1
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Shirato Y, Hsueh AJ, Ab Mutalib NA, Deng Y, Suematsu R, Kato A, Kearney BM, Kinoshita M, Suzuki H. Bipolar Clark-Type Oxygen Electrode Arrays for Imaging and Multiplexed Measurements of the Respiratory Activity of Cells. ACS Omega 2024; 9:10825-10833. [PMID: 38463262 PMCID: PMC10918805 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Various miniature Clark-type oxygen electrodes (COEs), which are typically used to measure dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in cellular respiration, have been developed since the 1980s. Arrays with individually addressable electrodes that constitute the sensor were used for various applications. However, the large number of leads and contact pads required for connecting the electrodes and the external instrument complicate the electrode layout and make the operation of integrated COE arrays challenging. Here, we fabricated closed bipolar electrochemical systems comprising 6 × 8 and 4 × 4 arrays of COEs for imaging and multiplexed detection. The cathodic compartment was sealed with a hydrophobic oxygen-permeable membrane to separate the internal electrolyte solution from the sample solutions. Using the bipolar Clark-type oxygen electrode (BCOE) arrays and electrochemiluminescence (ECL), we measured the DO concentration at each cathode. The results revealed that the ECL intensity changed linearly with the DO concentration. In addition, we used ECL imaging to investigate the respiratory activity of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) in suspensions with different cell densities. The ECL images showed that the ECL intensity changed noticeably with the bacterial density. The bacterial respiratory activity was then qualitatively analyzed based on the ECL images acquired successively over a time duration. Further, we measured the antibiotic efficacy of piperacillin, oxacillin, gentamicin, and cefmetazole against E. coli and P. aeruginosa using the BCOE. We found that the ECL intensity increased with the antibiotic concentration, thus indicating the suppression of the bacterial respiratory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Shirato
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - An-Ju Hsueh
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Nurul Asyikeen Ab Mutalib
- Graduate
School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Yi Deng
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Ryohei Suematsu
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, National
Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan
| | - Azusa Kato
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, National
Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan
| | - Bradley M. Kearney
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, National
Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan
| | - Manabu Kinoshita
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, National
Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Graduate
School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Faculty
of Pure and Applied Sciences, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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2
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Costa JNY, Pimentel GJC, Poker JA, Merces L, Paschoalino WJ, Vieira LCS, Castro ACH, Alves WA, Ayres LB, Kubota LT, Santhiago M, Garcia CD, Piazzetta MHO, Gobbi AL, Shimizu FM, Lima RS. Single-Response Duplexing of Electrochemical Label-Free Biosensor from the Same Tag. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2303509. [PMID: 38245830 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Multiplexing is a valuable strategy to boost throughput and improve clinical accuracy. Exploiting the vertical, meshed design of reproducible and low-cost ultra-dense electrochemical chips, the unprecedented single-response multiplexing of typical label-free biosensors is reported. Using a cheap, handheld one-channel workstation and a single redox probe, that is, ferro/ferricyanide, the recognition events taking place on two spatially resolved locations of the same working electrode can be tracked along a single voltammetry scan by collecting the electrochemical signatures of the probe in relation to different quasi-reference electrodes, Au (0 V) and Ag/AgCl ink (+0.2 V). This spatial isolation prevents crosstalk between the redox tags and interferences over functionalization and binding steps, representing an advantage over the existing non-spatially resolved single-response multiplex strategies. As proof of concept, peptide-tethered immunosensors are demonstrated to provide the duplex detection of COVID-19 antibodies, thereby doubling the throughput while achieving 100% accuracy in serum samples. The approach is envisioned to enable broad applications in high-throughput and multi-analyte platforms, as it can be tailored to other biosensing devices and formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana N Y Costa
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Gabriel J C Pimentel
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Júlia A Poker
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Leandro Merces
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Waldemir J Paschoalino
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Luis C S Vieira
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Ana C H Castro
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Wendel A Alves
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Lucas B Ayres
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Lauro T Kubota
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Murilo Santhiago
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Carlos D Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Maria H O Piazzetta
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Angelo L Gobbi
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Flávio M Shimizu
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Renato S Lima
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-590, Brazil
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3
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Magnano San Lio R, Barchitta M, Maugeri A, La Rosa MC, Favara G, Agodi A. Updates on developing and applying biosensors for the detection of microorganisms, antimicrobial resistance genes and antibiotics: a scoping review. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1240584. [PMID: 37744478 PMCID: PMC10512422 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1240584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The inappropriate use of antibiotics in clinical and non-clinical settings contributes to the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Contemporary endeavours are focused on exploring novel technological methodologies, striving to create cost-effective and valuable alternatives for detecting microorganisms, antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), and/or antibiotics across diverse matrices. Within this context, there exists an increasingly pressing demand to consolidate insights into potential biosensors and their implications for public health in the battle against antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Methods A scoping review was carried out to map the research conducted on biosensors for the detection of microorganisms, ARGs and/or antibiotics in clinical and environmental samples. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist was used. Articles published from 1999 to November 2022 and indexed in the following databases were included: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, BIOSIS Citation index, Derwent Innovations index, and KCI-Korean Journal. Results The 48 studies included in the scoping review described the development and/or validation of biosensors for the detection of microorganisms, ARGs and/or antibiotics. At its current stage, the detection of microorganisms and/or ARGs has focused primarily on the development and validation of biosensors in clinical and bacterial samples. By contrast, the detection of antibiotics has focused primarily on the development and validation of biosensors in environmental samples. Asides from target and samples, the intrinsic characteristics of biosensors described in the scoping review were heterogenous. Nonetheless, the number of studies assessing the efficacy and validation of the aforementioned biosensor remained limited, and there was also a lack of comparative analyses against conventional molecular techniques. Conclusion Promoting high-quality research is essential to facilitate the integration of biosensors as innovative technologies within the realm of public health challenges, such as antimicrobial resistance AMR. Adopting a One-Health approach, it becomes imperative to delve deeper into these promising and feasible technologies, exploring their potential across diverse sample sets and matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Antonella Agodi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Abstract
Label-free electrochemical biosensing leverages the advantages of label-free techniques, low cost, and fewer user steps, with the sensitivity and portability of electrochemical analysis. In this review, we identify four label-free electrochemical biosensing mechanisms: (a) blocking the electrode surface, (b) allowing greater access to the electrode surface, (c) changing the intercalation or electrostatic affinity of a redox probe to a biorecognition unit, and (d) modulating ion or electron transport properties due to conformational and surface charge changes. Each mechanism is described, recent advancements are summarized, and relative advantages and disadvantages of the techniques are discussed. Furthermore, two avenues for gaining further diagnostic information from label-free electrochemical biosensors, through multiplex analysis and incorporating machine learning, are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira L Rahn
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA;
| | - Umesha Peramune
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA;
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA;
| | - Robbyn K Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA;
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5
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Bakhshandeh F, Saha S, Sen P, Sakib S, MacLachlan R, Kanji F, Osman E, Soleymani L. A universal bacterial sensor created by integrating a light modulating aptamer complex with photoelectrochemical signal readout. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 235:115359. [PMID: 37187062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) signal transduction is of great interest for ultrasensitive biosensing; however, signal-on PEC assays that do not require target labeling remain elusive. In this work, we developed a signal-on biosensor that uses nucleic acids to modulate PEC currents upon target capture. Target presence removes a biorecognition probe from a DNA duplex carrying a gold nanoparticle, bringing the gold nanoparticle in direct contact to the photoelectrode and increasing the PEC current. This assay was used to develop a universal bacterial detector by targeting peptidoglycan using an aptamer, demonstrating a limit-of-detection of 82 pg/mL (13 pM) in buffer and 239 pg/mL (37 pM) in urine for peptidoglycan and 1913 CFU/mL forEscherichia coliin urine. When challenged with a panel of unknown targets, the sensor identified samples with bacterial contamination versus fungi. The versatility of the assay was further demonstrated by analyzing DNA targets, which yielded a limit-of-detection of 372 fM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bakhshandeh
- Department of Engineering Physics, 1280 Main Street West, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sudip Saha
- School of Biomedical Engineering, 1280 Main Street West, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Payel Sen
- Department of Engineering Physics, 1280 Main Street West, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sadman Sakib
- Department of Engineering Physics, 1280 Main Street West, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roderick MacLachlan
- Department of Engineering Physics, 1280 Main Street West, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Farhaan Kanji
- Department of Engineering Physics, 1280 Main Street West, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Enas Osman
- School of Biomedical Engineering, 1280 Main Street West, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- Department of Engineering Physics, 1280 Main Street West, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, 1280 Main Street West, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, 1280 Main Street West, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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6
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Biswas GC, Khan MTM, Das J. Wearable nucleic acid testing platform - A perspective on rapid self-diagnosis and surveillance of infectious diseases. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 226:115115. [PMID: 36746023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Wearable biosensors (WB) are currently attracting considerable interest for rapid detection and monitoring of biomarkers including metabolites, protein, and pathogen in bodily fluids (e.g., sweat, saliva, tears, and interstitial fluid). Another branch of WB termed wearable nucleic acid testing (NAT) is blossoming thanks to the development of microfluidic technology and isothermal nucleic acid amplification technique (iNAAT); however, there are only few reports on this. The wearable NAT is an emerging field of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics, and holds the promise for time-saving self-diagnosis, and evidence-based surveillance of infectious diseases in remote or low-resource settings. The use of wearable NAT can also be advanced to include molecular diagnosis, the identification of cancer biomarkers, genetic abnormalities, and other aspects. The wearable NAT provides the potential for evidence-based surveillance of infectious diseases when combined with internet connectivity and App software. To make the wearable NAT accessible to the end users, however, improvements must be made to the fabrication, cost, speed, sensitivity, specificity, sampling, iNAAT, analyzer, and a few other features. So, in this paper, we looked at the wearable NAT's most recent development, identified its difficulties, and defined its potential for managing infectious diseases quickly in the future. This is the wearable NAT review's first effort. We expect that this article will provide the concise resources needed to develop and deploy an efficient wearable NAT system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Chandra Biswas
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Taufiqur Mannan Khan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Jagotamoy Das
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Dr, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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7
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Wang Z, Wang H, Lin S, Labib M, Ahmed S, Das J, Angers S, Sargent EH, Kelley SO. Efficient Delivery of Biological Cargos into Primary Cells by Electrodeposited Nanoneedles via Cell-Cycle-Dependent Endocytosis. Nano Lett 2023. [PMID: 37040490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c05083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanoneedles are a useful tool for delivering exogenous biomolecules to cells. Although therapeutic applications have been explored, the mechanism regarding how cells interact with nanoneedles remains poorly studied. Here, we present a new approach for the generation of nanoneedles, validated their usefulness in cargo delivery, and studied the underlying genetic modulators during delivery. We fabricated arrays of nanoneedles based on electrodeposition and quantified its efficacy of delivery using fluorescently labeled proteins and siRNAs. Notably, we revealed that our nanoneedles caused the disruption of cell membranes, enhanced the expression of cell-cell junction proteins, and downregulated the expression of transcriptional factors of NFκB pathways. This perturbation trapped most of the cells in G2 phase, in which the cells have the highest endocytosis activities. Taken together, this system provides a new model for the study of interactions between cells and high-aspect-ratio materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongjie Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Hansen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Sichun Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3M2, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Labib
- Department of Chemistry, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, United Kingdom
| | - Sharif Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jagotamoy Das
- Department of Chemistry, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stephane Angers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3M2, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Edward H Sargent
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Shana O Kelley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3M2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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8
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Biswas GC, Choudhury S, Rabbani MM, Das J. A Review on Potential Electrochemical Point-of-Care Tests Targeting Pandemic Infectious Disease Detection: COVID-19 as a Reference. Chemosensors 2022; 10:269. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10070269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fast and accurate point-of-care testing (POCT) of infectious diseases is crucial for diminishing the pandemic miseries. To fight the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), numerous interesting electrochemical point-of-care (POC) tests have been evolved to rapidly identify the causal organism SARS-CoV-2 virus, its nucleic acid and antigens, and antibodies of the patients. Many of those electrochemical biosensors are impressive in terms of miniaturization, mass production, ease of use, and speed of test, and they could be recommended for future applications in pandemic-like circumstances. On the other hand, self-diagnosis, sensitivity, specificity, surface chemistry, electrochemical components, device configuration, portability, small analyzers, and other features of the tests can yet be improved. Therefore, this report reviews the developmental trend of electrochemical POC tests (i.e., test platforms and features) reported for the rapid diagnosis of COVID-19 and correlates any significant advancements with relevant references. POCTs incorporating microfluidic/plastic chips, paper devices, nanomaterial-aided platforms, smartphone integration, self-diagnosis, and epidemiological reporting attributes are also surfed to help with future pandemic preparedness. This review especially screens the low-cost and easily affordable setups so that management of pandemic disease becomes faster and easier. Overall, the review is a wide-ranging package for finding appropriate strategies of electrochemical POCT targeting pandemic infectious disease detection.
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Hsueh AJ, Mutalib NA, Shirato Y, Suzuki H. Bipolar Electrode Arrays for Chemical Imaging and Multiplexed Sensing. ACS Omega 2022; 7:20298-20305. [PMID: 35721987 PMCID: PMC9202012 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar electrodes (BPEs) with arrays of cathodic and anodic poles were developed for use in closed bipolar systems. To increase the number of BPEs in the array, the anodic and cathodic poles were connected with each other using thin leads. A further increase in the number of BPEs was achieved by forming the cathodic and anodic poles of the BPEs and the leads in different layers. A device with 9 × 10 arrays of cathodes and anodes was thus realized. When using this device to sense hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the sensitivity and linear range of calibration plots could be adjusted by changing the driving voltage and the area ratio between the cathodic and anodic poles. The devices were used to image H2O2 and obtain time-lapse images for the diffusion and dilution of H2O2. Furthermore, DNA detection was demonstrated using an electroactive intercalator. The sensitivity could be improved by making the anodic poles smaller with respect to the cathodic pole and concentrating the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) in a small area. The ECL intensity changed according to the target DNA concentration in the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Ju Hsueh
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Nurul Asyikeen
Ab Mutalib
- Graduate
School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shirato
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Faculty
of Pure and Applied Sciences, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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10
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Dou Y, Li Z, Su J, Song S. A Portable Biosensor Based on Au Nanoflower Interface Combined with Electrochemical Immunochromatography for POC Detection of Prostate-Specific Antigen. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:bios12050259. [PMID: 35624559 PMCID: PMC9138250 DOI: 10.3390/bios12050259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a widely used for the detection of prostate cancer and is considered the most reliable biomarker. However, the currently reported detection methods cannot achieve rapid monitoring. Here, we report a novel electrochemical immunochromatography (EIC) system for clinically accurate PSA detection. First, we constructed a carbon interface modified with gold nanoflowers (Au NFs) based on screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE), which acted as nanostructures with larger specific surface area that increased the number of PSA capture antibodies and can further improve detection signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. Then, we fabricated detection chips by combining the SPCE/Au NFs with EIC. Under optimized conditions, the proposed biosensor exhibits high accuracy, taking only 15 minutes to complete detection. By measuring the levels of PSA in clinical blood samples, the biosensor can successfully discriminate clinically diagnosed prostate cancer patients from healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhi Dou
- Division of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; (Y.D.); (Z.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Division of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; (Y.D.); (Z.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China;
| | - Shiping Song
- Division of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; (Y.D.); (Z.L.)
- The Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
- Correspondence:
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11
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Ashley BK, Sui J, Javanmard M, Hassan U. Aluminum Oxide-Coated Particle Differentiation Employing Supervised Machine Learning and Impedance Cytometry. IEEE Int Conf Nano Micro Eng Mol Syst 2022; 2022:10.1109/nems54180.2022.9791160. [PMID: 35782306 PMCID: PMC9245459 DOI: 10.1109/nems54180.2022.9791160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This article uses a supervised machine learning (ML) system for identifying groups of nanoparticles coated with metal oxides of varying thicknesses using a microfluidic impedance cytometer. These particles generate unique impedance signatures when probed with a multifrequency electric field and finds applications in enabling many multiplexed biosensing technologies. However, current experimental and data processing techniques are unable to sensitively differentiate different metal oxide coated particle types. Here, we employ various machine learning models and collect multiple particle metrics measured. In reported experiments, a 75% accuracy was determined to separate aluminum oxide coated (10nm and 30nm), which is significantly greater than observing only univariate data between different microparticle types. This approach will enable ML models to differentiate such particles with greater accuracies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon K Ashley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Rutgers, New Jersey State University, Piscataway, United States
| | - Jianye Sui
- Department of Electrical Engineering Rutgers, New Jersey State University, Piscataway, United States
| | - Mehdi Javanmard
- Department of Electrical Engineering Rutgers, New Jersey State University, Piscataway, United States
| | - Umer Hassan
- Department of Electrical Engineering Rutgers, New Jersey State University, Piscataway, United States
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12
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Abstract
The emergence and spread of multidrug resistant bacterial strains and concomitant dwindling of effective antibiotics pose worldwide healthcare challenges. To address these challenges, advanced engineering tools are developed to personalize antibiotic treatments by speeding up the diagnostics that is critical to prevent antibiotic misuse and overuse and make full use of existing antibiotics. Meanwhile, it is necessary to investigate novel antibiotic strategies. Recently, repurposing mono antibiotics into combinatorial antibiotic therapies has shown great potential for treatment of bacterial infections. However, widespread adoption of drug combinations has been hindered by the complexity of screening techniques and the cost of reagent consumptions in practice. In this study, we developed a combinatorial nanodroplet platform for automated and high-throughput screening of antibiotic combinations while consuming orders of magnitude lower reagents than the standard microtiter-based screening method. In particular, the proposed platform is capable of creating nanoliter droplets with multiple reagents in an automatic manner, tuning concentrations of each component, performing biochemical assays with high flexibility (e.g., temperature and duration), and achieving detection with high sensitivity. A biochemical assay, based on the reduction of resazurin by the metabolism of bacteria, has been characterized and employed to evaluate the combinatorial effects of the antibiotics of interest. In a pilot study, we successfully screened pairwise combinations between 4 antibiotics for a model Escherichia coli strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Gutiérrez-Capitán M, Baldi A, Merlos Á, Fernández-Sánchez C. Array of individually addressable two-electrode electrochemical cells sharing a single counter/reference electrode for multiplexed enzyme activity measurements. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 201:113952. [PMID: 34999523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on the fabrication and performance of a new on-chip array of gold thin-film electrodes arranged into five individually addressable miniaturized electrochemical cells. Each cell shows a two-electrode configuration comprising a single working electrode and a counter/pseudo-reference electrode that is compartmentalized to be shared among all the cells of the array. Using this configuration, just six contact pads are required, which significantly reduces the chip overall surface area. Electrochemical characterization studies are carried out in solutions containing the two species of reversible redox pairs. The concentration of one redox species can reliably be measured at the working electrode by applying potentiostatic techniques to record the current due to the corresponding electrochemical reaction. The redox counterpart in turn undergoes an electrochemical process at the counter/pseudo-reference electrode, which, under optimized experimental conditions, injects current and keeps the applied potential in the electrochemical cell without limiting the current being recorded at the working electrode. Under these conditions, the electrode array shows an excellent performance in electrochemical detection studies without any chemical or electrical cross-talk between cells. The enzymatic activity of horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase and myeloperoxidase enzymes is analyzed using different redox mediators. Quasi-simultaneous measurements with the five electrochemical cells of the array are carried out within 1 s time frame. This array layout can be suitable for multiplexed electrochemical immunoassays and immunosensor approaches and implementation in simplified electrochemical ELISA platforms that make use of enzyme labels. Moreover, the array reduced dimensions facilitate the integration into compact fluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gutiérrez-Capitán
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Baldi
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángel Merlos
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - César Fernández-Sánchez
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Wu Y, Jamali S, Tilley RD, Gooding JJ. Spiers Memorial Lecture. Next generation nanoelectrochemistry: the fundamental advances needed for applications. Faraday Discuss 2021; 233:10-32. [PMID: 34874385 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00088h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoelectrochemistry, where electrochemical processes are controlled and investigated with nanoscale resolution, is gaining more and more attention because of the many potential applications in energy and sensing and the fact that there is much to learn about fundamental electrochemical processes when we explore them at the nanoscale. The development of instrumental methods that can explore the heterogeneity of electrochemistry occurring across an electrode surface, monitoring single molecules or many single nanoparticles on a surface simultaneously, have been pivotal in giving us new insights into nanoscale electrochemistry. Equally important has been the ability to synthesise or fabricate nanoscale entities with a high degree of control that allows us to develop nanoscale devices. Central to the latter has been the incredible advances in nanomaterial synthesis where electrode materials with atomic control over electrochemically active sites can be achieved. After introducing nanoelectrochemistry, this paper focuses on recent developments in two major application areas of nanoelectrochemistry; electrocatalysis and using single entities in sensing. Discussion of the developments in these two application fields highlights some of the advances in the fundamental understanding of nanoelectrochemical systems really driving these applications forward. Looking into our nanocrystal ball, this paper then highlights: the need to understand the impact of nanoconfinement on electrochemical processes, the need to measure many single entities, the need to develop more sophisticated ways of treating the potentially large data sets from measuring such many single entities, the need for more new methods for characterising nanoelectrochemical systems as they operate and the need for material synthesis to become more reproducible as well as possess more nanoscale control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
| | - Sina Jamali
- School of Chemistry and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
| | - Richard D Tilley
- School of Chemistry and Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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15
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Ashley BK, Hassan U. Time-domain signal averaging to improve microparticles detection and enumeration accuracy in a microfluidic impedance cytometer. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4428-4440. [PMID: 34370302 PMCID: PMC8589102 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic impedance cytometry is a powerful system to measure micro and nano-sized particles and is routinely used in point-of-care disease diagnostics and other biomedical applications. However, small objects near a sensor's detection limit are plagued with relatively significant background noise and are difficult to identify for every case. While many data processing techniques can be utilized to reduce noise and improve signal quality, frequently they are still inadequate to push sensor detection limits. Here, we report the first demonstration of a novel signal averaging algorithm effective in noise reduction of microfluidic impedance cytometry data, improving enumeration accuracy, and reducing detection limits. Our device uses a 22 µm tall × 100 µm wide (with 30 µm wide focused aperture) microchannel and gold coplanar microelectrodes that generate an electric field, recording bipolar pulses from polystyrene microparticles flowing through the channel. In addition to outlining a modified moving signal averaging technique theoretically and with a model data set, we also performed a compendium of characterization experiments including variations in flow rate, input voltage, and particle size. Multivariate metrics from each experiment are compared including signal amplitude, pulse width, background noise, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Incorporating our technique resulted in improved SNR and counting accuracy across all experiments conducted, and the limit of detection improved from 5 to 1 µm particles without modifying microchannel dimensions. Succeeding this, we envision implementing our modified moving average technique to develop next-generation microfluidic impedance cytometry devices with an expanded dynamic range and improved enumeration accuracy. This can be exceedingly useful for many biomedical applications, such as infectious disease diagnostics where devices may enumerate larger-scale immune cells alongside sub-micron bacterium in the same sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon K. Ashley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Umer Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Global Health Institute, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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16
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Ashley BK, Hassan U. Point-of-critical-care diagnostics for sepsis enabled by multiplexed micro and nanosensing technologies. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2021; 13:e1701. [PMID: 33650293 PMCID: PMC8447248 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is responsible for the highest economic and mortality burden in critical care settings around the world, prompting the World Health Organization in 2018 to designate it as a global health priority. Despite its high universal prevalence and mortality rate, a disproportionately low amount of sponsored research funding is directed toward diagnosis and treatment of sepsis, when early treatment has been shown to significantly improve survival. Additionally, current technologies and methods are inadequate to provide an accurate and timely diagnosis of septic patients in multiple clinical environments. For improved patient outcomes, a comprehensive immunological evaluation is critical which is comprised of both traditional testing and quantifying recently proposed biomarkers for sepsis. There is an urgent need to develop novel point-of-care, low-cost systems which can accurately stratify patients. These point-of-critical-care sensors should adopt a multiplexed approach utilizing multimodal sensing for heterogenous biomarker detection. For effective multiplexing, the sensors must satisfy criteria including rapid sample to result delivery, low sample volumes for clinical sample sparring, and reduced costs per test. A compendium of currently developed multiplexed micro and nano (M/N)-based diagnostic technologies for potential applications toward sepsis are presented. We have also explored the various biomarkers targeted for sepsis including immune cell morphology changes, circulating proteins, small molecules, and presence of infectious pathogens. An overview of different M/N detection mechanisms are also provided, along with recent advances in related nanotechnologies which have shown improved patient outcomes and perspectives on what future successful technologies may encompass. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon K. Ashley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Umer Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Global Health Institute, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey. Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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17
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Reynoso EC, Laschi S, Palchetti I, Torres E. Advances in Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Using Sensors and Biosensors: A Review. Chemosensors 2021; 9:232. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9080232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The indiscriminate use and mismanagement of antibiotics over the last eight decades have led to one of the main challenges humanity will have to face in the next twenty years in terms of public health and economy, i.e., antimicrobial resistance. One of the key approaches to tackling antimicrobial resistance is clinical, livestock, and environmental surveillance applying methods capable of effectively identifying antimicrobial non-susceptibility as well as genes that promote resistance. Current clinical laboratory practices involve conventional culture-based antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) methods, taking over 24 h to find out which medication should be prescribed to treat the infection. Although there are techniques that provide rapid resistance detection, it is necessary to have new tools that are easy to operate, are robust, sensitive, specific, and inexpensive. Chemical sensors and biosensors are devices that could have the necessary characteristics for the rapid diagnosis of resistant microorganisms and could provide crucial information on the choice of antibiotic (or other antimicrobial medicines) to be administered. This review provides an overview on novel biosensing strategies for the phenotypic and genotypic determination of antimicrobial resistance and a perspective on the use of these tools in modern health-care and environmental surveillance.
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18
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Pandey R, Chang D, Smieja M, Hoare T, Li Y, Soleymani L. Integrating programmable DNAzymes with electrical readout for rapid and culture-free bacterial detection using a handheld platform. Nat Chem 2021; 13:895-901. [PMID: 34168325 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The detection and identification of bacteria currently rely on enrichment steps such as bacterial culture and nucleic acid amplification to increase the concentration of target analytes. These steps increase assay time, cost and complexity, making it difficult to realize a truly rapid point-of-care test. Here we report the development of an electrical assay that uses electroactive RNA-cleaving DNAzymes (e-RCDs) to identify specific bacterial targets and subsequently release a DNA barcode for transducing a signal onto an electrical chip. Integrating e-RCDs into a two-channel electrical chip with nanostructured electrodes provides the analytical sensitivity and specificity needed for clinical analysis. The e-RCD assay is capable of detecting 10 CFU (equivalent to 1,000 CFU ml-1) of Escherichia coli selectively from a panel containing multiple non-specific bacterial species. Clinical evaluation of this assay using 41 patient urine samples demonstrated a diagnostic sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 78% at an analysis time of less than one hour compared with the several hours needed for currently used culture-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Pandey
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Dingran Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Marek Smieja
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research (IIDR), McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Todd Hoare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Yingfu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. .,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research (IIDR), McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. .,School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. .,School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
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19
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Keough M, McLeod JF, Salomons T, Hillen P, Pei Y, Gibson G, McEleney K, Oleschuk R, She Z. Realizing new designs of multiplexed electrode chips by 3-D printed masks. RSC Adv 2021; 11:21600-21606. [PMID: 35478805 PMCID: PMC9034153 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03482k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Creating small and portable analytical methods is a fast-growing field of research. Devices capable of performing bio-analytical detection are especially desirable with the onset of the global pandemic. Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technologies, including rapid point-of-care (POC) devices such as glucose sensors, are attractive for applications in resource-poor settings. There are many challenges in creating such devices, from sensitive molecular designs to stable conditions for storing the sensor chips. In this study we have explored using three-dimensional (3D) printing to create shadow masks as a low-cost method to produce multiplexed electrodes by physical vapour deposition. Although the dimensional resolution of the electrodes produced by using 3D printed masks is inferior to those made through photolithography-based techniques, their dimensions can be readily tailored ranging from 1 mm to 3 mm. Multiple mask materials were tested, such as polylactic acid and polyethylene terephthalate glycol, with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene shown to be the best. Simple strategies in making chip holders by 3D printing and controlling working electrode surface area with epoxy glue were also investigated. The prepared chips were tested by performing surface chemistry with thiol-containing molecules and monitoring the signals electrochemically. Preparation of multiplexed electrodes by combining physical vapour deposition with 3-D printed masks.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Keough
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Chernoff Hall Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Jennifer F McLeod
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Chernoff Hall Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada .,Beaty Water Research Centre, Queen's University Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Timothy Salomons
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Chernoff Hall Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Phillip Hillen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Chernoff Hall Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Yu Pei
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Chernoff Hall Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada .,Beaty Water Research Centre, Queen's University Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Graham Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Chernoff Hall Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada .,NanoFabrication Kingston, Queen's University Kingston ON K7L 0E9 Canada
| | - Kevin McEleney
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Chernoff Hall Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Richard Oleschuk
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Chernoff Hall Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Zhe She
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University Chernoff Hall Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada .,Beaty Water Research Centre, Queen's University Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
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20
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Abstract
Gas-propelled biosensors display a simple gas-based signal amplification with quantitative detection features based on the target recognition event in combination with gas propulsion. Due to the liquid-gas conversion, the gas not only pushes the ink bar forward in the microchannel, but also serves as the power to propel the micromotors in the liquid. Thus, this continuous motion leads to a shift in distances which is associated with the target amount. Therefore, gas-propelled biosensors provide a visual quantification based on distance or speed signals without the need for expensive instruments. In this review, we focus on current developments in gas-propelled biosensors for quantitative analysis. First, we list the types of gas utilized as actuators in biosensors. Second, we review the representative gas-propelled biosensors, including the propulsion mechanisms and fabrication methods. Moreover, gas-propelled quantification based on distance and speed is summarized. Finally, we cover applications and provide a future perspective of gas-propelled biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Liu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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21
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Chandran Mukkattu Kuniyil A, Zavašnik J, Cvejić Ž, Sarang S, Simić M, Srdić VV, Stojanović GM. Performances and Biosensing Mechanisms of Interdigitated Capacitive Sensors Based on the Hetero-mixture of SnO 2 and In 2O 3. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20216323. [PMID: 33171890 PMCID: PMC7664183 DOI: 10.3390/s20216323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to discuss the synthesis and fabrication of SnO2-In2O3-based thick-films and their biosensing applications. The structural characterization of SnO2-In2O3 nanocomposites was performed using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the screen-printing technology was used in the fabrication of conductive electrodes to form an interdigitated capacitive structure, and the sensor layer based on the mixture of SnO2 and In2O3. Moreover, the sensing performance of the developed structure was tested using Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria. In addition, the validation of sensing characteristics was performed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopic and self-resonant frequency analysis. Finally, the sensing properties were analyzed for two consecutive days, and changes in both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus pathogens growing media were also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janez Zavašnik
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Željka Cvejić
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Sohail Sarang
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.S.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Mitar Simić
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.S.); (G.M.S.)
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Banja Luka, Patre 5, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Correspondence:
| | - Vladimir V. Srdić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (A.C.M.K.); (V.V.S.)
| | - Goran M. Stojanović
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.S.); (G.M.S.)
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22
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Cheng WC, Horn T, Zayats M, Rizk G, Major S, Zhu H, Russell J, Xu Z, Rothman RE, Celedon A. Ultra-sensitive and rapid detection of nucleic acids and microorganisms in body fluids using single-molecule tethering. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4774. [PMID: 32963224 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of microbial nucleic acids in body fluids has become the preferred method for rapid diagnosis of many infectious diseases. However, culture-based diagnostics that are time-consuming remain the gold standard approach in certain cases, such as sepsis. New culture-free methods are urgently needed. Here, we describe Single MOLecule Tethering or SMOLT, an amplification-free and purification-free molecular assay that can detect microorganisms in body fluids with high sensitivity without the need of culturing. The signal of SMOLT is generated by the displacement of micron-size beads tethered by DNA probes that are between 1 and 7 microns long. The molecular extension of thousands of DNA probes is determined with sub-micron precision using a robust and rapid optical approach. We demonstrate that SMOLT can detect nucleic acids directly in blood, urine and sputum at sub-femtomolar concentrations, and microorganisms in blood at 1 CFU mL−1 (colony forming unit per milliliter) threefold faster, with higher multiplexing capacity and with a more straight-forward protocol than amplified methodologies. SMOLT’s clinical utility is further demonstrated by developing a multiplex assay for simultaneous detection of sepsis-causing Candida species directly in whole blood. Culture-based diagnostic methods for microorganism detection are time-consuming but still the gold standard for conditions such as sepsis. Here the authors present an amplification and purification-free method to detect microorganisms in bodily fluids with high sensitivity: Single MOLecule Tethering (SMOLT).
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23
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Abstract
We report here a low-cost electrochemical immunoarray with unprecedented sensitivity in the sub-zeptomole range with up to 5 log-decades dynamic range for accurate, multiplexed protein determinations. The microfluidic array features eight carbon sensors coated with a dense layer of 5 nm gold-nanoparticles derivatized with primary antibodies. Analyte proteins are captured by secondary antibody-poly-HPR (horseradish peroxidase) bioconjugates containing 400 HRP enzyme labels, with amplified amperometric peaks developed using H2O2 activator and hydroquinone mediator. Prostate cancer biomarkers prostate specific antigen (PSA), vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D), ETS-related gene protein (ERG), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were measured simultaneously with sub-fg/mL LODs (0.08-0.22 zmol). These proteins were determined in serum of postprostatectomy cancer patients which had much lower levels than prostate cancer patients without surgery. This immunoassay protocol makes thousands of low-abundance proteins accessible to quantitative measurements down to zeptomole levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasangi Dhanapala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Abby L Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Patricia Czarnecki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06232, United States
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 0626, United States
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
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24
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Abstract
Electrochemistry provides possibilities to realize smart microdevices of the next generation with high functionalities. Electrodes, which constitute major components of electrochemical devices, can be formed by various microfabrication techniques, and integration of the same (or different) components for that purpose is not difficult. Merging this technique with microfluidics can further expand the areas of application of the resultant devices. To augment the development of next generation devices, it will be beneficial to review recent technological trends in this field and clarify the directions required for moving forward. Even when limiting the discussion to electrochemical microdevices, a variety of useful techniques should be considered. Therefore, in this review, we attempted to provide an overview of all relevant techniques in this context in the hope that it can provide useful comprehensive information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Sassa
- Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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25
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26
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Wang H, Wang H, Willner I, Wang F. High-performance biosensing based on autonomous enzyme-free DNA circuits. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2020; 378. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-020-0284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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27
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Song Y, Xu T, Xiu J, Zhang X. Mini-pillar microarray for individually electrochemical sensing in microdroplets. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 149:111845. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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McLeod J, Park C, Cunningham A, O'Donnell L, Brown RS, Kelly F, She Z. Developing a toll-like receptor biosensor for Gram-positive bacterial detection and its storage strategies. Analyst 2020; 145:6024-6031. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01050b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Conditions to store toll-like receptor2/6 sensors and use them to detect bacterial analytes, including pathogen-associated molecular patterns and bacterial cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer McLeod
- Department of Chemistry
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
- Beaty Water Research Centre
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Chemistry
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
| | | | - Lynne O'Donnell
- School of Environmental Studies
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
| | - R. Stephen Brown
- Department of Chemistry
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
- Beaty Water Research Centre
| | - Fiona Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Royal Military College of
- Canada
- Kingston
- Canada
| | - Zhe She
- Department of Chemistry
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
- Beaty Water Research Centre
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29
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Holtan MD, Somasundaram S, Khuda N, Easley CJ. Nonfaradaic Current Suppression in DNA-Based Electrochemical Assays with a Differential Potentiostat. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15833-15839. [PMID: 31718147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the key factors limiting sensitivity in many electrochemical assays is the nonfaradaic or capacitive current. This is particularly true in modern assay systems based on DNA monolayers at gold electrode surfaces, which have shown great promise for bioanalysis in complex milieu such as whole blood or serum. While various changes in analytical parameters, redox reporter molecules, DNA structures, probe coverage, and electrode surface area have been shown useful, background reduction by hardware subtraction has not yet been explored for these assays. Here, we introduce new electrochemistry hardware that considerably suppresses nonfaradaic currents through real-time analog subtraction during current-to-voltage conversion in the potentiostat. This differential potentiostat (DiffStat) configuration is shown to suppress or remove capacitance currents in chronoamperometry, cyclic voltammetry, and square-wave voltammetry measurements applied to nucleic acid hybridization assays at the electrode surface. The DiffStat makes larger electrodes and higher sensitivity settings accessible to the user, providing order-of-magnitude improvements in sensitivity, and it also significantly simplifies data processing to extract faradaic currents in square-wave voltammetry (SWV). Because two working electrodes are used for differential measurements, unique arrangements are introduced such as converting signal-OFF assays to signal-ON assays or background drift correction in 50% human serum. Overall, this new potentiostat design should be helpful not only in improving the sensitivity of most electrochemical assays, but it should also better support adaptation of assays to the point-of-care by circumventing complex data processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Holtan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
| | - Subramaniam Somasundaram
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
| | - Niamat Khuda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
| | - Christopher J Easley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
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30
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Xiao M, Zou K, Li L, Wang L, Tian Y, Fan C, Pei H. Stochastic DNA Walkers in Droplets for Super‐Multiplexed Bacterial Phenotype Detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15448-15454. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingshu Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China
| | - Kui Zou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Institute of Molecular MedicineRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yang Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- Department School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Institute of Molecular MedicineRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Hao Pei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China
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31
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Xiao M, Lai W, Man T, Chang B, Li L, Chandrasekaran AR, Pei H. Rationally Engineered Nucleic Acid Architectures for Biosensing Applications. Chem Rev 2019; 119:11631-11717. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingshu Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Man
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Binbin Chang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Arun Richard Chandrasekaran
- The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Hao Pei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
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32
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Xiao M, Zou K, Li L, Wang L, Tian Y, Fan C, Pei H. Stochastic DNA Walkers in Droplets for Super‐Multiplexed Bacterial Phenotype Detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingshu Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China
| | - Kui Zou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Institute of Molecular Medicine Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yang Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- Department School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Institute of Molecular Medicine Renji Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Hao Pei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China
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33
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Zhang Y, Hu A, Andini N, Yang S. A 'culture' shift: Application of molecular techniques for diagnosing polymicrobial infections. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:476-490. [PMID: 30797092 PMCID: PMC6447436 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With the advancement of microbiological discovery, it is evident that many infections, particularly bloodstream infections, are polymicrobial in nature. Consequently, new challenges have emerged in identifying the numerous etiologic organisms in an accurate and timely manner using the current diagnostic standard. Various molecular diagnostic methods have been utilized as an effort to provide a fast and reliable identification in lieu or parallel to the conventional culture-based methods. These technologies are mostly based on nucleic acid, proteins, or physical properties of the pathogens with differing advantages and limitations. This review evaluates the different molecular methods and technologies currently available to diagnose polymicrobial infections, which will help determine the most appropriate option for future diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Anne Hu
- Emergency Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Nadya Andini
- Emergency Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Samuel Yang
- Emergency Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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34
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Nemr CR, Smith SJ, Liu W, Mepham AH, Mohamadi RM, Labib M, Kelley SO. Nanoparticle-Mediated Capture and Electrochemical Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2847-2853. [PMID: 30676721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses a global threat to public health. Conventional bacterial detection and identification methods often require pre-enrichment and/or sample preprocessing and purification steps that can prolong diagnosis by days. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most widespread antibiotic-resistant bacteria and is the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. Here, we have developed a method to specifically capture and detect MRSA directly from patient nasal swabs with no prior culture and minimal processing steps using a microfluidic device and antibody-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. Bacteria are captured based on antibody recognition of a membrane-bound protein marker that confers β-lactam antibiotic resistance. MRSA identification is then achieved by the use of a strain-specific antibody functionalized with alkaline phosphatase for electrochemical detection. This approach ensures that only those bacteria of the target strain and resistance profile are measured. The method has a limit of detection of 845 CFU/mL and excellent discrimination against high concentrations of common nontarget nasal flora with a turnaround time of under 4.5 h. This detection method was successfully validated using clinical nasal swab specimens ( n = 30) and has the potential to be tailored to various bacterial targets.
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35
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Seo D, Lim SY, Lee J, Yun J, Chung TD. Robust and High Spatial Resolution Light Addressable Electrochemistry Using Hematite (α-Fe 2O 3) Photoanodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:33662-33668. [PMID: 30230316 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Light addressable/activated electrochemistry (LAE) has recently attracted attention as it can provide spatially resolved electrochemical information without using pre-patterned electrodes whose sizes and positions are unchangeable. Here, we propose hematite (α-Fe2O3) as the photoanode for LAE, which does not require any sort of surface modification for protection or facilitating charge transfer. As experimentally confirmed with various redox species, hematite is stable enough to be used for repetitive electroanalytical measurements. More importantly, it offers exceptionally high spatial resolution so that the "virtual electrode" is exactly as large as the light spot owing to the short diffusion length of the minority carriers. Quantitative analysis of dopamine in this study shows that the hematite-based photoanode is a promising platform for many potential LAE applications including spatially selective detection of oxidizable biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daye Seo
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Sung Yul Lim
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Jihye Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Jeongse Yun
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Taek Dong Chung
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology , Suwon-si , Gyeonggi-do 16229 , Korea
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36
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Kuss S, Amin HMA, Compton RG. Electrochemical Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria-Recent Strategies, Advances and Challenges. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:2758-2769. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Kuss
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Hatem M. A. Amin
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Richard G. Compton
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
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37
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Wu D, Rios-Aguirre D, Chounlakone M, Camacho-Leon S, Voldman J. Sequentially multiplexed amperometry for electrochemical biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 117:522-9. [PMID: 29982123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiplexed electrochemical biosensors are intriguing due to their capability to permit high-throughput and low-cost assays. While commercial single-chip potentiostats are one promising approach for rapidly prototyping portable and low-cost electrochemical biosensors, it is still challenging to utilize them to achieve parallel multiplexing due to the limited resources integrated onto the chips. In this paper, we provide a methodology for incorporating multiplexing into commercial single-chip potentiostats by using a sequential architecture. In the sequential architecture, the multiplexed biosensors are interfaced to the single-chip potentiostat via single-pole single-throw switches, and the measurements alternate across the sensors. We build analytical and finite element models to investigate the behavior of the sensors, particularly when they are disconnected from the potentiostat, and find that we can take advantage of the dynamics of the sensors to achieve improved sensitivity over conventional chronoamperometry. We also investigate and compare different strategies to interface the multiplexed sensors to the single-chip potentiostat. Using the proposed multiplexing architecture, we demonstrate the implementation of 16-fold multiplexed amperometry, which is validated using ferricyanide measurement. Finally, the sequential multiplexing methodology is applied to a multiplexed bead-based electronic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of human interleukin-6.
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38
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Abstract
Biosensors represent biomimetic analytical tools for addressing increasing needs in medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, security, and biodefense. Nevertheless, widespread real-world applications of biosensors remain challenging due to limitations of performance, including sensitivity, specificity, speed, and reproducibility. In this review, we present a DNA nanotechnology-enabled interfacial engineering approach for improving the performance of biosensors. We first introduce the main challenges of the biosensing interfaces, especially under the context of controlling the DNA interfacial assembly. We then summarize recent progress in DNA nanotechnology and efforts to harness DNA nanostructures to engineer various biological interfaces, with a particular focus on the use of framework nucleic acids. We also discuss the implementation of biosensors to detect physiologically relevant nucleic acids, proteins, small molecules, ions, and other biomarkers. This review highlights promising applications of DNA nanotechnology in interfacial engineering for biosensors and related areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekai Ye
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolei Zuo
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China;
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Schools of Medicine and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China;
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39
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Xiong Q, Lim CY, Ren J, Zhou J, Pu K, Chan-Park MB, Mao H, Lam YC, Duan H. Magnetic nanochain integrated microfluidic biochips. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1743. [PMID: 29717124 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic biochips hold great potential for liquid analysis in biomedical research and clinical diagnosis. However, the lack of integrated on-chip liquid mixing, bioseparation and signal transduction presents a major challenge in achieving rapid, ultrasensitive bioanalysis in simple microfluidic configurations. Here we report magnetic nanochain integrated microfluidic chip built upon the synergistic functions of the nanochains as nanoscale stir bars for rapid liquid mixing and as capturing agents for specific bioseparation. The use of magnetic nanochains enables a simple planar design of the microchip consisting of flat channels free of common built-in components, such as liquid mixers and surface-anchored sensing elements. The microfluidic assay, using surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanoprobes for signal transduction, allows for streamlined parallel analysis of multiple specimens with greatly improved assay kinetics and delivers ultrasensitive identification and quantification of a panel of cancer protein biomarkers and bacterial species in 1 μl of body fluids within 8 min. Microfluidic platforms are an attractive setup for performing clinical tests but integrated liquid mixing and bioseparation is difficult at small scales. Here Xiong et al. propose magnetic nanochains which can stir the solution and capture agents and thus enable liquid analysis in a short amount of time.
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40
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Dai J, Duan Z, Cao M, Hao M, He H, Xiao D. Rapid DNA detection based on self-replicating catalyzed hairpin assembly using nucleotide base analog pyrrolo-deoxycytidine as fluorophore. Talanta 2018; 181:142-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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41
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Abi A, Mohammadpour Z, Zuo X, Safavi A. Nucleic acid-based electrochemical nanobiosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 102:479-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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42
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Zhou Y, Wang Y, Wang X, Lu J. Polystyrene Microspheres Coupled with Hybridization Chain Reaction for Dual-Amplified Chemiluminescence Detection of Specific DNA Sequences. J Anal Test 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-017-0042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyuan Dai
- College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hongfei He
- College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhijuan Duan
- College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yong Guo
- College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Dan Xiao
- College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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44
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Abstract
The concept of personalised diagnostics is to direct accurate clinical decisions based on an individual's unique disease molecular profile. Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) systems are prime personalised diagnostics examples which seek to perform an entire sample-to-outcome detection of disease nucleic acid (NA) biomarkers on a single miniaturised platform with minimal user handling. Despite the great potential of LOC devices in providing rapid, portable, and inexpensive personalised diagnosis at the point-of-care (POC), the translation of this technology into widespread use has still been hampered by the need for sophisticated and complex engineering. As an alternative miniaturised diagnostics platform free of precision fabrication, there have been recent developments towards a solution-based lab-in-a-drop (LID) system by which an entire laboratory-based diagnostics workflow could be downscaled and integrated within a singular fluid droplet for POC detection of NA biomarkers. In contrast to existing excellent reviews on miniaturised LOC fabrication and individual steps of NA biomarker sensing, we herein focus on miniaturised solution-based NA biosensing strategies suited for integrated LID personalised diagnostics development. In this review, we first evaluate the three fundamental bioassay steps for miniaturised NA biomarker detection: crude sample preparation, isothermal target amplification, and detection readout of amplicons. Then, we provide insights into research advancements towards a functional LID system which integrates all three of the above-mentioned fundamental steps. Finally, we discuss perspectives and future directions of LID diagnostic platforms in personalised medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Koo
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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45
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Li Y, Yang X, Zhao W. Emerging Microtechnologies and Automated Systems for Rapid Bacterial Identification and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing. SLAS Technol 2017; 22:585-608. [PMID: 28850804 DOI: 10.1177/2472630317727519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Rapid bacterial identification (ID) and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) are in great demand due to the rise of drug-resistant bacteria. Conventional culture-based AST methods suffer from a long turnaround time. By necessity, physicians often have to treat patients empirically with antibiotics, which has led to an inappropriate use of antibiotics, an elevated mortality rate and healthcare costs, and antibiotic resistance. Recent advances in miniaturization and automation provide promising solutions for rapid bacterial ID/AST profiling, which will potentially make a significant impact in the clinical management of infectious diseases and antibiotic stewardship in the coming years. In this review, we summarize and analyze representative emerging micro- and nanotechnologies, as well as automated systems for bacterial ID/AST, including both phenotypic (e.g., microfluidic-based bacterial culture, and digital imaging of single cells) and molecular (e.g., multiplex PCR, hybridization probes, nanoparticles, synthetic biology tools, mass spectrometry, and sequencing technologies) methods. We also discuss representative point-of-care (POC) systems that integrate sample processing, fluid handling, and detection for rapid bacterial ID/AST. Finally, we highlight major remaining challenges and discuss potential future endeavors toward improving clinical outcomes with rapid bacterial ID/AST technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Li
- 1 Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,7 Department of Physics and Engineering, Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Weian Zhao
- 1 Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,6 Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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46
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Kuo CT, Peng HS, Rong Y, Yu J, Sun W, Fujimoto B, Chiu DT. Optically Encoded Semiconducting Polymer Dots with Single-Wavelength Excitation for Barcoding and Tracking of Single Cells. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6232-6238. [PMID: 28499337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiplexed optical encoding is emerging as a powerful technique for high-throughput cellular analysis and molecular assays. Most of the developed optical barcodes, however, either suffer from large particle size or are incompatible with most commercial optical instruments. Here, a new type of nanoscale fluorescent barcode (Pdot barcodes) was prepared from semiconducting polymers. The Pdot barcodes possess the merits of small size (∼20 nm in diameter), narrow emission bands (full-width-at-half-maximum (fwhm) of 30-40 nm), three-color emissions (blue, green, and red) under single-wavelength excitation, a high brightness, good pH and thermal stability, and efficient cellular uptake. The Pdot barcodes were prepared using a three-color and six-intensity encoding strategy; for ratiometric readout of the barcodes, one of the colors might be used as an internal reference. We used the Pdot barcodes to label 20 sets of cancer cells and then distinguished and identified each set based on the Pdot barcodes using flow cytometry. We also monitored and tracked single cells labeled with different Pdot barcodes, even through rounds of cell division. These results suggest Pdot barcodes are strong candidates for discriminating different labeled cell and for long-term cell tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ting Kuo
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Hong-Shang Peng
- College of Science, Minzu University of China , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yu Rong
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jiangbo Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Bryant Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Daniel T Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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47
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Zhang H, Oellers T, Feng W, Abdulazim T, Saw EN, Ludwig A, Levkin PA, Plumeré N. High-Density Droplet Microarray of Individually Addressable Electrochemical Cells. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5832-5839. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhang
- Center
for Electrochemical Sciences—CES, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Tobias Oellers
- Chair
of MEMS Materials, Institute for Materials, Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wenqian Feng
- Institute
of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tarik Abdulazim
- Center
for Electrochemical Sciences—CES, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - En Ning Saw
- Center
for Electrochemical Sciences—CES, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Alfred Ludwig
- Chair
of MEMS Materials, Institute for Materials, Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Pavel A. Levkin
- Institute
of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicolas Plumeré
- Center
for Electrochemical Sciences—CES, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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48
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Sharafeldin M, Bishop GW, Bhakta S, El-Sawy A, Suib SL, Rusling JF. Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles on graphene oxide sheets for isolation and ultrasensitive amperometric detection of cancer biomarker proteins. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 91:359-366. [PMID: 28056439 PMCID: PMC5323322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasensitive mediator-free electrochemical detection for biomarker proteins was achieved at low cost using a novel composite of Fe3O4 nanoparticles loaded onto graphene oxide (GO) nano-sheets (Fe3O4@GO). This paramagnetic Fe3O4@GO composite (1µm size range) was decorated with antibodies against prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), and then used to first capture these biomarkers and then deliver them to an 8-sensor detection chamber of a microfluidic immunoarray. Screen-printed carbon sensors coated with electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) and a second set of antibodies selectively capture the biomarker-laden Fe3O4@GO particles, which subsequently catalyze hydrogen peroxide reduction to detect PSA and PSMA. Accuracy was confirmed by good correlation between patient serum assays and enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assays (ELISA). Excellent detection limits (LOD) of 15 fg/mL for PSA and 4.8 fg/mL for PSMA were achieved in serum. The LOD for PSA was 1000-fold better than the only previous report of PSA detection using Fe3O4. Dynamic ranges were easily tunable for concentration ranges encountered in serum samples by adjusting the Fe3O4@GO Concentration. Reagent cost was only $0.85 for a single 2-protein assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sharafeldin
- Department of Chemistry (U-3060), University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zakazik, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Gregory W Bishop
- Department of Chemistry (U-3060), University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Snehasis Bhakta
- Department of Chemistry (U-3060), University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Abdelhamid El-Sawy
- Department of Chemistry (U-3060), University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Steven L Suib
- Department of Chemistry (U-3060), University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry (U-3060), University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
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49
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Wang Y, Zhang L, Shen L, Ge S, Yu J, Yan M. Electrochemiluminescence DNA biosensor based on the use of gold nanoparticle modified graphite-like carbon nitride. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2234-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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50
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Abstract
Diagnosing disease at the molecular level rapidly and with a high level of sensitivity and specificity is a critical capability for modern medicine. Rapid detection of small numbers of biomarkers of early disease in complex, heterogeneous clinical specimens represents a Holy Grail that will have a significant impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana O. Kelley
- Departments of Chemistry,
Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Institute for Biomaterials
and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3M2
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