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Aferni AE, Guettari M, Tajouri T, Rahdar A. The confinement of PVP in AOT microemulsions: Effect of water content and PVP concentration regime on electrical percolation phenomenon. J Mol Liq 2020; 318:114012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Cid A, Galvez JF, Barreiro E, Mejuto JC. Aldehydes as Additives in AOT-based Microemulsions: Influence on the Electrical Percolation. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2018. [DOI: 10.3139/113.110549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe influence of alkyl-aldehydes upon electric percolation of AOT-based microemulsions has been studied. The number of carbons in the hydrocarbon chain was varied between 0 and 5 atoms (chain length between 0 and 7.33 Å). Two different behaviors were found, while the presence in the microemulsion of short chains aldehydes implies a decrease in the percolation temperature, aldehydes with 4 or 5 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain increase the percolation threshold. This opposite behavior has been justified in terms of aldehyde location in the microheterogeneous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Cid
- 1Departamento de Química-Física, Facultade de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, Campus de As Lagoas S/N, 32004 Ourense, Spain
- 2UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Cienñcias e Tecnología, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - J. F. Galvez
- 3Departamento de Informática, Escuela Superior de Informatica de Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, Campus de As Lagoas S/N, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - E. Barreiro
- 3Departamento de Informática, Escuela Superior de Informatica de Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, Campus de As Lagoas S/N, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - J. C. Mejuto
- 1Departamento de Química-Física, Facultade de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, Campus de As Lagoas S/N, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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Bernkop-schnürch A, Jalil A. Do drug release studies from SEDDS make any sense? J Control Release 2018; 271:55-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hu Y, Han J, Ge L, Guo R. Viscoelastic wormlike micelles formed by ionic liquid-type surfactant [C 16imC 8]Br towards template-assisted synthesis of CdS quantum dots. Soft Matter 2018; 14:789-796. [PMID: 29308491 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm02223a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, viscoelastic wormlike micelles consisting of cationic liquid-type surfactant, 1-hexadecyl-3-octyl imidazolium bromide ([C16imC8]Br), water and different additives were utilized for the synthesis of CdS quantum dots. First, the influence of different additives, such as [Cd(NH3)6]Cl2 and ethanethioamid (precursors for the synthesis of CdS quantum dots), and temperature on the viscoelasticity of the [C16imC8]Br aqueous solution was studied by dynamic and steady rheology. Furthermore, the synthesized CdS quantum dots and their photoluminescence properties were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). In the end, the mechanism for the synthesis of CdS quantum dots in [C16imC8]Br wormlike micelles is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, P. R. China.
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Wang X, Chen Z, Shen W. The volumetric properties of water/AOT/isooctane microemulsions with small-size droplets. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hu Y, Han J, Ge L, Guo R. Impact of Alkyl Chain Length on the Transition of Hexagonal Liquid Crystal-Wormlike Micelle-Gel in Ionic Liquid-Type Surfactant Aqueous Solutions without Any Additive. Langmuir 2015; 31:12618-12627. [PMID: 26536070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The search for functional supramolecular aggregations with different structure has attracted interest of chemists because they have the potential in industrial and technological application. Hydrophobic interaction has great influence on the formation of these aggregations, such as hexagonal liquid crystals, wormlike micelles, hydrogels, etc. So a systematical investigation was done to investigate the influence of alkyl chain length of surfactants on the aggregation behavior in water. The aggregation behavior of 1-hexadecyl-3-alkyl imidazolium bromide and water has been systematically investigated. These ionic liquid surfactants are denoted as C16-Cn (n = 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16). The rheological behavior and microstructure were characterized via a combination of rheology, cryo-etch scanning electron microscopy, polarization optical microscopy, and X-ray crystallography. The alkyl chain has great influence on the formation of surfactant aggregates in water at the molecular level. With increasing alkyl chain length, different aggregates, such as hexagonal liquid crystals, wormlike micelles, and hydrogels can be fabricated: C16-C2 aqueous solution only forms hexagonal liquid crystal; C16-C3 aqueous solution forms wormlike micelle and hexagonal liquid crystal; C16-C4, C16-C6 and C16-C8 aqueous solutions only form wormlike micelle; C16-C9 aqueous solution experiences a transition between wormlike micelle and hydrogel; C16-C10, C16-C12, C16-C14 and C16-C16 only form hydrogel. The mechanism of the transition of different aggregation with increasing alkyl chain length was also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, P. R. China
| | - Jie Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Ge
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, P. R. China
| | - Rong Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, P. R. China
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Montoya IA, Moldes OA, Cid A, Astray G, Gálvez JF, Mejuto JC. Influence Prediction of Alkylamines Upon Electrical Percolation of AOT-based Microemulsions Using Artificial Neural Networks. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2015. [DOI: 10.3139/113.110399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSimulations for the electrical percolation of AOT/iC8/H2O w/o microemulsions added with alkylamines have been carried out by means of multilayer perceptron. Five variables have been elected as inputs: amine concentration, molecular weight, log P, hydrocarbon chain length (as number of carbons), and pKa. As a result, a neural model consisting in five input neurons, two middle layers (with fifteen and ten neurons respectively) and one output neuron was chosen because of its better performance, with a RMSE of 0.54 °C for the prediction set, with R2 = 0.9976.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iago Antonio Montoya
- 1Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Oscar Adrían Moldes
- 1Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Antonio Cid
- 2Chemistry Department, Requimte-CQFB, Faculty of Science and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Caparica. Portugal
| | - Gonzalo Astray
- 1Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | | | - Juan Carlos Mejuto
- 1Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
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Abstract
The densities of AOT/isooctane micelles and water/AOT/isooctane microemulsions with the molar ratios R of water to AOT being 2, 8, 10, 12, 16, 18, 20, 25, 30, and 40 were measured at 303.15 K. The apparent specific volumes of AOT and the quasi-component water/AOT at various concentrations were calculated and used to estimate the volumetric properties of AOT and water in the droplets and in the continuous oil phase, to discuss the interaction between the droplets, and to determine the critical micelle concentration and the critical microemulsion concentrations. A thermodynamic model was proposed to analysis the stability boundary of the microemulsion droplets, which confirms the maximum value of R being about 65 for the stable AOT/water/isooctane microemulsion droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfei Du
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
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Szumała P. Structure of Microemulsion Formulated with Monoacylglycerols in the Presence of Polyols and Ethanol. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2014; 18:97-106. [PMID: 25580075 PMCID: PMC4282703 DOI: 10.1007/s11743-014-1618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The influence of polyols as cosurfactants (propylene glycol PG; glycerol G) and short chain alcohol as a cosolvent (ethanol EtOH) on the formation and solubilization capacity of the systems: hexadecane/monoacylglycerols (MAG)/polyol/water:EtOH, at 60 °C, was investigated. Electrical conductivity measurement, and the DSC method were applied to determine the structure and type of microemulsions formed. The dimension of the droplets was characterized by DLS. It has been stated that concentration of EtOH has a strong influence on the shape and extend the microemulsion areas and helps to avoid rigid structures such as gels, precipitates, and liquid crystals. It was found that, depending on the concentration of five-component systems, it was possible to obtain fully diluted microemulsions with dispersed particles size distribution ranging from 5 to 30 nm. Studied systems are changing the w/o structure into a bicontinuous system. The results of electrical conductivity showed that the electrical percolation threshold is dependent on the hydration of polar head groups in the whole system and the less rigid interfacial film due to the intercalation of ethanol. In addition, the surfactant/alcohol/polyol can strongly bind water in the inner phase so that it freezes below −10 °C and acts in part as ‘bound’ water. In the systems containing more than 50 mass% of polyols, with respect to the water, the all the water was non-freezable. Propylene glycol and glycerol are cryoprotectants protecting biological systems from massive ice crystallization, since they lower the freezing point of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Szumała
- Department of Fats and Detergents Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, Gdansk, 80-233 Poland
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Moldes ÓA, Astray G, Cid A, Iglesias-Otero MÁ, Morales J, Mejuto JC. Percolation Threshold of AOT Microemulsions with n-Alkyl Acids as Additives Prediction by Means of Artificial Neural Networks. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/113.110268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Different artificial neural networks architectures have been assayed to predict percolation temperature of AOT/iC8/H2O microemulsions in the presence of n-alkyl acids with a chain length between 0 and 24 carbons, using a multilayer perceptron with five easy-acquired entrance variables (number of carbons, log P, length of the hydrocarbon chain, pKa
and acid concentration). The evaluation of the neural networks was carried out by means of RMSE and IDP, resulting that the architecture with better results consists in five input neurons, two middle layers (with five and ten neuron respectively) and one output neuron. Results prove that Artificial Neural Networks are a useful tool elaborating models to predict percolation temperature of microemulsion systems in the presence of additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar A. Moldes
- Physical-Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Ourense, 32004-Ourense, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Astray
- Physical-Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Ourense, 32004-Ourense, Spain
- Faculty of Law, International University of La Rioja, 26002-Logroño, Spain
| | - Antonio Cid
- REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, FCT-UNL, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Manuel Á. Iglesias-Otero
- Physical-Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Ourense, 32004-Ourense, Spain
| | - Jorge Morales
- Physical-Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Ourense, 32004-Ourense, Spain
| | - Juan C. Mejuto
- Physical-Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Ourense, 32004-Ourense, Spain
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Cid A, Astray G, Manso JA, Mejuto JC, Moldes OA. Artificial Intelligence for Electrical Percolation of AOT-based Microemulsions Prediction. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/113.110155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Different Artificial Neural Network architectures have been assayed to predict percolation temperature of AOT/i-C8/H2O microemulsions. A Perceptron Multilayer Artificial Neural Network with five entrance variables (W value of the microemulsions, additive concentration, molecular weight of the additive, atomic radii and ionic radii of the salt components) was used. Best ANN architecture was formed by five input neurons, two middle layers (with eleven and seven neurons respectively) and one output neuron. Root Mean Square Errors (RMSEs) are 0.18°C (R = 0.9994) for the training set and 0.64°C (R = 0.9789) for the prediction set.
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Montoya IA, Astray G, Cid A, Manso JA, Moldes OA, Mejuto JC. Influence Prediction of Small Organic Molecules (Ureas and Thioureas) Upon Electrical Percolation of AOT-Based Microemulsions Using Artificial Neural Networks. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/113.110197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In order to predict percolation temperature of AOT-Based microemulsions (AOT/iC8/H2O w/o microemulsions) in the presence of small organic molecules (ureas and thioureas), different Artificial Neural Network architectures (ANN) have been carried out using a Perceptron Multilayer Artificial Neural Network with three entrance variables (W = value of the microemulsion, additive concentration, logP value). Best ANN architecture consists in three input neurons, one middle layer (with two neurons) and one output neuron. Correlation values were R = 0.9251 for the training set and R = 0.9719 for the prediction set.
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Mehta S, Kaur K. Spectroscopic investigations of aromatic heterocyclic compounds in reverse micellar media. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2010; 368:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mehta S, Kaur K, Bhasin K. Modification of interface of water/AOT/isooctane reverse micelles by halogenated organodiselenides. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2010; 355:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Arias-Barros SI, Cid A, García-Río L, Mejuto JC, Morales J. Influence of polyethylene glycols on percolative phenomena in AOT microemulsions. Colloid Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-009-2122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mehta S, Kaur K, Rishu, Bhasin K. Mixed anionic and zwitterionic surfactant based microemulsions as vehicles for solubilizing organodiselenides. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 336:322-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mehta SK, Kaur K, Arora E, Bhasin KK. Mixed Surfactant Based Microemulsions as Vehicles for Enhanced Solubilization and Synthesis of Organoselenium Compounds. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:10686-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jp902801g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. K. Mehta
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014 India
| | - Khushwinder Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014 India
| | - Ekta Arora
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014 India
| | - K. K. Bhasin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014 India
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Bhasin K, Arora E, Kaur K, Kang SK, Gobel M, Klapoetke T, Mehta S. Preparation and characterization of bis[4-dimethylamino-2-pyrimidyl] dichalcogenides (S, Se, Te): X-ray crystal structure of bis[4-dimethylamino-2-pyrimidyl] diselenide and its physicochemical behavior in microemulsion media. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wang F, Fang B, Zhang Z, Zhang S. Mechanism of Electrical Percolation of w/o Microemulsions Formed by Nonionic Surfactants. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690701809930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cid-Samamed A, García-Río L, Fernández-Gándara D, Mejuto J, Morales J, Pérez-Lorenzo M. Influence of n-alkyl acids on the percolative phenomena in AOT-based microemulsions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 318:525-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mehta SK, Kaur K, Sharma S, Bhasin KK. Behavior of acetyl modified amino acids in reverse micelles: A non-invasive and physiochemical approach. J Colloid Interface Sci 2007; 314:689-98. [PMID: 17586520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The well-characterized, monodisperse nature of reverse micelles formed by sodium bis-(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate/water/isooctane and their usefulness in assimilating compounds of varied interests have been exploited to investigate the effect of acetyl modified amino acids (MAA) viz., N-acetyl-L-glycine (NAG), N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid (NAA) and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), on the water pool and physiochemical properties. Non-invasive techniques such as FTIR and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy have been employed to analyze the interactions of MAA with core water and the AOT headgroup. The micropolarities on both sides of AOT interface have further been investigated by UV-vis absorption probes, methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB). The dynamics of water and temperature induced percolation process have also been studied. The MAA molecules have been found to assist the process with the increase in water content where as a contrary behavior has been observed with the increase in temperature. Conductivity results have been further rationalized in terms of scaling equations, which delineate the dynamic nature of the percolation process. The results have also been analyzed in the light of activation energy of the percolation process and thermodynamics of droplet clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Mehta
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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Mehta S, Kaur K, Sharma S, Bhasin K. Incorporation of aromatic heterocyclic compounds in reverse micelles: A physiochemical and spectroscopic approach. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- L. García-Río
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Santiago, 15782 Santiago, Spain, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain, and Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - P. Hervés
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Santiago, 15782 Santiago, Spain, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain, and Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - J. C. Mejuto
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Santiago, 15782 Santiago, Spain, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain, and Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - P. Rodríguez-Dafonte
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Santiago, 15782 Santiago, Spain, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain, and Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
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