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Liu Z, Smith SR. Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregate (CLEA) Preparation from Waste Activated Sludge. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1902. [PMID: 37630462 PMCID: PMC10458447 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are used extensively as industrial bio-catalysts in various manufacturing and processing sectors. However, commercial enzymes are expensive in part due to the high cost of the nutrient medium for the biomass culture. Activated sludge (AS) is a waste product of biological wastewater treatment and consists of microbial biomass that degrades organic matter by producing substantial quantities of hydrolytic enzymes. Recovering enzymes from AS therefore offers a potential alternative to conventional production techniques. A carrier-free, cross-linked enzyme aggregate (CLEA) was produced from crude AS enzyme extract for the first time. A major advantage of the CLEA is the combined immobilization, purification, and stabilization of the crude enzymes into a single step, thereby avoiding large amounts of inert carriers in the final enzyme product. The AS CLEA contained a variety of hydrolytic enzymes and demonstrated high potential for the bio-conversion of complex organic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen R. Smith
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Meraz M, Alvarez‐Ramirez J, Vernon‐Carter EJ, Reyes I, Hernandez‐Jaimes C, Martinez‐Martinez F. A Two Competing Substrates Michaelis–Menten Kinetics Scheme for the Analysis of In Vitro Starch Digestograms. STARCH-STARKE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201900170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Meraz
- Departamento de Biotecnología Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana‐Iztapalapa Apartado Postal 55‐534, CDMX Iztapalapa 09340 México
| | - Jose Alvarez‐Ramirez
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos e Hidráulica Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana‐Iztapalapa Apartado Postal 55‐534, CDMX Iztapalapa 09340 México
| | - E. Jaime Vernon‐Carter
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos e Hidráulica Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana‐Iztapalapa Apartado Postal 55‐534, CDMX Iztapalapa 09340 México
| | - Isabel Reyes
- Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Campus El Cerrillo Toluca 50200 México
| | - Carmen Hernandez‐Jaimes
- Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Campus El Cerrillo Toluca 50200 México
| | - Filiberto Martinez‐Martinez
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos e Hidráulica Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana‐Iztapalapa Apartado Postal 55‐534, CDMX Iztapalapa 09340 México
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Vernon-Carter E, Alvarez-Ramirez J, Meraz M, Garcia-Diaz S. Gaining insights into α‑amylase inhibition by glucose through mathematical modeling and analysis of the hydrolysis kinetics of gelatinized corn starch dispersions. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 132:766-771. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Siriwong T, Laimeheriwa B, Aini UN, Cahyanto MN, Reungsang A, Salakkam A. Cold hydrolysis of cassava pulp and its use in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process for ethanol fermentation. J Biotechnol 2019; 292:57-63. [PMID: 30690096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated cold hydrolysis of cassava pulp (CP) and the use of cold hydrolysis with simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) for ethanol production. Cold hydrolysis of 100 g-CP/L at 50 °C for 2 h, followed by at 30 °C for 72 h resulted in the production of 71.5 ± 1.8 g/L of reducing sugar, with a yield of 0.72 g/g-CP. A mathematical model describing the cold hydrolysis process was subsequently developed. The model proved to be applicable for other cold hydrolysis systems with satisfactory results. The sequential process of cold hydrolysis at 50 °C for 2 h, followed by SSF at 30 °C for 72 h gave 27.4 g-ethanol/L, with a productivity of 0.37 g/(L h) and a fermentation efficiency of 57.58%. Based on the results, a bioconversion process for CP to ethanol was proposed. In this process, 1 kg of ethanol could be produced from 3.65 kg of CP without any nutrient supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanyaporn Siriwong
- Department of Biotechnology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002 Thailand.
| | - Bustomi Laimeheriwa
- Department of Biotechnology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002 Thailand; Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Uyun Nurul Aini
- Department of Biotechnology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002 Thailand; Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Muhammad Nur Cahyanto
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Alissara Reungsang
- Department of Biotechnology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002 Thailand; Research Group for Development of Microbial Hydrogen Production Process from Biomass, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Apilak Salakkam
- Department of Biotechnology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002 Thailand.
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Duke SH, Henson CA. A Comparison of Barley Malt Amylolytic Enzyme Activities as Indicators of Malt Sugar Concentrations. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2009-0311-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley H. Duke
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Cynthia A. Henson
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Madison, WI
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Mestres C, Bettencourt MDJC, Loiseau G, Matignon B, Grabulos J, Achir N. Modeling cereal starch hydrolysis during simultaneous saccharification and lactic acid fermentation; case of a sorghum-based fermented beverage, gowé. Food Res Int 2017; 100:102-111. [PMID: 28873668 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gowé is an acidic beverage obtained after simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of sorghum. A previous paper focused on modeling the growth of lactic acid bacteria during gowé processing. This paper focuses on modeling starch amylolysis to build an aggregated SSF model. The activity of α-amylase was modeled as a function of temperature and pH, and the hydrolysis rates of both native and soluble starch were modeled via a Michaelis-Menten equation taking into account the maltose and glucose inhibition constants. The robustness of the parameter estimators was ensured by step by step identification in sets of experiments conducted with different proportions of native and gelatinized starch by modifying the pre-cooking temperature. The aggregated model was validated on experimental data and showed that both the pre-cooking and fermentation parameters, particularly temperature, are significant levers for controlling not only acid and sugar contents but also the expected viscosity of the final product. This generic approach could be used as a tool to optimize the sanitary and sensory quality of fermentation of other starchy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mestres
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud TA B-95/16, 73 rue Jean-François Breton, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | | | - Gérard Loiseau
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR Qualisud, 1101 Avenue Agropolis, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Brigitte Matignon
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud TA B-95/16, 73 rue Jean-François Breton, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Joël Grabulos
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud TA B-95/16, 73 rue Jean-François Breton, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Nawel Achir
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR Qualisud, 1101 Avenue Agropolis, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Zabed H, Faruq G, Boyce AN, Sahu JN, Ganesan P. Evaluation of high sugar containing corn genotypes as viable feedstocks for decreasing enzyme consumption during dry-grind ethanol production. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
This article surveys methods for the enzymatic conversion of starch, involving hydrolases and nonhydrolyzing enzymes, as well as the role of microorganisms producing such enzymes. The sources of the most common enzymes are listed. These starch conversions are also presented in relation to their applications in the food, pharmaceutical, pulp, textile, and other branches of industry. Some sections are devoted to the fermentation of starch to ethanol and other products, and to the production of cyclodextrins, along with the properties of these products. Light is also shed on the enzymes involved in the digestion of starch in human and animal organisms. Enzymatic processes acting on starch are useful in structural studies of the substrates and in understanding the characteristics of digesting enzymes. One section presents the application of enzymes to these problems. The information that is included covers the period from the early 19th century up to 2009.
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Presečki AV, Blažević ZF, Vasić-Rački Đ. Mathematical modeling of maize starch liquefaction catalyzed by α-amylases from Bacillus licheniformis: effect of calcium, pH and temperature. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2012; 36:117-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Liao B, Hill G, Roesler W. Stable expression of barley α-amylase in S. cerevisiae for conversion of starch into bioethanol. Biochem Eng J 2012; 64:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stanley D, Rejzek M, Naested H, Smedley M, Otero S, Fahy B, Thorpe F, Nash RJ, Harwood W, Svensson B, Denyer K, Field RA, Smith AM. The role of alpha-glucosidase in germinating barley grains. Plant Physiol 2011; 155:932-43. [PMID: 21098673 PMCID: PMC3032477 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.168328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The importance of α-glucosidase in the endosperm starch metabolism of barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings is poorly understood. The enzyme converts maltose to glucose (Glc), but in vitro studies indicate that it can also attack starch granules. To discover its role in vivo, we took complementary chemical-genetic and reverse-genetic approaches. We identified iminosugar inhibitors of a recombinant form of an α-glucosidase previously discovered in barley endosperm (ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE97 [HvAGL97]), and applied four of them to germinating grains. All four decreased the Glc-to-maltose ratio in the endosperm 10 d after imbibition, implying inhibition of maltase activity. Three of the four inhibitors also reduced starch degradation and seedling growth, but the fourth did not affect these parameters. Inhibition of starch degradation was apparently not due to inhibition of amylases. Inhibition of seedling growth was primarily a direct effect of the inhibitors on roots and coleoptiles rather than an indirect effect of the inhibition of endosperm metabolism. It may reflect inhibition of glycoprotein-processing glucosidases in these organs. In transgenic seedlings carrying an RNA interference silencing cassette for HvAgl97, α-glucosidase activity was reduced by up to 50%. There was a large decrease in the Glc-to-maltose ratio in these lines but no effect on starch degradation or seedling growth. Our results suggest that the α-glucosidase HvAGL97 is the major endosperm enzyme catalyzing the conversion of maltose to Glc but is not required for starch degradation. However, the effects of three glucosidase inhibitors on starch degradation in the endosperm indicate the existence of unidentified glucosidase(s) required for this process.
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Demirhan E, Özbek B. A MODELING STUDY ON HYDROLYSIS OF LACTOSE RECOVERED FROM WHEY AND β-GALACTOSIDASE STABILITY UNDER SONIC TREATMENT. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00986440802589529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Kiliç Apar
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Davutpaşa Campus, Yιldιz Technical University , Esenler/Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Belma Özbek
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Davutpaşa Campus, Yιldιz Technical University , Esenler/Istanbul , Turkey
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López C, Torrado A, Fuciños P, Guerra NP, Pastrana L. Enzymatic inhibition and thermal inactivation in the hydrolysis of chestnut purée with an amylases mixture. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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