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Kambakamba P, Schneider MA, Linecker M, Kirimker EO, Moeckli B, Graf R, Reiner CS, Nguyen-Kim TDL, Kologlu M, Karayalcin K, Clavien PA, Balci D, Petrowsky H. Early Postoperative Serum Phosphate Drop Predicts Sufficient Hypertrophy After Liver Surgery. Ann Surg 2023; 278:763-771. [PMID: 37465990 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000006013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the impact of postoperative hypophosphatemia on liver regeneration after major liver surgery in the scenario of Associating Liver Partition with Portal vein ligation for Staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) and living liver donation (LLD). BACKGROUND Hypophosphatemia has been described to reflect the metabolic demands of regenerating hepatocytes. Both ALPPS and LLD are characterized by an exceptionally strong liver regeneration and may be of particular interest in the context of posthepatectomy hypophosphatemia. METHODS Serum phosphate changes within the first 7 postoperative days after ALPPS (n=61) and LLD (n=54) were prospectively assessed and correlated with standardized volumetry after 1 week. In a translational approach, postoperative phosphate changes were investigated in mice and in vitro . RESULTS After ALPPS stage 1 and LLD, serum phosphate levels significantly dropped from a preoperative median of 1.08 mmol/L [interquartile range (IQR) 0.92-1.23] and 1.07 mmol/L (IQR 0.91-1.21) to a postoperative median nadir of 0.68 and 0.52 mmol/L, respectively. A pronounced phosphate drop correlated well with increased liver hypertrophy ( P <0.001). Patients with a low drop of phosphate showed a higher incidence of posthepatectomy liver failure after ALPPS (7% vs 31%, P =0.041). Like in humans, phosphate drop correlated significantly with degree of hypertrophy in murine ALPPS and hepatectomy models ( P <0.001). Blocking phosphate transporter (Slc20a1) inhibited cellular phosphate uptake and hepatocyte proliferation in vitro. CONCLUSION Phosphate drop after hepatectomy is a direct surrogate marker for liver hypertrophy. Perioperative implementation of serum phosphate analysis has the potential to detect patients with insufficient regenerative capacity at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Kambakamba
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Hepatobiliary Group, St. Vincents's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Marcel A Schneider
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Linecker
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elvan Onur Kirimker
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Beat Moeckli
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Graf
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cäcilia S Reiner
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Meltem Kologlu
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kaan Karayalcin
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pierre-Alain Clavien
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Deniz Balci
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Surgery and Solid Organ Transplantation, Bahcesehir University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Henrik Petrowsky
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Ietto G, Iori V, Gritti M, Inversini D, Costantino A, Izunza Barba S, Jiang ZG, Carcano G, Dalla Gasperina D, Pettinato G. Multicellular Liver Organoids: Generation and Importance of Diverse Specialized Cellular Components. Cells 2023; 12:1429. [PMID: 37408262 PMCID: PMC10217024 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 40,000 patients in the United States are estimated to suffer from end-stage liver disease and acute hepatic failure, for which liver transplantation is the only available therapy. Human primary hepatocytes (HPH) have not been employed as a therapeutic tool due to the difficulty in growing and expanding them in vitro, their sensitivity to cold temperatures, and tendency to dedifferentiate following two-dimensional culture. The differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into liver organoids (LO) has emerged as a potential alternative to orthotropic liver transplantation (OLT). However, several factors limit the efficiency of liver differentiation from hiPSCs, including a low proportion of differentiated cells capable of reaching a mature phenotype, the poor reproducibility of existing differentiation protocols, and insufficient long-term viability in vitro and in vivo. This review will analyze various methodologies being developed to improve hepatic differentiation from hiPSCs into liver organoids, paying particular attention to the use of endothelial cells as supportive cells for their further maturation. Here, we demonstrate why differentiated liver organoids can be used as a research tool for drug testing and disease modeling, or employed as a bridge for liver transplantation following liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ietto
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Valentina Iori
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Mattia Gritti
- Department of General Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Inversini
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Angelita Costantino
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Sofia Izunza Barba
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Z. Gordon Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Giulio Carcano
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Daniela Dalla Gasperina
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pettinato
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Huang YL, De Gregorio C, Silva V, Elorza ÁA, Léniz P, Aliaga-Tobar V, Maracaja-Coutinho V, Budini M, Ezquer F, Ezquer M. Administration of Secretome Derived from Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induces Hepatoprotective Effects in Models of Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury Caused by Amiodarone or Tamoxifen. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040636. [PMID: 36831304 PMCID: PMC9954258 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the leading causes of acute liver injury. While many factors may contribute to the susceptibility to DILI, obese patients with hepatic steatosis are particularly prone to suffer DILI. The secretome derived from mesenchymal stem cell has been shown to have hepatoprotective effects in diverse in vitro and in vivo models. In this study, we evaluate whether MSC secretome could improve DILI mediated by amiodarone (AMI) or tamoxifen (TMX). Hepatic HepG2 and HepaRG cells were incubated with AMI or TMX, alone or with the secretome of MSCs obtained from human adipose tissue. These studies demonstrate that coincubation of AMI or TMX with MSC secretome increases cell viability, prevents the activation of apoptosis pathways, and stimulates the expression of priming phase genes, leading to higher proliferation rates. As proof of concept, in a C57BL/6 mouse model of hepatic steatosis and chronic exposure to AMI, the MSC secretome was administered endovenously. In this study, liver injury was significantly attenuated, with a decrease in cell infiltration and stimulation of the regenerative response. The present results indicate that MSC secretome administration has the potential to be an adjunctive cell-free therapy to prevent liver failure derived from DILI caused by TMX or AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lin Huang
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Cristian De Gregorio
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Verónica Silva
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Álvaro A. Elorza
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Patricio Léniz
- Unidad de Cirugía Plástica, Reparadora y Estética, Clínica Alemana, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Víctor Aliaga-Tobar
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile
- Centro de Modelamiento Molecular, Biofísica y Bioinformática (CM2B2), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 7610658, Chile
| | - Vinicius Maracaja-Coutinho
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile
- Centro de Modelamiento Molecular, Biofísica y Bioinformática (CM2B2), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Mauricio Budini
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Fernando Ezquer
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
- Correspondence: (F.E.); (M.E.); Tel.: +56-990-699-272 (F.E.); +56-976-629-880 (M.E.)
| | - Marcelo Ezquer
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
- Correspondence: (F.E.); (M.E.); Tel.: +56-990-699-272 (F.E.); +56-976-629-880 (M.E.)
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Reusswig F, Fazel Modares N, Brechtenkamp M, Wienands L, Krüger I, Behnke K, Lee‐Sundlov MM, Herebian D, Scheller J, Hoffmeister KM, Häussinger D, Elvers M. Efficiently Restored Thrombopoietin Production by Ashwell-Morell Receptor and IL-6R Induced Janus Kinase 2/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Signaling Early After Partial Hepatectomy. Hepatology 2021; 74:411-427. [PMID: 33369745 PMCID: PMC8236498 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Thrombocytopenia has been described in most patients with acute and chronic liver failure. Decreased platelet production and decreased half-life of platelets might be a consequence of low levels of thrombopoietin (TPO) in these patients. Platelet production is tightly regulated to avoid bleeding complications after vessel injury and can be enhanced under elevated platelet destruction as observed in liver disease. Thrombopoietin (TPO) is the primary regulator of platelet biogenesis and supports proliferation and differentiation of megakaryocytes. APPROACH AND RESULTS Recent work provided evidence for the control of TPO mRNA expression in liver and bone marrow (BM) by scanning circulating platelets. The Ashwell-Morell receptor (AMR) was identified to bind desialylated platelets to regulate hepatic thrombopoietin (TPO) production by Janus kinase (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) activation. Two-thirds partial hepatectomy (PHx) was performed in mice. Platelet activation and clearance by AMR/JAK2/STAT3 signaling and TPO production were analyzed at different time points after PHx. Here, we demonstrate that PHx in mice led to thrombocytopenia and platelet activation defects leading to bleeding complications, but unaltered arterial thrombosis, in these mice. Platelet counts were rapidly restored by up-regulation and crosstalk of the AMR and the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) to induce JAK2-STAT3-TPO activation in the liver, accompanied by an increased number of megakaryocytes in spleen and BM before liver was completely regenerated. CONCLUSIONS The AMR/IL-6R-STAT3-TPO signaling pathway is an acute-phase response to liver injury to reconstitute hemostasis. Bleeding complications were attributable to thrombocytopenia and platelet defects induced by elevated PGI2 , NO, and bile acid plasma levels early after PHx that might also be causative for the high mortality in patients with liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Reusswig
- Clinic of Vascular and Endovascular SurgeryMedical Faculty and University HospitalDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Nastaran Fazel Modares
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Marius Brechtenkamp
- Clinic of Vascular and Endovascular SurgeryMedical Faculty and University HospitalDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Leonard Wienands
- Clinic of Vascular and Endovascular SurgeryMedical Faculty and University HospitalDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Irena Krüger
- Clinic of Vascular and Endovascular SurgeryMedical Faculty and University HospitalDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Kristina Behnke
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | | | - Diran Herebian
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric CardiologyMedical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine‐UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | | | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious DiseasesMedical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine‐UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Margitta Elvers
- Clinic of Vascular and Endovascular SurgeryMedical Faculty and University HospitalDüsseldorfGermany
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Lee KS, Santagostino SF, Li D, Ramjit A, Serrano K, Ginsberg MD, Ding BS, Rafii S, Madoff DC. Catheter-directed Intraportal Delivery of Endothelial Cell Therapy for Liver Regeneration: A Feasibility Study in a Large-Animal Model of Cirrhosis. Radiology 2017; 285:114-123. [PMID: 28498793 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2017162617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To demonstrate the feasibility of imaging-guided catheter-directed delivery of endothelial cell therapy in a porcine model of cirrhosis for liver regeneration. Materials and Methods After approval from the institutional animal care and use committee, autologous liver endothelial cells were grown from core hepatic specimens from swine. Cirrhosis was induced in swine by means of transcatheter infusion of ethanol and iodized oil into the hepatic artery. Three weeks after induction of cirrhosis, the swine were randomly assigned to receive autologous cell therapy (endothelial cells, n = 4) or control treatment (phosphate-buffered saline, n = 4) by means of imaging-guided transhepatic intraportal catheterization. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis was performed on biopsy samples 1 hour after therapy. Three weeks after intraportal delivery of endothelial cells, the swine were euthanized and the explanted liver underwent quantitative pathologic examination. Statistical analysis was performed with an unpaired t test by using unequal variance. Results Liver endothelial cells were successfully isolated, cultured, and expanded from eight 20-mm, 18-gauge hepatic core samples to 50 × 106 autologous cells per pig. Intraportal delivery of endothelial cell therapy or saline was technically successful in all eight swine, with no complications. Endothelial cells were present in the liver for a minimum of 1 hour after intraportal infusion. Swine treated with endothelial cell therapy showed mean levels of surrogate markers of hepatobiliary injury that were consistent with decreases in hepatic fibrosis and biliary ductal damage relative to the control animals, although statistical significance was not met in this pilot study: The mean percentage of positive pixels at Masson trichrome staining was 7.28% vs 5.57%, respectively (P = .20), the mean proliferation index with cytokeratin wide-spectrum was 2.55 vs 1.13 (P = .06), and the mean proliferation index with Ki67 was 7.08 vs 4.96 (P = .14). Conclusion The results confirm the feasibility of imaging-guided catheter-directed endothelial cell therapy with an intraportal technique for the treatment of cirrhosis in a porcine model. A trend toward decreased liver fibrosis with endothelial cell therapy was observed. Larger animal studies and human studies are necessary to confirm significance. © RSNA, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmouk Steve Lee
- From the Department of Radiology (K.S.L., D.L., A.R., K.S., D.C.M.), Laboratory of Comparative Pathology (S.F.S.), and Department of Genetic Medicine (B.S.D., S.R.), Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 E 68th St, Payson Pavilion 5, New York, NY 10065; and Angiocrine Bioscience, San Diego, Calif (M.D.G.)
| | - Sara F Santagostino
- From the Department of Radiology (K.S.L., D.L., A.R., K.S., D.C.M.), Laboratory of Comparative Pathology (S.F.S.), and Department of Genetic Medicine (B.S.D., S.R.), Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 E 68th St, Payson Pavilion 5, New York, NY 10065; and Angiocrine Bioscience, San Diego, Calif (M.D.G.)
| | - David Li
- From the Department of Radiology (K.S.L., D.L., A.R., K.S., D.C.M.), Laboratory of Comparative Pathology (S.F.S.), and Department of Genetic Medicine (B.S.D., S.R.), Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 E 68th St, Payson Pavilion 5, New York, NY 10065; and Angiocrine Bioscience, San Diego, Calif (M.D.G.)
| | - Amit Ramjit
- From the Department of Radiology (K.S.L., D.L., A.R., K.S., D.C.M.), Laboratory of Comparative Pathology (S.F.S.), and Department of Genetic Medicine (B.S.D., S.R.), Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 E 68th St, Payson Pavilion 5, New York, NY 10065; and Angiocrine Bioscience, San Diego, Calif (M.D.G.)
| | - Kenneth Serrano
- From the Department of Radiology (K.S.L., D.L., A.R., K.S., D.C.M.), Laboratory of Comparative Pathology (S.F.S.), and Department of Genetic Medicine (B.S.D., S.R.), Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 E 68th St, Payson Pavilion 5, New York, NY 10065; and Angiocrine Bioscience, San Diego, Calif (M.D.G.)
| | - Michael D Ginsberg
- From the Department of Radiology (K.S.L., D.L., A.R., K.S., D.C.M.), Laboratory of Comparative Pathology (S.F.S.), and Department of Genetic Medicine (B.S.D., S.R.), Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 E 68th St, Payson Pavilion 5, New York, NY 10065; and Angiocrine Bioscience, San Diego, Calif (M.D.G.)
| | - Bi-Sen Ding
- From the Department of Radiology (K.S.L., D.L., A.R., K.S., D.C.M.), Laboratory of Comparative Pathology (S.F.S.), and Department of Genetic Medicine (B.S.D., S.R.), Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 E 68th St, Payson Pavilion 5, New York, NY 10065; and Angiocrine Bioscience, San Diego, Calif (M.D.G.)
| | - Shahin Rafii
- From the Department of Radiology (K.S.L., D.L., A.R., K.S., D.C.M.), Laboratory of Comparative Pathology (S.F.S.), and Department of Genetic Medicine (B.S.D., S.R.), Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 E 68th St, Payson Pavilion 5, New York, NY 10065; and Angiocrine Bioscience, San Diego, Calif (M.D.G.)
| | - David C Madoff
- From the Department of Radiology (K.S.L., D.L., A.R., K.S., D.C.M.), Laboratory of Comparative Pathology (S.F.S.), and Department of Genetic Medicine (B.S.D., S.R.), Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 E 68th St, Payson Pavilion 5, New York, NY 10065; and Angiocrine Bioscience, San Diego, Calif (M.D.G.)
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Anantha RV, Shaler CR, Meilleur CE, Parfitt J, Haeryfar SMM, Hernandez-Alejandro R. The Future Liver Remnant in Patients Undergoing the Associating Liver Partition with Portal Vein Ligation for Staged Hepatectomy (ALPPS) Maintains the Immunological Components of a Healthy Organ. Front Med (Lausanne) 2016; 3:32. [PMID: 27556025 PMCID: PMC4972819 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2016.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims A short-interval, two-stage approach termed associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) increases the number of patients with extensive malignant disease of the liver and a small future liver remnant (FLR) that can undergo liver resection. While this approach results in accelerated liver hypertrophy of the FLR, it remains unknown whether this phenomenon is restricted to liver parenchymal cells. In the current study, we evaluated whether ALPPS alters the immunological composition of the deportalized lobe (DL) and the FLR. Methods In this prospective, single-center study, liver tissue from the DL and the FLR were collected intra-operatively from adult patients undergoing ALPPS for their liver metastases. The extent of hypertrophy of the FLR was determined by volumetric helical computed tomography. Flow cytometry and histological analyses were conducted on liver tissues to compare the frequency of several immune cell subsets, and the architecture of the liver parenchyma between both stages of ALPPS. Results A total of 12 patients completed the study. Histologically, we observed a patchy peri-portal infiltration of lymphocytes within the DL, and a significant widening of the liver cords within the FLR. Within the DL, there was a significantly higher proportion of B cells and CD4+ T cells as well innate-like lymphocytes, namely mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and natural killer T (NKT) cells following ALPPS. In contrast, the frequency of all evaluated immune cell types remained relatively constant in the FLR. Conclusion Our results provide the first description of the immunological composition of the human liver following ALPPS. We show that following the ALPPS procedure, while the immune composition of the FLR remains relatively unchanged, there is a moderate increase in several immune cell populations in DL. Overall, our results support the continued utilization of the ALPPS procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Venkatesh Anantha
- Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher Ryan Shaler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University , London, ON , Canada
| | - Courtney Erin Meilleur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University , London, ON , Canada
| | - Jeremy Parfitt
- Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University , London, ON , Canada
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Roberto Hernandez-Alejandro
- Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Division of Transplantation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Zhang S, Li TS, Soyama A, Tanaka T, Yan C, Sakai Y, Hidaka M, Kinoshita A, Natsuda K, Fujii M, Kugiyama T, Baimakhanov Z, Kuroki T, Gu W, Eguchi S. Up-regulated extracellular matrix components and inflammatory chemokines may impair the regeneration of cholestatic liver. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26540. [PMID: 27226149 DOI: 10.1038/srep26540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the healthy liver is known to have high regenerative potential, poor liver regeneration under pathological conditions remains a substantial problem. We investigated the key molecules that impair the regeneration of cholestatic liver. C57BL/6 mice were randomly subjected to partial hepatectomy and bile duct ligation (PH+BDL group, n = 16), partial hepatectomy only (PH group, n = 16), or sham operation (Sham group, n = 16). The liver sizes and histological findings were similar in the PH and sham groups 14 days after operation. However, compared with those in the sham group, the livers in mice in the PH+BDL group had a smaller size, a lower cell proliferative activity, and more fibrotic tissue 14 days after the operation, suggesting the insufficient regeneration of the cholestatic liver. Pathway-focused array analysis showed that many genes were up- or down-regulated over 1.5-fold in both PH+BDL and PH groups at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after treatment. Interestingly, more genes that were functionally related to the extracellular matrix and inflammatory chemokines were found in the PH+BDL group than in the PH group at 7 and 14 days after treatment. Our data suggest that up-regulated extracellular matrix components and inflammatory chemokines may impair the regeneration of cholestatic liver.
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Abstract
Endothelial cells that line capillaries are not just passive conduits for delivering blood. Tissue-specific endothelium establishes specialized vascular niches that deploy sets of growth factors, known as angiocrine factors. These cues participate actively in the induction, specification, patterning and guidance of organ regeneration, as well as in the maintainance of homeostasis and metabolism. When upregulated following injury, they orchestrate self-renewal and differentiation of tissue-specific resident stem and progenitor cells into functional organs. Uncovering the mechanisms by which organotypic endothelium distributes physiological levels of angiocrine factors both spatially and temporally will lay the foundation for clinical trials that promote organ repair without scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Rafii
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jason M Butler
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Bi-Sen Ding
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Abstract
In the past, philosophers, scientists, and even the general opinion, had no problem in accepting the existence of consciousness in the same way as the existence of the physical world. After the advent of Newtonian mechanics, science embraced a complete materialistic conception about reality. Scientists started proposing hypotheses like abiogenesis (origin of first life from accumulation of atoms and molecules) and the Big Bang theory (the explosion theory for explaining the origin of universe). How the universe came to be what it is now is a key philosophical question. The hypothesis that it came from Nothing (as proposed by Stephen Hawking, among others), proves to be dissembling, since the quantum vacuum can hardly be considered a void. In modern science, it is generally assumed that matter existed before the universe came to be. Modern science hypothesizes that the manifestation of life on Earth is nothing but a mere increment in the complexity of matter — and hence is an outcome of evolution of matter (chemical evolution) following the Big Bang. After the manifestation of life, modern science believed that chemical evolution transformed itself into biological evolution, which then had caused the entire biodiversity on our planet. The ontological view of the organism as a complex machine presumes life as just a chance occurrence, without any inner purpose. This approach in science leaves no room for the subjective aspect of consciousness in its attempt to know the world as the relationships among forces, atoms, and molecules. On the other hand, the Vedāntic view states that the origin of everything material and nonmaterial is sentient and absolute (unconditioned). Thus, sentient life is primitive and reproductive of itself – omne vivum ex vivo – life comes from life. This is the scientifically verified law of experience. Life is essentially cognitive and conscious. And, consciousness, which is fundamental, manifests itself in the gradational forms of all sentient and insentient nature. In contrast to the idea of objective evolution of bodies, as envisioned by Darwin and followers, Vedānta advocates the idea of subjective evolution of consciousness as the developing principle of the world. In this paper, an attempt has been made to highlight a few relevant developments supporting a sentient view of life in scientific research, which has caused a paradigm shift in our understanding of life and its origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti Niskama Shanta
- Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Institute; Govinda Shetty Palya, Konappana Agrahara; Electronic City , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Abstract
Neil Theise speaks to Georgia Patey, Commissioning Editor: Neil Theise is a diagnostic liver pathologist, adult stem cell researcher and complexity theorist in New York City, where he is a Professor of Pathology at the Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center of Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. He received his medical degree from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, where he also received his training in Anatomic Pathology. Subspecialty training was pursued in gastrointestinal (NYU), liver (Royal Free Hospital) and liver transplant (Mount Sinai, NYC) pathology. His earliest research focus was on defining the premalignant dysplastic nodules in human chronic liver disease. He revised understandings of human liver microanatomy, which in turn, led directly to identification of possible liver stem cell niches and the marrow-to-liver regeneration pathway. He is considered a pioneer of multiorgan adult stem cell plasticity. His publications on these topics in model systems and human liver stem cells have been highlighted on a record five covers of Hepatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Theise
- Departments of Pathology & Medicine (Division of Digestive Diseases), Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, First Avenue at 16th Street, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Weng HL, Cai X, Yuan X, Liebe R, Dooley S, Li H, Wang TL. Two sides of one coin: massive hepatic necrosis and progenitor cell-mediated regeneration in acute liver failure. Front Physiol 2015; 6:178. [PMID: 26136687 PMCID: PMC4468385 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Massive hepatic necrosis is a key event underlying acute liver failure, a serious clinical syndrome with high mortality. Massive hepatic necrosis in acute liver failure has unique pathophysiological characteristics including extremely rapid parenchymal cell death and removal. On the other hand, massive necrosis rapidly induces the activation of liver progenitor cells, the so-called "second pathway of liver regeneration." The final clinical outcome of acute liver failure depends on whether liver progenitor cell-mediated regeneration can efficiently restore parenchymal mass and function within a short time. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding massive hepatic necrosis and liver progenitor cell-mediated regeneration in patients with acute liver failure, the two sides of one coin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lei Weng
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Xiaobo Cai
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Xiaodong Yuan
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Roman Liebe
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Hospital Homburg, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hai Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Tai-Ling Wang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing China-Japan Friendship Hospital Beijing, China
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