findings for the field of biophysics and implicit solvent models. To support our results and conclusions, we calculate relative protein stabilities for selected point mutations, yielding a root-mean-square deviation from experimental results of 0.8 kcal/mol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard König
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explain observed differences during SPF determination using either an in vivo or in vitro method, we hypothesized on the presence of ingredients having anti-inflammatory properties. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To research our hypothesis, we studied the 21 UV filters both available on the market and authorized by European regulations and subjected these filters to the phorbol-myristate-acetate test using mice. We then catalogued the 13 filters demonstrating a significant anti-inflammatory effect with edema inhibition percentages of more than 70%. The filters are: diethylhexyl butamido triazone (92%), benzophenone-5 and titanium dioxide (90%), benzophenone-3 (83%), octocrylène and isoamyl p-methoxycinnamate (82%), PEG-25 PABA and homosalate (80%), octyl triazone and phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid (78%), octyl dimethyl PABA (75%), bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine and diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexylbenzoate (70%). These filters were tested at various concentrations, including their maximum authorized dose. We detected a dose-response relationship. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The anti-inflammatory effect of a sunscreen ingredient may affect the in vivo SPF value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Couteau
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, MMS, EA 2160, FR CNRS 3473 - Faculty of Pharmacy, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Chauvet
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Pharmacochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nantes University, Nantes Atlantique Universities, IICiMed UPRES EA 1155, Nantes, France
| | - Eva Paparis
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, MMS, EA 2160, FR CNRS 3473 - Faculty of Pharmacy, Nantes, France
| | - Laurence Coiffard
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, MMS, EA 2160, FR CNRS 3473 - Faculty of Pharmacy, Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bandgar BP, Chavan HV, Adsul LK, Thakare VN, Shringare SN, Shaikh R, Gacche RN. Design, synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of novel pyrazole integrated benzophenones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 23:912-6. [PMID: 23290048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel pyrazole integrated benzophenones (9a-j) have been designed, synthesized from 1-methyl-5-(2,4,6-trimethoxy-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole 6. The structures of the regioisomers 6 and 7 were determined by 2D (1)H-(1)H COSY, (1)H-(13)C HSQC and (1)H-(13)C HMBC experiments. The newly synthesized compounds (9a-j) were evaluated for in vivo anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan paw edema in rats and in vitro COX-1/COX-2 inhibition and antioxidant potential. Among the synthesized compounds, compounds 9b, 9d and 9f, were found to be active anti-inflammatory agents in addition to having potent antioxidant activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Babasaheb P Bandgar
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Solapur University, Solapur 413 255, Maharashtra, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kwon EM, Kim CG, Goh AR, Park JS, Jun JG. Preparation of Benzoyloxy Benzophenone Derivatives and Their Inhibitory Effects of ICAM-1 Expression. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.6.1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
10
|
Vinaya K, Kavitha CV, Prasanna DS, Chandrappa S, Ranganatha SR, Raghavan SC, Rangappa KS. Synthesis and antileukemic activity of novel 2-(4-(2,4-dimethoxybenzoyl)phenoxy)-1-(4-(3-(piperidin-4-yl)propyl)piperidin-1-yl)ethanone derivatives. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 79:360-7. [PMID: 22181584 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 2-(4-(2,4-dimethoxybenzoyl)phenoxy)-1-(4-(3-(piperidin-4-yl)propyl) piperidin-1-yl)ethanone derivatives 9(a-e) and 10(a-g) were synthesized and characterized by (1) H NMR, IR, mass spectral, and elemental analysis. These novel compounds were evaluated for their antileukemic activity against two human leukemic cell lines (K562 and CEM) by using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide assay. Some of the tested compounds showed good antiproliferative activity with IC(50) values ranging from 1.6 to 8.0 μm. Compound 9c, 9e, and 10f with an electron-withdrawing halogen substituent at the para position on the phenyl ring showed excellent in vitro potency against tested human leukemia cells (K562 and CEM).
Collapse
|
11
|
Bandgar B, Hote B, Gangwal R, Sangamwar A. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and pharmacokinetic profiling of benzophenone derivatives as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2012; 21:3177-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
12
|
Affiliation(s)
- Mette A. Lie
- Bioinformatics Research Centre (BiRC), Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Centre for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN) and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Christian N. S. Pedersen
- Bioinformatics Research Centre (BiRC), Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease (PUMPKIN), Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Birgit Schiøtt
- Centre for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN) and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Zarghi A, Ghodsi R. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of ketoprofen analogs as potent cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:5855-60. [PMID: 20650641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A new series of ketoprofen analogs were synthesized to evaluate their biological activities as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors. In vitro COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition studies showed that all compounds were potent and selective inhibitors of the COX-2 isozyme with IC(50) values in the highly potent 0.057-0.085 microM range, and COX-2 selectivity indexes in the 115 to >1298.7 range. Compounds possessing azido pharmacophore group (8a and 8b) exhibited highly COX-2 inhibitory selectivity and potency even more than reference drug celecoxib. Molecular modeling studies indicated that the azido substituent can be inserted deeply into the secondary pocket of COX-2 active site for interactions with Arg(513).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Zarghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bandgar BP, Patil SA, Totre JV, Korbad BL, Gacche RN, Hote BS, Jalde SS, Chavan HV. Synthesis and biological evaluation of nitrogen-containing benzophenone analogues as TNF-α and IL-6 inhibitors with antioxidant activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2292-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
16
|
Rai NP, Venu TD, Manuprasad BK, Shashikanth S, Arunachalam PN, Firdouse A. Synthesis of Some Novel 2-[2-(aroyl-aroxy)-methyl]-4-phenyl-1,3-thiazoles as Potent Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2010; 75:400-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
17
|
Roche VF. A receptor-grounded approach to teaching nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug chemistry and structure-activity relationships. Am J Pharm Educ 2009; 73:143. [PMID: 20221336 PMCID: PMC2828304 DOI: 10.5688/aj7308143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a receptor-based approach to promote learning about nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) chemistry, structure-activity relationships, and therapeutic decision-making. DESIGN Three lessons on cyclooxygenase (COX) and NSAID chemistry, and NSAID therapeutic utility, were developed using text-based resources and primary medicinal chemistry and pharmacy practice literature. Learning tools were developed to assist students in content mastery. ASSESSMENT Student learning was evaluated via performance on quizzes and examinations that measured understanding of COX and NSAID chemistry, and the application of that knowledge to therapeutic problem solving. CONCLUSION Student performance on NSAID-focused quizzes and examinations documented the success of this approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria F Roche
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vinaya K, Naika R, Kumar CSA, Ranganath SR, Prasad SBB, Krishna V, Rangappa KS. Synthesis and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Novel (4-Hydroxyphenyl)(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl) Methanone Derivatives. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2009; 342:476-83. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200900021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
19
|
Khanum SA, Girish V, Suparshwa S, Khanum NF. Benzophenone-N-ethyl piperidine ether analogues—Synthesis and efficacy as anti-inflammatory agent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1887-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
20
|
Girgis AS. Facile synthesis of dithiatetraaza-macrocycles of potential anti-inflammatory activity. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:2116-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
21
|
|
22
|
Venu T, Khanum S, Firdouse A, Manuprasad B, Shashikanth S, Mohamed R, Vishwanth BS. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of 2-(2-aroylaroxy)-4,6-dimethoxy pyrimidines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4409-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2007] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
23
|
Khanum SA, Khanum NF, Shashikanth M. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of 2-aryloxy methyl oxazolines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4597-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 06/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
24
|
Schröder C, Rudas T, Boresch S, Steinhauser O. Simulation studies of the protein-water interface. I. Properties at the molecular resolution. J Chem Phys 2007; 124:234907. [PMID: 16821953 DOI: 10.1063/1.2198802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report molecular dynamics simulations of three globular proteins: ubiquitin, apo-calbindin D(9K), and the C-terminal SH2 domain of phospholipase C-gamma1 in explicit water. The proteins differ in their overall charge and fold type and were chosen to represent to some degree the structural variability found in medium-sized proteins. The length of each simulation was at least 15 ns, and larger than usual solvent boxes were used. We computed radial distribution functions, as well as orientational correlation functions about the surface residues. Two solvent shells could be clearly discerned about charged and polar amino acids. Near apolar amino acids the water density near such residues was almost devoid of structure. The mean residence time of water molecules was determined for water shells about the full protein, as well as for water layers about individual amino acids. In the dynamic properties, two solvent shells could be characterized as well. However, by comparison to simulations of pure water it could be shown that the influence of the protein reaches beyond 6 A, i.e., beyond the first two shells. In the first shell (r < or =3.5 A), the structural and dynamical properties of solvent waters varied considerably and depended primarily on the physicochemical properties of the closest amino acid side chain, with which the waters interact. By contrast, the solvent properties seem not to depend on the specifics of the protein studied (such as the net charge) or on the secondary structure element in which an amino acid is located. While differing considerably from the neat liquid, the properties of waters in the second solvation shell (3.5< r < or =6 A) are rather uniform; a direct influence from surface amino acids are already mostly shielded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Schröder
- Department of Biomolecular Structural Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Harrak Y, Rosell G, Daidone G, Plescia S, Schillaci D, Pujol MD. Synthesis and biological activity of new anti-inflammatory compounds containing the 1,4-benzodioxine and/or pyrrole system. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4876-90. [PMID: 17517512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of substituted derivatives containing the 1,4-benzodioxine or pyrrole nucleus are described. All the newly synthesized compounds were examined for their in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. Several derivatives, including (S)-2, 14 and 17, showed more anti-inflammatory activity in vivo in these assays (rat paw oedema induced by carrageenan) than the known classical anti-inflammatory agent ibuprofen, whereas other compounds like 1 were equipotent to ibuprofen. Compound 17 was the most outstanding derivative because of its remarkable in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. In this paper, we examine and discuss the structure-activity relationships and anti-inflammatory activities of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Harrak
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Venu TD, Shashikanth S, Khanum SA, Naveen S, Firdouse A, Sridhar MA, Shashidhara Prasad J. Synthesis and crystallographic analysis of benzophenone derivatives—The potential anti-inflammatory agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:3505-14. [PMID: 17376692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fries rearrangement of substituted phenyl benzoates 1a-j to substituted hydroxy benzophenones 2a-j was achieved in excellent yield. Further benzoylation of 2a-j to benzoyloxy benzophenones 4a-n, a benzophenone analogue was achieved in good yield. All the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity and were compared with standard drugs. Out of the compounds studied, the compounds 4c, 4e, 4g, 4h and 4k with chloro and methyl substituents at para position showed more potent activity than the standard drugs at all doses tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T D Venu
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Doriguetto AC, Martins FT, Ellena J, Salloum R, dos Santos MH, Moreira MEC, Schneedorf JM, Nagem TJ. 2,2′,4-Trihydroxybenzophenone: Crystal Structure, and Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities. Chem Biodivers 2007; 4:488-99. [PMID: 17372951 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200790041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of '2,2',4-trihydroxybenzophenone' (=(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)(2-hydroxyphenyl)methanone; 1) was determined, and its molecular structure, along with intra- and intermolecular H-bonds, was analyzed. The anti-inflammatory potential of 1, evaluated by means of the rat-paw-edema assay, with carrageenan as inflammation stimulus, was found to be similar high as that of indomethacin. In contrast, benzophenone proper (2) was hardly active in this assay. Our results indicate that these anti-inflammatory effects are related to the action of kinins and prostaglandins. The radical-scavenging properties of 1 towards DPPH were found to be similar as those of typical phenolics, but somewhat lower than that of ascorbic acid. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of 1 is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antônio C Doriguetto
- Laboratório de Cristalografia, Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas-UNIFAL-MG, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 714, Alfenas-MG, 37130-000 Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Murcia M, Faráldo-Gómez JD, Maxfield FR, Roux B. Modeling the structure of the StART domains of MLN64 and StAR proteins in complex with cholesterol. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:2614-30. [PMID: 16990645 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600232-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer (StART) domains are ubiquitously involved in intracellular lipid transport and metabolism and other cell-signaling events. In this work, we use a flexible docking algorithm, comparative modeling, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to generate plausible three-dimensional atomic models of the StART domains of human metastatic lymph node 64 (MLN64) and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) proteins in complex with cholesterol. Our results show that cholesterol can adopt a similar conformation in the binding cavity in both cases and that the main contribution to the protein-ligand interaction energy derives from hydrophobic contacts. However, hydrogen-bonding and water-mediated interactions appear to be important in the fine-tuning of the binding affinity and the position of the ligand. To gain insights into the mechanism of binding, we carried out steered MD simulations in which cholesterol was gradually extracted from within the StAR model. These simulations indicate that a transient opening of loop Omega1 may be sufficient for uptake and release, and they also reveal a pathway of intermediate states involving residues known to be crucial for StAR activity. Based on these observations, we suggest specific mutagenesis targets for binding studies of cholesterol and its derivatives that could improve our understanding of the structural determinants for ligand binding by sterol carrier proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Murcia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Khanum SA, Murari SK, Vishwanth BS, Shashikanth S. Synthesis of benzoyl phenyl benzoates as effective inhibitors for phospholipase A2 and hyaluronidase enzymes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4100-4. [PMID: 15993585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Revised: 05/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Benzoylation of (hydroxy phenyl) phenyl methanone 2a-g to benzoyl phenyl benzoates 4a-g, a benzophenone analogue, was achieved in good yield. All the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their phospholipase A2 [E.C. 3.1.1.4] and hyaluronidase [E.C. 3.2.1.35] enzyme inhibitory activity in snake venom as source and their structure-activity relationship with respect to different groups is reported for the first time. The in vitro PLA2 enzyme inhibitory activity and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity studies of benzoyl phenyl benzoates are illustrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaukath Ara Khanum
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Khanum SA, D VT, Shashikanth S, Firdouse A. Synthesis of some newer analogues of substituted dibenzoyl phenol as potent anti-inflammatory agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:5351-5. [PMID: 15454226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2004] [Revised: 08/06/2004] [Accepted: 08/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Benzoylation of hydroxybenzophenones 1a-f affords substituted benzoyl phenyl benzoates 3a-f, which on Fries rearrangement using microwave irradiation led to a facile synthesis of solely dibenzoyl phenols 4a-f in excellent yield. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for their anti-inflammatory activity and were compared with standard drugs. Out of the compounds studied, the compound 4e showed more potent activity than the standard drugs at all doses tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaukath Ara Khanum
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
A series of substituted benzophenone analogues has been synthesized and evaluated as orally active anti-inflammatory agents with reduced side effects. The anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic activities of the compounds were compared with naproxen, indomethacin, and phenylbutazone. In carrageenan-induced foot pad edema assay, benzophenone analogues showed an interesting anti-inflammatory activity. In the air-pouch test, some of the analogues reduced the total number of leukocytes of the exudate, which indicates inhibition of prostaglandin production. Side effects of the compounds were examined on gastric mucosa, in the liver and stomach. None of the compounds showed significant side effects compared with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as indomethacin and naproxen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaukath A Khanum
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Murari SK, Sriharsha SN, Shashikanth S, Vishwanath BS. Synthesis of benzophenone oxime analogues as inhibitor of secretory phospholipase A2 with anti-inflammatory activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:2423-5. [PMID: 15109625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2004] [Accepted: 03/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The title compound have been synthesized and tested for structure activity relationship for Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) [E.C. 3.1.1.4] enzyme inhibition. The in vitro PLA(2) enzyme inhibitory activity of benzophenone oxime analogue and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity studies using mice are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar Murari
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570006, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Beierlein F, Lanig H, Schürer G, Horn AHC, Clark T. Quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) docking: an evaluation for known test systems. Mol Phys 2003; 101:2469-80. [DOI: 10.1080/0026897031000092940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
34
|
García-Sosa AT, Mancera RL, Dean PM. WaterScore: a novel method for distinguishing between bound and displaceable water molecules in the crystal structure of the binding site of protein-ligand complexes. J Mol Model 2003; 9:172-82. [PMID: 12756610 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-003-0129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2002] [Accepted: 03/05/2003] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We have performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis to establish a statistical correlation between the structural properties of water molecules in the binding site of a free protein crystal structure, with the probability of observing the water molecules in the same location in the crystal structure of the ligand-complexed form. The temperature B-factor, the solvent-contact surface area, the total hydrogen bond energy and the number of protein-water contacts were found to discriminate between bound and displaceable water molecules in the best regression functions obtained. These functions may be used to identify those bound water molecules that should be included in structure-based drug design and ligand docking algorithms. FIGURE The binding site ( thin sticks) of penicillopepsin (3app) with its crystallographically determined water molecules ( spheres) and superimposed ligand (in thick sticks, from complexed structure 1ppk). Water molecules sterically displaced by the ligand upon complexation are shown in cyan. Bound water molecules are shown in blue. Displaced water molecules are shown in yellow. Water molecules removed from the analysis due to a lack of hydrogen bonds to the protein are shown in white. WaterScore correctly predicted waters in blue as Probability=1 to remain bound and waters in yellow as Probability<1x10(-20) to remain bound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso T García-Sosa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, CB2 1PD, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pouplana R, Lozano JJ, Pérez C, Ruiz J. Structure-based QSAR study on differential inhibition of human prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-2 (COX-2) by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2002; 16:683-709. [PMID: 12650588 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022488507391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The prostaglandin-endoperoxide H synthase-1 (PGHS- 1) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide H synthase-2 (PGHS-2) are the targets of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It appears that the high degree of selectivity for inhibition of PGHS-2 shown by certain compounds is the result of two mechanisms (time-dependent, time-independent inhibition), by which they interact with each isoform. Molecular models of the complexes formed by indomethacin, sulindac, fenamates, 2-phenylpropionic acids and selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors with the cyclooxygenase active site of human PGHS-2 have been built, paying particular attention to water molecules that participate in the hydrogen-bonding network at the polar active site entrance. The stability of the complexes has been assessed by molecular dynamics simulations and interaction energy decomposition analysis, and their biological significance has been discussed in light of available X-ray crystallographic and kinetic results. The selective PGHS-2 inhibitors exploit the extra space of a side-pocket in the active site of PGHS-2 that is not found in PGHS-1. The results suggest that active site hydration together with residues Tyr355, Glu524, Arg120 and Arg513 are crucial to understand the time-dependent inhibition mechanism. A marked relationship between the isoform selectivity and tightly interactions with residues into the side pocket bordered by Val523 is also found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Pouplana
- Department de Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ottaná R, Mazzon E, Dugo L, Monforte F, Maccari R, Sautebin L, De Luca G, Vigorita MG, Alcaro S, Ortuso F, Caputi AP, Cuzzocrea S. Modeling and biological evaluation of 3,3'-(1,2-ethanediyl)bis[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-thiazolidin-4-one], a new synthetic cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 448:71-80. [PMID: 12126974 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)01888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Within the series of chiral 3,3'-(1,2-ethanediyl)bis[2-arylthiazolidin-4-ones], the 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl substituted derivative was found in the primary anti-inflammatory screening to be endowed with superior in vivo properties and good safety profile. Such a lead compound was modified by eliminating 3-methoxy group while retaining 4-methoxy group on the aryl rings at 2 and 2' stereogenic carbons. The 2R,2'S-meso isomer (VIG3b) of the resulting bisthiazolidinone has been widely investigated. The inhibitory effects on cyclo-oxygenase-1 and cyclo-oxygenase-2 isoenzymes were measured in a human whole blood assay. VIG3b was almost 50 times more selective on the inducible isoform. The cyclo-oxygenase-2 preferential selectivity has been confirmed by modeling VIG3b into the cyclo-oxygenase-1 and cyclo-oxygenase-2 active sites. Furthermore, VIG3b was assayed in the experimental model of carrageenan-induced lung injury by evaluating its ability to inhibit: (1) fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity, (2) neutrophil infiltration, (3) prostaglandin E(2) production and (4) lung injury. VIG3b exhibited interesting activity in all these tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Ottaná
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, Vl. SS. Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Protein-water interactions are key to biological function. They have an underlying dynamic component that pervades the functional roles associated both with particular systems and with the properties of proteins in general. This article focuses on the specific ways in which the dynamics of water are important to protein structure, motion and adaptability to changes in the protein environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Mattos
- Dept Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, 128 Polk Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695-7622, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Palomer A, Pascual J, Cabré M, Borràs L, González G, Aparici M, Carabaza A, Cabré F, García ML, Mauleón D. Structure-based design of cyclooxygenase-2 selectivity into ketoprofen. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:533-7. [PMID: 11844666 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00800-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have recently described how to achieve COX-2 selectivity from the non-selective inhibitor indomethacin (1) using a combination of a pharmacophore and computer 3-D models based on the known X-ray crystal structures of cyclooxygenases. In the present study we have focused on the design of COX-2 selective analogues of the NSAID ketoprofen (2). The design is similarly based on the combined use of the previous pharmacophore together with traditional medicinal chemistry techniques motivated by the comparative modeling of the 3-D structures of 2 docked into the COX active sites. The analysis includes use of the program GRID to detect isoenzyme differences near the active site region and is aimed at suggesting modifications of the basic benzophenone frame of the lead compound 2. The resulting series of compounds bearing this central framework is exemplified by the potent and selective COX-2 inhibitor 17 (LM-1669).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Palomer
- R&D Department, Laboratorios Menarini S.A., Alfonso XII 587, 08918, Badalona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Prostaglandins are formed from arachidonic acid by the action of cyclooxygenase and subsequent downstream synthetases. Two closely related forms of the cyclooxygenase have been identified which are now known as COX-1 and COX-2. Both isoenzymes transform arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, but differ in their distribution and their physiological roles. Meanwhile, the responsible genes and their regulation have been clarified. COX-1, the pre-dominantly constitutive form of the enzyme, is expressed throughout the body and performs a number of homeostatic functions such as maintaining normal gastric mucosa and influencing renal blood flow and platelet aggregation. In contrast, the inducible form is expressed in response to inflammatory and other physiological stimuli and growth factors, and is involved in the production of the prostaglandins that mediate pain and support the inflammatory process. All the classic NSAIDs inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 at standard anti-inflammatory doses. The beneficial anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects are based on the inhibition of COX-2, but the gastrointestinal toxicity and the mild bleeding diathesis are a result of the concurrent inhibition of COX-1. Agents that inhibit COX-2 while sparing COX-1 represent a new attractive therapeutic development and could represent a major advance in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Apart from its involvement in inflammatory processes, COX-2 seems to play a role in angiogenesis, colon cancer and Alzheimer's disease, based on the fact that it is expressed during these diseases. The benefits of specific and selective COX-2 inhibitors are currently under discussion and offer a new perspective for a further use of COX-2 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Dannhardt
- Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Institute of Pharmacy, Staudingerweg 5, D-55099, Mainz, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|