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Nelson BE, Hong A, Jana B. Elucidation of Novel Molecular Targets for Therapeutic Strategies in Urothelial Carcinoma: A Literature Review. Front Oncol 2021; 11:705294. [PMID: 34422659 PMCID: PMC8374860 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.705294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma therapy is a rapidly evolving and expanding field. Traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens have not produced optimal long-term outcomes, and many urothelial cancer patients have comorbidities that disqualify them as chemotherapy candidates. In recent years, a plethora of novel therapeutic agents that target diverse molecular pathways has emerged as alternative treatment modalities for not only metastatic urothelial carcinoma, but also for muscle-invasive bladder cancer and non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in adjuvant and definitive settings. This review paper aims to discuss the various categories of therapeutic agents for these different types of urothelial cancer, discussing immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates, kinase inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy, peptide vaccination, and other drugs targeting pathways such as angiogenesis, DNA synthesis, mTOR/PI3K/AKT, and EGFR/HER-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessie Elizabeth Nelson
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Angelina Hong
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Bagi Jana
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Puttmann K, Duggan M, Mortazavi A, Diaz DA, Carson III WE, Sundi D. The Role of Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells in Urothelial Carcinoma Immunotherapy. Bladder Cancer 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/blc-190219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Puttmann
- Department of Urology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Megan Duggan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amir Mortazavi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dayssy Alexandra Diaz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William E. Carson III
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Debasish Sundi
- Department of Urology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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Mahmud F, Jeon OC, Alam F, Maharjan R, Choi JU, Park J, Lee S, Park JW, Lee DS, Byun Y. Oral pemetrexed facilitates low-dose metronomic therapy and enhances antitumor efficacy in lung cancer. J Control Release 2018; 284:160-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Sakhri L, Pinsolle J, Moro-Sibilot D, Pluchart H. Unusually prolonged pemetrexed cytotoxicity in a patient with a lung adenocarcinoma: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2017; 11:262. [PMID: 28915906 PMCID: PMC5603063 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-017-1436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We describe a case of pemetrexed toxicities related to reabsorption by an ileal neobladder, which caused prolonged hematotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Case presentation A 59-year-old white man was diagnosed with metastatic wild-type adenocarcinoma of the upper lobe of his right lung. After a first cycle of cisplatin and pemetrexed, he had unusually prolonged aplasia and acute kidney injury. The prolonged aplasia was caused by pemetrexed reabsorption by the ileal mucosa of the neobladder as pemetrexed was eliminated renally in an active form and is partly lipophilic. Conclusions Pemetrexed may be reabsorbed by the ileal mucosa of the neobladder because of its hydrophobic structure and renal excretion in its active form. Acute urinary retention may maintain this phenomenon. Published data excluded a potential role for cisplatin in this toxicity; furthermore, we could not assess pemetrexed concentrations in the blood or urine as these assay techniques are not validated. Thus, care is needed when giving chemotherapy to patients with a neobladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sakhri
- Institut de Cancérologie Daniel Hollard, Groupe Hospitalier Mutualiste, 124 rue d'Alembert, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Julian Pinsolle
- UM Oncologie Thoracique, Clinique de pneumologie, Pôle Thorax et vaisseaux, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Michallon, BP217, 38043, Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Denis Moro-Sibilot
- UM Oncologie Thoracique, Clinique de pneumologie, Pôle Thorax et vaisseaux, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Michallon, BP217, 38043, Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Hélène Pluchart
- UM Pharmacie Clinique, Pôle Pharmacie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Michallon, BP217, 38043, Grenoble cedex 9, France
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Hsin IL, Wang SC, Li JR, Ciou TC, Wu CH, Wu HM, Ko JL. Immunomodulatory proteins FIP-gts and chloroquine induce caspase-independent cell death via autophagy for resensitizing cisplatin-resistant urothelial cancer cells. Phytomedicine 2016; 23:1566-1573. [PMID: 27823620 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chloroquine, a lysosomal inhibitor, is used for malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus erythematosus therapy. In our previous study, FIP-gts, an immunomodulatory protein from Ganoderma tsugae, inhibited cell viability in lung cancer cells and urothelial cancer cells. Urothelial carcinoma is the most common type of bladder cancer. Cisplatin resistance is an important issue in urothelial carcinoma therapy. PURPOSE The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of combination treatment with FIP-gts and chloroquine on cytotoxicity to resensitize the cisplatin-resistant cells. METHODS FIP-gts and chloroquine cytotoxicity were determined by evaluating CCK-8 assay. Cell death pathways, ROS and cell cycle arrested were analysed through flow cytometry and Western blot. ShRNA targeting to autophagy-related genes were tested to evaluate their autophagic cell death for resistant urothelial cells. RESULTS Using CCK-8 assay, chloroquine increased FIP-gts-induced cytotoxicity in parental and cisplatin-resistant urothelial cancer cell lines. On flow cytometry, chloroquine enhanced FIP-gts-mediated sub-G1 accumulation, annexin V positive signal and mitochondrial membrane potential loss. Caspase-3/PARP cascade and z-VAD-fmk were performed to prove that FIP-gts and chloroquine induced caspase-independent cell death. Using H2DCFDA staining and flow cytometry, FIP-gts and chloroquine did not induce ROS production. N-acetyl cysteine, a ROS scavenger, inhibited the cytotoxicity and LC3-II accumulation in FIP-gts and chloroquine-treated N/P cells. To elucidate the role of autophagy in caspase-independent cell death by FIP-gts and chloroquine, LC3 shRNA were used to inhibit autophagy in N/P cells. The capabilities of FIP-gts and chloroquine to induce cytotoxicity and sub-G1 phase accumulation were abolished in autophagy-defective cells. This is the first study to reveal the novel function of FIP-gts in triggering caspase-independent cell death in cisplatin-resistant urothelial cancer cells. CONCLUSION Chloroquine enhanced FIP-gts-induced autophagy dependent caspase-independent cell death via abundant autophagosome accumulation. Combination treatment with FIP-gts and chloroquine may provide a new strategy for urothelial cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Lun Hsin
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Inflammation Research & Drug Development Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chuan Wang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ri Li
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Chun Ciou
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsien Wu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ming Wu
- Inflammation Research & Drug Development Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Liang Ko
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemotherapeutic drugs are used in combination to target multiple mechanisms involved in cancer cell survival and proliferation. Carriers are developed to deliver drug combinations to common target tissues in optimal ratios and desirable sequences. Nanoparticles (NP) have been a popular choice for this purpose due to their ability to increase the circulation half-life and tumor accumulation of a drug. Areas covered: We review organic NP carriers based on polymers, proteins, peptides, and lipids for simultaneous delivery of multiple anticancer drugs, drug/sensitizer combinations, drug/photodynamic therapy or drug/photothermal therapy combinations, and drug/gene therapeutics with examples in the past three years. Sequential delivery of drug combinations, based on either sequential administration or built-in release control, is introduced with an emphasis on the mechanistic understanding of such control. Expert opinion: Recent studies demonstrate how a drug carrier can contribute to co-localizing drug combinations in optimal ratios and dosing sequences to maximize the synergistic effects. We identify several areas for improvement in future research, including the choice of drug combinations, circulation stability of carriers, spatiotemporal control of drug release, and the evaluation and clinical translation of combination delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfei Meng
- a Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA.,b Department of Pharmaceutics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Ning Han
- a Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA.,c Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Yoon Yeo
- a Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA.,d Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
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