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Murvartian L, Matías-García JA, Saavedra-Macías FJ, Crowe A. A Systematic Review of Public Stigmatization Toward Women Victims of Intimate Partner Violence in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Trauma Violence Abuse 2024; 25:1349-1364. [PMID: 37309621 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231178756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Public stigmatization of women victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) has begun to be studied because of its negative impact on recovery from violence. This systematic review aimed to analyze such stigmatization in low- and middle-income countries (LAMIC) by identifying social norms and perceptions linked to public stigmatizing responses, such responses, negative consequences of those responses on victims, and other factors associated with public stigma. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, five databases were searched using "stigma" and multiple synonyms of IPV as keywords. Selected articles were empirical, written in English, published in peer-reviewed journals, and reported findings on public stigma toward women victims of IPV that had occurred in LAMIC. Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Patriarchal gender roles, normalization of IPV and the consideration of violence as a private matter were the most prevalent social norms among the studies. These led to blaming, isolating, and discriminating against the victim, making her feel ashamed, considering her less valuable than before suffering IPV, and dismissing or denying the abuse. Many negative consequences were identified. Anticipated public stigma, associated with not disclosing the abuse and not seeking help, was the most popular. Public stigmatization was stronger when other public stigmas intersected and in the case of disadvantaged social circumstances. Consequences were diminished by protective factors such as informal support and gender-based violence support services. This review provides a global vision for future research in each specific sociocultural context and is a first step in the design of anti-stigma programs in LAMIC.
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McTavish JR, Chandra PS, Stewart DE, Herrman H, MacMillan HL. Child Maltreatment and Intimate Partner Violence in Mental Health Settings. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph192315672. [PMID: 36497747 PMCID: PMC9735990 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) and child maltreatment (physical, emotional, sexual abuse, neglect, and children's exposure to IPV) are two of the most common types of family violence; they are associated with a broad range of health consequences. We summarize evidence addressing the need for safe and culturally-informed clinical responses to child maltreatment and IPV, focusing on mental health settings. This considers clinical features of child maltreatment and IPV; applications of rights-based and trauma- and violence-informed care; how to ask about potential experiences of violence; safe responses to disclosures; assessment and interventions that include referral networks and resources developed in partnership with multidisciplinary and community actors; and the need for policy and practice frameworks, appropriate training and continuing professional development provisions and resources for mental health providers. Principles for a common approach to recognizing and safely responding to child maltreatment and IPV are discussed, recognizing the needs in well-resourced and scarce resource settings, and for marginalized groups in any setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R. McTavish
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 293 Wellington St. North, Hamilton, ON L8L 8E7, Canada
| | - Prabha S. Chandra
- NIMHANS Hospital, Hosur Rd, near Bangalore Milk Dairy, Hombegowda Nagar, Bengaluru 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Donna E. Stewart
- Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St, 7EN229, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Helen Herrman
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Harriet L. MacMillan
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 293 Wellington St. North, Hamilton, ON L8L 8E7, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre 3A, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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Shakya HB, Cislaghi B, Fleming P, Levtov RG, Boyce SC, Raj A, Silverman JG. Associations of attitudes and social norms with experiences of intimate partner violence among married adolescents and their husbands in rural Niger: a dyadic cross-sectional study. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:180. [PMID: 35585589 PMCID: PMC9118706 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01724-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prior cross-sectional research suggests that both men’s and women’s attitudes towards intimate partner violence (IPV) are predictive of women’s IPV experience, although this can vary greatly by context. In general, women who have experienced IPV are likely to report attitudes accepting of it. Men who perpetrate IPV may also report attitudes accepting of it, although some research has found that there is not always an association. Studies that investigate these dynamics often conflate attitudes with social norms, or use attitudes as a proxy for social norms, given that valid measures on social norms are usually lacking. Here we conduct a secondary data analysis to ask how are men’s and women’s IPV-related attitudes associated with women’s reports of IPV and how are men’s and women’s perceived social norms associated with women’s reports of IPV. Methods Dyadic data were collected from a representative sample of married adolescent girls and their husbands in 48 rural villages of the Dosso region of Niger (N = 1010). Assessments included logistic regression analyses of husbands’ and wives’ reports of individual attitudes towards IPV, and social norms based on husbands’ and wives’ perceptions of their communities’ beliefs related to gender roles and acceptability of IPV. Results Eight percent of women in this sample reported IPV. We found that, consistent with other research, wives who have reported IPV are more likely to report attitudes in support of IPV, while for husbands whose wives report IPV, that relationship is insignificant. On the other hand, husbands who report that people in their community believe there are times when a woman deserves to be beaten are more likely to have perpetrated IPV, while for wives there is no association between the community norm and IPV reporting. Finally, wives who report that people in their community hold inequitable gender norms in general are more likely to have experienced IPV, while for husbands, community gender norms are not predictive of whether their wives have reported IPV. Conclusions Our results are evidence that IPV prevention interventions focused solely on individual attitudes may be insufficient. Targeting and assessment of social norms are likely critical to advancing understanding and prevention of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Baker Shakya
- Center On Gender Equity and Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9100 Gilman Dr., San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Beniamino Cislaghi
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Room, 330 LSHTM 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Paul Fleming
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, 3814 SPH I, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA
| | | | - Sabrina C Boyce
- Center On Gender Equity and Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9100 Gilman Dr., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anita Raj
- Center On Gender Equity and Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9100 Gilman Dr., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jay G Silverman
- Center On Gender Equity and Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9100 Gilman Dr., San Diego, CA, USA
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Campbell OLK, Mace R. Different predictors of intimate partner and natal family violence against women. Evol Med Public Health 2022; 10:231-242. [PMID: 35663510 PMCID: PMC9154062 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Violence against women is often studied in the context of violence from intimate partners. However, women receive violence from a wider range of individuals—such as their natal kin—including their siblings, parents, uncles and cousins. Applying insights from evolutionary theory, we examine whether cousin marriage, which has been hypothesized to both reduce the risk of partner violence but increase the risk of natal family violence, associates differently with each type of violence. Second, we test whether common risk factors for partner violence, such as wealth, associate similarly with natal violence. Methodology We analyse over 16 000 Jordanian women from three cohorts of the Jordan Demographic Health Surveys. Predictor variables include type of cousin marriage (patrilateral or matrilateral), education, wealth, number of children, urban living and polygyny. Outcome variables include whether a woman’s husband or her natal family has ever been physically violent towards her. Results Being married to a patrilateral cousin but not a matrilateral cousin is associated with a reduced risk of reporting intimate partner violence (IPV). By contrast being married to a matrilateral cousin but not a patrilateral one is associated with a reduced risk of reporting natal family violence. As expected, wealth is negatively associated with reporting partner violence, but we find no association with reports of natal family violence. Finally, individuals with more children are more likely to report IPV. Conclusions and implications Findings indicate the importance of distinguishing between types of cousin marriage and highlight substantial differences in risk factors for intimate partner compared to natal family violence. Lay Summary Sociodemographic risk factors, such as wealth, may associate differently with intimate partner and natal family violence. Results suggest that whether cousin marriage is protective of violence may depend on the type of cousin and secondly, that violence can have fitness relevant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth Mace
- Department of Anthropology, University College London , London WC1H 0BW, UK
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Willie TC, Bastida C, Olavarrieta CD, Scolese A, Campos PA, Falb KL, Gupta J. Socioecological determinants of community resource utilisation among low-income women in Mexico City who experienced male-to-female intimate partner violence. Glob Public Health 2020; 15:1627-1638. [PMID: 32496865 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2020.1775868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Women who experience intimate partner violence (IPV) face multiple barriers to seeking help from community resources, but little research has examined the impact of ecological influences on community resource utilisation among women living in low- and middle-income countries. The current study investigated individual-, relationship-, family-, and community-level influences on community resource utilisation among Mexican women experiencing IPV. Using baseline data from 950 women in Mexico City enrolled in a clinic-based randomised controlled trial, multilevel regressions were performed to assess associations between socioecological factors and women's community resource utilisation. 41.3% women used at least one resource. At the individual-level, every additional resource that women were aware of, was associated with a 20% increase in the total number of resources used (p < .001). Every additional lethal risk factor was associated with a 5% increase in the total number of resources used (p = .004). At the family-level, women who reported having an in-law encourage IPV used 46% more resources (p < .001). At the community-level, stronger supportive norms around community resource utilisation was associated with a 6% increase in the total number of resources (p = .01). These findings suggest the importance of addressing family and community factors in the broader ecological context of Mexican women's help-seeking behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiara C Willie
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Claudia Diaz Olavarrieta
- Research Division, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anna Scolese
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Jhumka Gupta
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Baloushah S, Mohammadi N, Taghizadeh Z, Taha AA, Farnam F. A Whole Life Of Threats: A Qualitative Exploration Of Lived Experiences Of Palestinian Women Suffering From Intimate Partner Violence. Int J Womens Health 2019; 11:547-554. [PMID: 31749637 PMCID: PMC6818532 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s216952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Violence against women is a widespread public health problem in the Palestinian community considered to be a traditional community. It is usually underreported due to cultural and religious issues. The present study was carried out in order to deepen the understanding of the feelings, thoughts, and perceptions of Palestinian women living in the Gaza Strip and suffering from intimate partner violence. Methods Hermeneutic phenomenological study was conducted. The recruited 11 Palestinian women suffering from intimate partner violence were selected via purposive means. Semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted from May to Sept 2018 were used to understand their lived experience. Data was analyzed through the Van Manen method. Results In the process of data analysis, living in a threatening world was the main theme that was extracted from the data. The theme refers to the condition that participants were committed to their marriage and are compelled to remain in a threatening situation. That was interpreted as a whole life of threats, which was labeled as the main theme emerging from three sub-themes. This main theme included 3 subthemes namely “live in a physically threatening environment”, “live in psychologically threatening environment”, and “live in sexual threatening environment”. Conclusion As revealed in our study, the participant suffered extremely from intimate partner violence and its consequences, which negatively affected their lives. However, their concerns about their children and lack of support were barriers for them to get a divorce; therefore, abused women need help to deal with their current lives like access to social and psychological counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suha Baloushah
- Reproductive Health Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nooredin Mohammadi
- Nursing Care Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ziba Taghizadeh
- Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asma A Taha
- School of Nursing, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Farnaz Farnam
- Reproductive Health Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Baragatti DY, Rolim ACA, de Castro CP, de Melo MC, Silva EM. [Critical pathway of women facing violence: an integrative reviewLa ruta crítica que recorren las mujeres en situación de violencia: revisión integradora]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2019; 43:e34. [PMID: 31093258 PMCID: PMC6438411 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2019.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To identify the critical pathway taken by women facing domestic violence in the world in their search for help. Method An integrative review was performed. LILACS, MEDLINE/ PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched until year 2017. The following were inclusion criteria: full text available online, Portuguese, Spanish, or English as language of publication, focus on the theme of interest, and answering the guiding question (Which critical path is taken by women facing domestic violence?). Results Thirty-eight articles published from 2001 to 2017 were included. Factors driving the search for help included economic empowerment and increased schooling, severity of the violence, and presence of structured and qualified support services. Factors inhibiting the search for help were immigrant status, cultural gender norms, feelings of guilt, fear, and shame, lack of confidence and little knowledge and/or limited availability of formal support services. Children as well as family and community support may function as both inhibitors or drivers of the search for help. The types of formal help most often sought are police and health care services, whereas family, community, and religious leadership provide informal support. Conclusion The critical pathway of women facing domestic violence in the world includes both formal and informal elements. Therefore, it is necessary to address sociocultural, community, and family issues so as to encourage women to break free from the violent environment and seek qualified formal support networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Yamada Baragatti
- Faculdade de Enfermagem (FENF/UNICAMP) Faculdade de Enfermagem (FENF/UNICAMP) Universidade Estadual de Campinas CampinasSP Brasil Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Enfermagem (FENF/UNICAMP), Campinas (SP), Brasil
| | - Ana Carine Arruda Rolim
- Escola Multicampi de Ciências Médicas (EMCM/UFRN) Escola Multicampi de Ciências Médicas (EMCM/UFRN) Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte CaicóRN Brasil Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Escola Multicampi de Ciências Médicas (EMCM/UFRN), Caicó (RN), Brasil
| | - Cristiane Pereira de Castro
- Faculdade de Saúde Pública (FSP/USP) Faculdade de Saúde Pública (FSP/USP) Universidade de São Paulo São PauloSP Brasil Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Saúde Pública (FSP/USP), São Paulo (SP), Brasil
| | - Márcio Cristiano de Melo
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM/UNICAMP) Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM/UNICAMP) Universidade Estadual de Campinas CampinasSP Brasil Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM/UNICAMP), Campinas (SP), Brasil
| | - Eliete Maria Silva
- Faculdade de Enfermagem (FENF/UNICAMP) Faculdade de Enfermagem (FENF/UNICAMP) Universidade Estadual de Campinas CampinasSP Brasil Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Enfermagem (FENF/UNICAMP), Campinas (SP), Brasil
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Abstract
The study examined the attitudes of Palestinian adults toward social work interventions in cases of husband-to-wife assault (HWA). A survey, using self-administered questionnaires and interviews, was conducted among a random sample of 624 adults from the Palestinian Authority. Results indicate higher levels of support for interventions aimed at helping the couple solve their problems than for interventions aimed at protecting the safety of battered women. However, this trend becomes reversed in cases of repeated and severe HWA. Greater support for interventions aimed at protecting the safety of battered women was found among women versus men and younger versus older adults, as well as among individuals with lower levels of justifying wife abuse and more egalitarian expectations of marriage.
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Kim C. The impact of perceived childhood victimization and patriarchal gender ideology on intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization among Korean immigrant women in the USA. Child Abuse Negl 2017; 70:82-91. [PMID: 28599125 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Childhood victimization experiences are common among intimate partner violence (IPV) victims. This study examines the link between childhood physical and sexual victimization experiences and adulthood IPV among Korean immigrant women in the USA. As Korean immigrants often use physical punishment to discipline their children, and reporting sexual abuse is discouraged due to stigmatization in this community, cultural factors (e.g. patriarchal values) related to childhood victimization and IPV were also examined. Survey data from Korean immigrant women in the USA were collected. Using a case-control design, we compared 64 Korean immigrant women who have experienced IPV in the past year with 63 Korean immigrant women who have never experienced IPV in their lifetime. The findings of this study reveal that IPV victims, compared with non-victims, experienced higher childhood victimization rates. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that childhood victimization and patriarchal gender ideology strongly predict IPV victimization among Korean immigrants. However, patriarchal values did not moderate the relationship between childhood victimization and IPV. To prevent IPV among Korean immigrant population, we need to make special efforts to prevent childhood abuse and change ingrained cultural attitudes about child physical and sexual abuse among immigrant communities through culturally sensitive programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrye Kim
- Sociology and Criminal Justice Department, Saint Joseph's University, 5600 City Ave, Philadelphia PA 19131, United States.
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Sabbah EA, Chang YP, Campbell-Heider N. Understanding Intimate Partner Violence in Jordan: Application of the Ecological Model. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2017; 53:156-163. [PMID: 26952669 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare and contrast the Heise "ecological model of gender-based violence" with factors related to "intimate partner violence" (IPV) in Jordan. METHODS Findings of empirical studies examining IPV against Jordanian women were analyzed using the Heise ecological model (1998). CONCLUSION Factors identified in the literature were generally consistent with the ecological model. However, the literature on IPV in Jordan rarely examined the role of community-level factors in the exosystem and sociopolitical factors in the macrosystem. Consequently, little is known about how these exosystem and macrosystem factors affect IPV in Jordan. The Heise model was then adapted to reflect identified factors in the Jordanian cultural context. PRACTICAL IMPLICATION More research aimed at uncovering barriers to identification and treatment of IPV targeting the exosystem and macrosystem is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Abu Sabbah
- Eman Abu Sabbah, PhD, RN, is Assistant Professor, Faculty of Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Yu-Ping Chang
- Yu-Ping Chang, PhD, RN, is Associate Professor, School of Nursing, The State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Nancy Campbell-Heider
- Nancy Campbell-Heider, PhD, FNP, NP-C, CARN-AP, FAANP, FIAAN, is Associate Professor, School of Nursing, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Shakya HB, Fleming P, Saggurti N, Donta B, Silverman J, Raj A. Longitudinal associations of intimate partner violence attitudes and perpetration: Dyadic couples data from a randomized controlled trial in rural India. Soc Sci Med 2017; 179:97-105. [PMID: 28260640 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We conducted longitudinal analyses examining the associations between intimate partner violence (IPV) attitudes and women's reported IPV in couples (N = 762) using 3 waves of data from a randomized controlled trial in Maharashtra, India. We found that, between Waves 1 and 2, men's and women's acceptance of IPV in the overall population decreased significantly while reports of IPV increased. These changes, we hypothesize, are evidence of an exogenous shock, possibly a high profile rape in Delhi in December 2012, that may have impacted the entire population. Cross-sectional associations between men's attitudes towards IPV and reported IPV were not significant in Wave 1, while positively and significantly associated in Waves 2 and 3. Longitudinal analysis showed that reduction in men's acceptance of IPV between Waves 1 and 2 was associated with a lower likelihood of reported IPV in Wave 3. Women's Wave 1 acceptance of IPV was positively associated with reported IPV in the Wave 1 cross-sectional analysis, while Wave 2 and Wave 3 measures of IPV acceptance were negatively associated with reported IPV in Waves 2 and 3 respectively. Longitudinal analyses of the change in women's attitudes towards IPV from Wave 1 to 2 and reported IPV in Wave 3 were insignificant. However, When women first reported IPV in Waves 2 or 3 they were less likely to report acceptance of IPV in that same wave. Findings suggest that changes in husbands' IPV acceptance is predictive of subsequent IPV, while newly experienced IPV predicts decreased IPV acceptance for women. Wave 2 and Wave 3 results were significant for the control group only, evidence that the intervention affected those associations, potentially changing attitudes more quickly than behavior. We recommend interventions that expose community opposition to IPV as a new social norm, and analysis of how the 2012 Delhi rape case may have affected these norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly B Shakya
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, UCSD Department of Medicine, Division of Global Public Health, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0507, La Jolla, CA 92093-0507, USA; Center on Global Justice, University of California San Diego, USA.
| | - Paul Fleming
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, SPH I, Room 3814, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
| | | | - Balaiah Donta
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Mumbai, India.
| | - Jay Silverman
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, UCSD Department of Medicine, Division of Global Public Health, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0507, La Jolla, CA 92093-0507, USA.
| | - Anita Raj
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, UCSD Department of Medicine, Division of Global Public Health, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0507, La Jolla, CA 92093-0507, USA.
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Rishal P, Joshi SK, Lukasse M, Schei B, Swahnberg K. 'They just walk away' - women's perception of being silenced by antenatal health workers: a qualitative study on women survivors of domestic violence in Nepal. Glob Health Action 2016; 9:31838. [PMID: 27978940 PMCID: PMC5159679 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v9.31838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Domestic violence during pregnancy has detrimental effects on the health of the mother and the newborn. Antenatal care provides a ‘window of opportunity’ to identify and assist victims of domestic violence during pregnancy. Little is known about the experience, needs, and expectations from the women's perspective in relation to domestic violence in Nepal. Objective Our study aims to explore how women who have experienced domestic violence evaluate their antenatal care and their expectations and needs from health centers. Design Twelve in-depth interviews were conducted among women who had experienced domestic violence during pregnancy and utilized antenatal care. The women were recruited from two different organizations in Nepal. Results Women in our study concealed their experience of domestic violence due to fear of being insulted, discriminated, and negative attitudes of the health care providers. The women wished that the health care providers were compassionate and asked them about their experience, ensured confidentiality and privacy, and referred them to services that is free of cost. Conclusions Findings from our study may help the health care providers to change their attitudes toward women survivors of domestic violence. Identifying and assisting these women through antenatal care could result in improved services for them and their newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Rishal
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; ;
| | - Sunil Kumar Joshi
- Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu Medical College, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mirjam Lukasse
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Berit Schei
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Katarina Swahnberg
- Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu Medical College, Kathmandu, Nepal Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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Shakya HB, Hughes DA, Stafford D, Christakis NA, Fowler JH, Silverman JG. Intimate partner violence norms cluster within households: an observational social network study in rural Honduras. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:233. [PMID: 26951919 PMCID: PMC4782313 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2893-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a complex global problem, not only because it is a human rights issue, but also because it is associated with chronic mental and physical illnesses as well as acute health outcomes related to injuries for women and their children. Attitudes, beliefs, and norms regarding IPV are significantly associated with the likelihood of both IPV experience and perpetration. Methods We investigated whether IPV acceptance is correlated across socially connected individuals, whether these correlations differ across types of relationships, and whether social position is associated with the likelihood of accepting IPV. We used sociocentric network data from 831 individuals in rural Honduras to assess the association of IPV acceptance between socially connected individuals across 15 different types of relationships, both within and between households. We also investigated the association between network position and IPV acceptance. Results We found that having a social contact that accepts IPV is strongly associated with IPV acceptance among individuals. For women the clustering of IPV acceptance was not significant in between-household relationships, but was concentrated within households. For men, however, while IPV acceptance was strongly clustered within households, men’s acceptance of IPV was also correlated with people with whom they regularly converse, their mothers and their siblings, regardless of household. We also found that IPV was more likely to be accepted by less socially-central individuals, and that the correlation between a social contact’s IPV acceptance was stronger on the periphery, suggesting that, as a norm, it is held on the periphery of the community. Conclusion Our results show that differential targeting of individuals and relationships in order to reduce the acceptability and, subsequently, the prevalence of IPV may be most effective. Because IPV norms seem to be strongly held within households, the household is probably the most logical unit to target in order to implement change. This approach would include the possible benefit of a generational effect. Finally, in social contexts in which perpetration of IPV is not socially acceptable, the most effective strategy may be to implement change not at the center but at the periphery of the community. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2893-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly B Shakya
- Department of Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0507, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0507, USA.
| | - D Alex Hughes
- Department of Political Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Derek Stafford
- Department of Political Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | | | - James H Fowler
- Department of Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0507, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0507, USA. .,Department of Political Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Jay G Silverman
- Department of Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0507, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0507, USA.
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Abstract
Little is known about Jordanian women's help seeking for intimate partner violence (IPV), despite local and international investment in victim services. Using a clinic based survey (n = 517; response rate 70%) and focus group discussions (FGDs, n = 17) we explored Jordanian women's nonfamily help seeking for physical or sexual IPV. We evaluated survey data using bivariate and multivariate regression and examined FGD transcripts using open coding methodology. Nonfamily help seeking was uncommon, an option only in serious circumstances after familial help was ineffective, and correlated with violence severity and relative violence. Nonfamily resources are underutilized but critical for vulnerable Jordanian women.
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Gupta J, Falb K, Kpebo D, Annan J. Abuse from in-laws and associations with attempts to control reproductive decisions among rural women in Côte d'Ivoire: a cross-sectional study. BJOG 2012; 119:1058-66. [PMID: 22676807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2012.03401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document the lifetime prevalence of abuse from in-laws (both nonphysical maltreatment and physical violence), the forms of in-law abuse and reproductive control, and the relationship between experiences of in-law abuse and reproductive control among partnered women in rural Côte d'Ivoire. DESIGN Cross-sectional study using baseline data (October 2010) from a randomised controlled trial examining socio-economic interventions on reduction of violence against Ivorian women. SETTING Rural Côte d'Ivoire. POPULATION A total of 981 Ivorian women aged 18 years and older who reported having a male partner and a current source of stable income. METHODS Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Lifetime, in-law-perpetrated reproductive control. RESULTS More than one in four (27.0%) women reported experiencing lifetime in-law abuse. In adjusted logistic regression analysis, in-law abuse was significantly associated with in-law-perpetrated reproductive control (adjusted odds ratio 6.9; 95% confidence interval 3.9-12.2; P < 0.0001). Religion and having fewer pregnancies were also associated with reporting in-law-perpetrated reproductive control. CONCLUSIONS Increased efforts are needed to involve in-laws in programmes that seek to reduce gender-based violence against women and improve women's reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gupta
- Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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