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Li M, Liu M, Qi F, Lin FR, Jen AKY. Self-Assembled Monolayers for Interfacial Engineering in Solution-Processed Thin-Film Electronic Devices: Design, Fabrication, and Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2138-2204. [PMID: 38421811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Interfacial engineering has long been a vital means of improving thin-film device performance, especially for organic electronics, perovskites, and hybrid devices. It greatly facilitates the fabrication and performance of solution-processed thin-film devices, including organic field effect transistors (OFETs), organic solar cells (OSCs), perovskite solar cells (PVSCs), and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, due to the limitation of traditional interfacial materials, further progress of these thin-film devices is hampered particularly in terms of stability, flexibility, and sensitivity. The deadlock has gradually been broken through the development of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), which possess distinct benefits in transparency, diversity, stability, sensitivity, selectivity, and surface passivation ability. In this review, we first showed the evolution of SAMs, elucidating their working mechanisms and structure-property relationships by assessing a wide range of SAM materials reported to date. A comprehensive comparison of various SAM growth, fabrication, and characterization methods was presented to help readers interested in applying SAM to their works. Moreover, the recent progress of the SAM design and applications in mainstream thin-film electronic devices, including OFETs, OSCs, PVSCs and OLEDs, was summarized. Finally, an outlook and prospects section summarizes the major challenges for the further development of SAMs used in thin-film devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Feng Qi
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Francis R Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
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Kot D, Zou M, Brunnengräber K, Arndt JH, Macko T, Etzold BJM, Brüll R. Porous graphite as stationary phase for the chromatographic separation of polymer additives - determination of adsorption capability by Raman spectroscopy and physisorption. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461302. [PMID: 32709345 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Additives are added to polymers in small concentration to achieve desired application properties widely used to tailor the properties. The rapid diversification of their molecular structures, with often only minute differences, necessitates the development of adequate chromatographic techniques. While modified silica so far is the workhorse as stationary phase we have probed the potential of porous graphitic carbon (HypercarbTM) for this purpose. The results show that the multitude of physicochemical interactions between analyte molecules and the graphitic surface enables separations of polyolefin stabilizers with unprecedented selectivity. To support the chromatographic results the adsorption capability of HypercarbTM for selected antioxidants and UV absorbers has been determined by Raman spectroscopy and argon physisorption measurements. The shift of the Graphite-band in the Raman spectra of HypercarbTM upon infusion with additives correlates with the changes in the Adsorption Potential Distributions. The results of argon physisorption measurements go hand in hand with the chronology of desorption of the additives in liquid chromatography experiments. The elution sequence can be explained by van der Waals or London forces, π-π-interactions and electron lone pair donor-acceptor interactions between the graphite surface and analyte functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kot
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mingyi Zou
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kai Brunnengräber
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Arndt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tibor Macko
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bastian J M Etzold
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Adachi K, Hirose T, Matsuda K. The polymorphism of porphyrin 2D assemblies at the liquid-graphite interface: the effect of a polar solvent additive and a flexible spacer on the face-on and edge-on type molecular arrangements. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:8836-8839. [PMID: 31157333 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02579k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly structures of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-substituted phenyl)porphyrins at the liquid-graphite interface were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. We found that the presence of a small amount of a polar solvent, i.e., only 0.5 vol% of octanoic acid in phenyloctane, significantly affected the selective formation of the face-on polymorph over the edge-on one likely due to the solvent-molecule interactions at the 2D interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Adachi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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Frath D, Yokoyama S, Hirose T, Matsuda K. Photoresponsive supramolecular self-assemblies at the liquid/solid interface. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Li SY, Chen T, Wang L, Wang D, Wan LJ. Turning off the majority-rules effect in two-dimensional hierarchical chiral assembly by introducing a chiral mismatch. Nanoscale 2016; 8:17861-17868. [PMID: 27714125 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06341a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism in chiral transmission from a single molecule to a supramolecular level is fundamentally important to decipher the nonlinear amplification effect in the two-dimensional (2D) chiral assembly process. In this contribution, we report on the dramatically different nonlinear amplification effect in the chiral co-adsorber induced homochiral assemblies constructed by a series of homologous achiral building blocks on the graphite surface under control of the majority-rules principle. Homologous hexagonal networks are formed for 5-(benzyloxy)-isophthalic acid (BIC) derivatives with different alkyl lengths. While globally homochiral monolayers of BIC-C6 or BIC-C16 can be obtained by using a mixture of chiral co-adsorber 2-octanol with a small enantiomeric excess, such majority-rules principle based nonlinear chiral amplification is inoperative for the assembly of BIC-C10. Molecular mechanistic analysis indicates that BIC-C10 assembly can accommodate a chiral mismatched motif to form long-range ordered but short-range disordered crystalline networks, leading to the co-adsorption of enantiomers without enantioselectivity. The present results shed important insights into the significance of chirality mismatch during chiral transmission and benefit the understanding of chiral communication in a surface monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P.R. China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China.
| | - Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P.R. China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China.
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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Abstract
Push-pull molecules represent a unique and fascinating class of organic π-conjugated materials. Herein, we provide a summary of their recent extraordinary design inspired by letters of the alphabet, especially focusing on H-, L-, T-, V-, X-, and Y-shaped molecules. Representative structures from each class were presented and their fundamental properties and prospective applications were discussed. In particular, emphasis is given to molecules recently prepared in our laboratory with T-, X-, and Y-shaped arrangements based on indan-1,3-dione, benzene, pyridine, pyrazine, imidazole, and triphenylamine. These push-pull molecules turned out to be very efficient charge-transfer chromophores with tunable properties suitable for second-order nonlinear optics, two-photon absorption, reversible pH-induced and photochromic switching, photocatalysis, and intercalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Klikar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic
| | - Parmeshwar Solanke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Tydlitát
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Bureš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Crystal growth in colloidal particle monolayers fabricated by Langmuir-Blodgett method on 4 in. sapphire wafers was investigated under the condition of two techniques, that is, ultrasonic annealing at 1.2 to 1.5 MHz and barrier-sway process at 0.2 to 0.5 Hz. Significant increases of the ordered area were obtained by the both techniques and more than 60 times growth was confirmed. The remaining crystal defects after the growth were categorized as grain boundary, vacancy, and line defect. Both techniques exhibited different features regarding the component ratio of the defects, and different mechanisms for the reorientation of particles are discussed. The driving force of these re-orientations is thought to be associated with the 2D Ostwald ripening of colloidal crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Shinotsuka
- Development Center, Innovation Promotion Division, Oji Holdings Corporation , 1-10-6, Shinonome, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8558, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Kajita
- Development Center, Innovation Promotion Division, Oji Holdings Corporation , 1-10-6, Shinonome, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8558, Japan
| | - Koki Hongo
- Development Center, Innovation Promotion Division, Oji Holdings Corporation , 1-10-6, Shinonome, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hatta
- Development Center, Innovation Promotion Division, Oji Holdings Corporation , 1-10-6, Shinonome, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8558, Japan
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Mazur U, Hipps KW. Kinetic and thermodynamic processes of organic species at the solution-solid interface: the view through an STM. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:4737-49. [PMID: 25634141 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09840d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A focused review is presented on the evolution of our understanding of the kinetic and thermodynamic factors that play a critical role in the formation of well ordered organic adlayers at the solution-solid interface. While the current state of knowledge is in the very early stages, it is now clear that assumptions of kinetic or thermodynamic control are dangerous and require careful confirmation. Equilibrium processes at the solution-solid interface are being described by evolving thermodynamic models that utilize concepts from the thermodynamics of micelles. A surface adsorption version of the Born-Haber cycle is helping to extract the thermodynamic functions of state associated with equilibrium structures, but only a very few systems have been so analyzed. The kinetics of surface phase transformation, especially for polymorphic phases is in an early qualitative stage. Adsorption and desorption kinetics are just starting to be measured. The study of kinetics and thermodynamics for organic self-assembly at the solution-solid interface is experiencing very exciting and rapid growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Mazur
- Chemistry Department and Materials Science and Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4630, USA.
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Nirmalraj PN, Thompson D, Riel HE. Capturing the embryonic stages of self-assembly - design rules for molecular computation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10116. [PMID: 25960364 PMCID: PMC4650799 DOI: 10.1038/srep10116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The drive towards organic computing is gaining momentum. Interestingly, the building blocks for such architectures is based on molecular ensembles extending from nucleic acids to synthetic molecules. Advancement in this direction requires devising precise nanoscopic experiments and model calculations to decipher the mechanisms governing the integration of a large number of molecules over time at room-temperature. Here, we report on ultrahigh-resolution scanning tunnelling microscopic measurements to register the motion of molecules in the absence of external stimulus in liquid medium. We observe the collective behavior of individual molecules within a swarm which constantly iterate their position to attain an energetically favourable site. Our approach provides a consistent pathway to register molecular self-assembly in sequential steps from visualising thermodynamically driven repair of defects up until the formation of a stable two-dimensional configuration. These elemental findings on molecular surface dynamics, self-repair and intermolecular kinetic pathways rationalised by atom-scale simulations can be explored for developing new models in algorithmic self-assembly to realisation of evolvable hardware.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damien Thompson
- Materials and Surface Science Institute and Department of Physics and Energy, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Heike E. Riel
- IBM Research–Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, CH- 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha T. M. Le
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 112 Fleming
Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Nadia S. El-Hamdi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 112 Fleming
Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Ognjen Š. Miljanić
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 112 Fleming
Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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García-Rodríguez A, Rodríguez AM, Prieto P, Andreu R, Merino S, Rodríguez-López J. Swivel-Cruciform Stilbenes Based on Bithiophene. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
CONSPECTUS: Cross-conjugated molecular cruciforms are intriguing platforms for optoelectronic applications. Their two intersecting π-conjugated arms allow independent modulation of the molecules' HOMO and LUMO levels and guarantee a well-defined optical response to analyte binding. In addition, the rigid cross-conjugated geometries of these molecules allow their organization in two- and three-dimensional space with long-range order, making them convenient precursors for the transition from solution-based to the more practical solid-state- and surface-based devices. Not surprisingly, a number of molecular cruciform classes have been explored because of these appealing properties. These include tetrakis(arylethynyl)benzenes, tetrastyrylbenzenes, distyrylbis(arylethynyl)benzenes, tetraalkynylethenes, biphenyl-based "swivel" cruciforms, and benzobisoxazole-based cruciforms. In this Account, we summarize our group's work on benzobisoxazole molecular cruciforms. The heterocyclic central core of these molecules forces their HOMOs to localize along the vertical bisethynylbenzene axis; the HOMO localization switches to the horizontal benzobisoxazole axis only in cases when that axis bears electron-rich 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)phenyl substituents and the vertical axis does not. In contrast, the LUMOs are generally delocalized across the entire molecule, and their localization occurs only in cruciforms with donor-acceptor substitution. Such spatially isolated frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) of the benzobisoxazole cruciforms make their response to protonation very predictable. Benzobisoxazole cruciforms are highly solvatochromic, and their fluorescence quantum yields reach 80% in nonpolar solvents. Solutions of cruciforms in different solvents change emission colors upon addition of carboxylic and boronic acid analytes. These changes are highly sensitive to the analyte structure, and the emission color responses permit qualitative discrimination among structurally closely related species. In self-assembled complexes with boronic acids, benzobisoxazole fluorophores switch their analyte preferences and become responsive to Lewis basic species: phenoxides, amines, ureas, and small organic and inorganic anions. These sensing complexes allow the decoupling of the sensor's two functions: a nonfluorescent boronic acid does the chemistry through the exchange of its labile B-O bonds for other nucleophiles, and it can be optimized for solubility and analyte specificity; the benzobisoxazole fluorophore senses the electronic changes on the boron and reports them to the operator through changes in its emission colors, allowing this sensing element to be kept constant across a broad range of analytes. We have recently expanded our studies to benzimidazole-based "half-cruciforms", which are L-shaped rigid fluorophores that maintain most of the spatial separation of FMOs observed in benzobisoxazole cruciforms. Unlike benzobisoxazoles, benzimidazoles are acidic on account of their polar N-H bonds, and this feature allows them to respond to a broader range of pH values than their benzobisoxazole counterparts. The deprotonated benzimidazolate anions maintain their fluorescence, which makes them promising candidates for incorporation into solid-state sensing materials known as zeolithic imidazolate frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musabbir A. Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Ha T. M. Le
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Ognjen Š. Miljanić
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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Abstract
1,5-(Alkadiynyl)anthracenes self-assemble single component and multicomponent monolayers at the solution-HOPG interface. An alkadiynyl chain's kinked shape constrains the molecular structures with which it can close-pack. This affords rudimentary molecular recognition that has been used to direct self-assembly of 1-D patterned, multicomponent monolayers. The unit cell building blocks of single- and multicomponent alkadiynylanthracene monolayers repeat with high fidelity for 100s of nanometers along the side chain direction. Unit cell repeat fidelity along the orthogonal, anthracene column direction of the monolayer depends on diyne location within the side chain; even-position diyne side chains produce high fidelity of unit cell repeats and wider domain widths along the anthracene columns, whereas odd-position diyne side chains produce more frequent domain interfaces that disrupt the anthracene columns. Alkadiynylanthracene monolayers may be viewed as stacks of 1-D molecular tapes. 1-D tape molecular composition, sequence, and intratape side chain alignment are dictated by shape complementarity of the kinked alkadiynyl side chains. Stacking alignments of adjacent 1-D tapes are controlled by shape matching of tape peripheries and determine repeat fidelity along the anthracene columns. Tapes stacked with a constant intertape alignment comprise crystalline domains that repeat along the anthracene columns. The 1-D tapes formed by anthracenes with odd-position diynes have triangle wave peripheries that close-pack in multiple stacking alignments. This reduces unit cell repeat fidelity and decreases the widths of crystalline domains along the anthracene columns. Even-position diyne side chains form 1-D tapes with trapezoid wave peripheries that close-pack in only one stacking alignment. This generates higher stacking fidelity, larger domain widths, and fewer domain interfaces along the anthracene columns of even-position diyne monolayers. Even- and odd-position diyne monolayers exhibit comparable densities of interfaces between enantiotopic domains and between domains aligned along different graphite symmetry axes. These interfaces likely arise through collisions of independently nucleated/growing domains and persist for lack of kinetically competent pathways that interconvert or merge the domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Urano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Toshikazu Ohno
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Kazuaki Tomono
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University
| | - Kazuo Miyamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science
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Ahn S, Matzger AJ. Additive Perturbed Molecular Assembly in Two-Dimensional Crystals: Differentiating Kinetic and Thermodynamic Pathways. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:3208-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ja210933h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seokhoon Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Science
and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Adam J. Matzger
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Science
and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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Lim J, Osowska K, Armitage JA, Martin BR, Miljanić OŠ. Critical role of weak [C–H⋯O] hydrogen bonds in the assembly of benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d′]bisoxazole cruciforms into supramolecular sheets. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce25485a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sakano T, Hasegawa JY, Higashiguchi K, Matsuda K. Chronological Change from Face-On to Edge-On Ordering of Zinc-Tetraphenylporphyrin at the Phenyloctane-Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite Interface. Chem Asian J 2011; 7:394-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lim J, Albright TA, Martin BR, Miljanić OŠ. Benzobisoxazole Cruciforms: Heterocyclic Fluorophores with Spatially Separated Frontier Molecular Orbitals. J Org Chem 2011; 76:10207-19. [PMID: 22077919 DOI: 10.1021/jo202107w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaebum Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 136 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003,
United States
| | - Thomas A. Albright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 136 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003,
United States
| | - Benjamin R. Martin
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas State University—San Marcos, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, Texas 78666,
United States
| | - Ognjen Š. Miljanić
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 136 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003,
United States
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Bellec A, Arrigoni C, Schull G, Douillard L, Fiorini-Debuisschert C, Mathevet F, Kreher D, Attias AJ, Charra F. Solution-growth kinetics and thermodynamics of nanoporous self-assembled molecular monolayers. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:124702. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3569132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Tahara K, Balandina T, Furukawa S, De Feyter S, Tobe Y. Molecular pentagonal tiling: self-assemblies of pentagonal-shaped macrocycles at liquid/solid interfaces. CrystEngComm 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ce05336a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Zhou N, Wang L, Thompson DW, Zhao Y. OPE/OPV H-mers: synthesis, electronic properties, and spectroscopic responses to binding with transition metal ions. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ahn S, Henssler JT, Matzger AJ. Conglomerate with periodic enantiomer inclusion: A mechanism for homochirality erosion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:11432-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12317c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Tahara K, Lei S, Adisoejoso J, De Feyter S, Tobe Y. Supramolecular surface-confined architectures created by self-assembly of triangular phenylene-ethynylene macrocycles via van der Waals interaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:8507-25. [PMID: 20967375 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc02780d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
At the liquid/graphite interface triangular and rhombic phenylene-ethynylene macrocycles substituted by alkyl chains self-assemble to form porous two-dimensional (2D) molecular networks of honeycomb and Kagomé types, respectively, or close-packed non-porous structures via alkyl chain interdigitation as the directional intermolecular linkages. Factors that affect the formation of the 2D molecular networks, such as alkyl chain length, solvent, solute concentration, and co-adsorption of guest molecules, were elucidated through a systematic study. For the porous networks, various molecules and molecular clusters were adsorbed in the pores reflecting the size and shape complementarity, exploring a new field of 2D host-guest chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazukuni Tahara
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
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Tahara K, Inukai K, Hara N, Johnson C, Haley M, Tobe Y. Self-Assembled Monolayers of Alkoxy-Substituted Octadehydrodibenzo[12]annulenes on a Graphite Surface: Attempts at peri-Benzopolyacene Formation by On-Surface Polymerization. Chemistry 2010; 16:8319-28. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
In optoelectronic devices, chromophores can be designed at the molecular level to create materials with properties desired for advanced applications. Organic fluorophores in particular can be constructed with macroscopic properties that arise from two distinct contributions: (i) the collective impact of the molecular backbone and substituents and (ii) the connectivity within the molecule (that is, the spatial molecular architecture). Accordingly, the exploration of novel conjugated architectures is a productive area of current research. Different two-dimensional, "X-shaped" conjugated materials have been synthesized for a variety of applications. They include spiro compounds, paracyclophanes, swivel-type dimers, bisoxazole-derived cruciforms, tetraethynylethenes, and tetrasubstituted tolanes. A subset of these compounds are constructed from two "perpendicular" pi-conjugated linear arms connected through a central aromatic core; examples of these include tetrakis(arylethynyl)benzenes, tetrakis(styryl)benzenes, and tetrasubstituted thiophenes. In this Account, we evaluate 1,4-distyryl-2,5-bis(arylethynyl)benzenes or cruciforms (XFs). Electronic substitution of this "X-shaped" cross-conjugated scaffold tunes both the energy levels of the frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) and their spatial distribution in XFs. The resulting fluorophores exhibit FMO separation, imbuing XFs with unusual yet desirable properties for sensory applications. Using model analytes, we examine how the underlying FMO arrangement and the nature of analyte interaction elicit observable responses. These studies provide a foundation for accessing functional responsive ratiometric cores, demonstrating the importance and unique potential of FMO-separated fluorophores. We also highlight the essential contribution of serendipity in materials development. Moving beyond one-dimensional molecular wire-type fluorophores to two-dimensional "X-shaped" materials provides access to materials with unexpected and exciting properties. XFs represent such novel conjugated architectures, and their successful development has frequently has hinged on inspiration from structural components and principles developed in diverse research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Zucchero
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Psaras L. McGrier
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
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Xu H, Minoia A, Tomović Z, Lazzaroni R, Meijer EW, Schenning APHJ, De Feyter S. A multivalent hexapod: conformational dynamics of six-legged molecules in self-assembled monolayers at a solid-liquid interface. ACS Nano 2009; 3:1016-1024. [PMID: 19361208 DOI: 10.1021/nn900131k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A molecular hexapod having a benzene core and six oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) (OPV) legs is an ideal system to probe various types of (intramolecular) dynamics of individual molecules in physisorbed self-assembled monolayers at a solid-liquid interface. Scanning tunneling microscopy reveals that molecules adsorb in 2D crystalline as well as disordered domains. Strikingly, not all molecules have the six OPV units in contact with the graphite substrate: 4% of the molecules in the 2D crystalline domains and up to 80% of the molecules in the disordered domains have one or two OPV units desorbed. In addition, the presence of such a defect promotes the coexistence of another defect adjacent to it. Time-dependent STM experiments and molecular dynamics simulations reveal in detail the different dynamics involved and the multivalent nature of the interactions between hexapod and surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- Division of Molecular and Nano Materials, Department of Chemistry, and Institute for Nanoscale Physics and Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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Linares M, Iavicoli P, Psychogyiopoulou K, Beljonne D, De Feyter S, Amabilino DB, Lazzaroni R. Chiral expression at the solid-liquid interface: a joint experimental and theoretical study of the self-assembly of chiral porphyrins on graphite. Langmuir 2008; 24:9566-9574. [PMID: 18652420 DOI: 10.1021/la8017419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The chiral organization of an enantiopure functional molecule on an achiral surface has been studied with the aim of understanding the influence of stereogenic centers on the self-assembly in two dimensions. A chiral tetra meso-amidophenyl-substituted porphyrin containing long hydrophobic tails at the periphery of the conjugated pi-electron system was prepared for this purpose. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images of the compound at the graphite-heptanol interface reveal a chiral arrangement of the molecules, with the porphyrin rows tilted by 13 degrees with respect to the normal to the graphite axes. In terms of molecular modeling, a combination of molecular dynamics simulations on systems constrained by periodic boundary conditions and on unconstrained large molecular aggregates has been applied to reach a quantitative interpretation on both the density of the layer and its orientation with respect to the graphite surface. The results show clearly that (i) the methyl groups of the stereogenic point toward the graphite surface and (ii) the porphyrin molecules self-assemble into an interdigitated structure where the alkyl chains align along one of the graphite axes and the porphyrin cores are slightly shifted with respect to one another. The direction of this shift, which defines the chirality of the monolayer, is set by the chirality of the stereogenic centers. Such an arrangement results in the formation of a dense chiral monolayer that is further stabilized by hydrogen bonding with protic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Linares
- Service de Chimie des Materiaux Nouveaux, Universite de Mons-Hainaut, 20, Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
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Arai R, Uemura S, Irie M, Matsuda K. Reversible Photoinduced Change in Molecular Ordering of Diarylethene Derivatives at a Solution−HOPG Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:9371-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja711041p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Arai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan, PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Shinobu Uemura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan, PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Irie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan, PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan, PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
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Miyake K, Hori Y, Ikeda T, Asakawa M, Shimizu T, Sasaki S. Alkyl chain length dependence of the self-organized structure of alkyl-substituted phthalocyanines. Langmuir 2008; 24:4708-4714. [PMID: 18380508 DOI: 10.1021/la702564m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The alkyl chain length on alkyl-substituted phthalocyanines (C(n)OPc) dependence of their self-organized structures was examined in this study. STM results indicated that the symmetry of ordered structures decreased as the alkyl chain became longer, with the exception of C(6)OPc, which preferentially formed a quasi-3-fold symmetrical structure. This could be explained by the fact that the C(n)OPc molecules are most likely to form densely packed structures. With C(n)OPc, when n = 4 to 10, the self-organized structures were dependent on the competition between how densely the molecules were arranged and how loose the intermolecular interaction energy was, caused by the formation of the densely packed structure. However, with C(n)OPc, when n = 10-18, the molecules tended to form densely packed structures by reducing the symmetry, even though the C(n)OPc molecules were distorted. When C(12)OPc and cobalt phthalocyanine were coadsorbed, the mixed system exhibited a four-fold symmetrical structure, which is rarely observed in C(12)OPc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Miyake
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute (AMRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan.
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