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Saviana M, Le P, Micalo L, Del Valle-Morales D, Romano G, Acunzo M, Li H, Nana-Sinkam P. Crosstalk between miRNAs and DNA Methylation in Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051075. [PMID: 37239435 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
miRNAs are some of the most well-characterized regulators of gene expression. Integral to several physiological processes, their aberrant expression often drives the pathogenesis of both benign and malignant diseases. Similarly, DNA methylation represents an epigenetic modification influencing transcription and playing a critical role in silencing numerous genes. The silencing of tumor suppressor genes through DNA methylation has been reported in many types of cancer and is associated with tumor development and progression. A growing body of literature has described the crosstalk between DNA methylation and miRNAs as an additional layer in the regulation of gene expression. Methylation in miRNA promoter regions inhibits its transcription, while miRNAs can target transcripts and subsequently regulate the proteins responsible for DNA methylation. Such relationships between miRNA and DNA methylation serve an important regulatory role in several tumor types and highlight a novel avenue for potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss the crosstalk between DNA methylation and miRNA expression in the pathogenesis of cancer and describe how miRNAs influence DNA methylation and, conversely, how methylation impacts the expression of miRNAs. Finally, we address how these epigenetic modifications may be leveraged as biomarkers in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Saviana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1250 E. Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Patricia Le
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1250 E. Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Lavender Micalo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1250 E. Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Daniel Del Valle-Morales
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1250 E. Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Giulia Romano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1250 E. Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Mario Acunzo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1250 E. Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Howard Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1250 E. Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Patrick Nana-Sinkam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1250 E. Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Xi S, Oyetunji S, Wang H, Azoury S, Liu Y, Hsiao SH, Zhang M, Carr SR, Hoang CD, Chen H, Schrump DS. Cigarette Smoke Enhances the Malignant Phenotype of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Cells by Disrupting a Repressive Regulatory Interaction Between miR-145 and LOXL2. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100014. [PMID: 36870293 PMCID: PMC10121750 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2022.100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although linked to esophageal carcinogenesis, the mechanisms by which cigarette smoke mediates initiation and progression of esophageal adenocarcinomas (EAC) have not been fully elucidated. In this study, immortalized esophageal epithelial cells and EAC cells (EACCs) were cultured with or without cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) under relevant exposure conditions. Endogenous levels of microRNA (miR)-145 and lysyl-likeoxidase 2 (LOXL2) were inversely correlated in EAC lines/tumors compared with that in immortalized cells/normal mucosa. The CSC repressed miR-145 and upregulated LOXL2 in immortalized esophageal epithelial cells and EACCs. Knockdown or constitutive overexpression of miR-145 activated or depleted LOXL2, respectively, which enhanced or reduced proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenicity of EACC, respectively. LOXL2 was identified as a novel target of miR-145 as well as a negative regulator of this miR in EAC lines/Barrett's epithelia. Mechanistically, CSC induced recruitment of SP1 to the LOXL2 promoter; LOXL2 upregulation coincided with LOXL2 enrichment and concomitant reduction of H3K4me3 levels within the promoter of miR143HG (host gene for miR-145). Mithramycin downregulated LOXL2 and restored miR-145 expression in EACC and abrogated LOXL2-mediated repression of miR-145 by CSC. These findings implicate cigarette smoke in the pathogenesis of EAC and demonstrate that oncogenic miR-145-LOXL2 axis dysregulation is potentially druggable for the treatment and possible prevention of these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichuan Xi
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shakirat Oyetunji
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Haitao Wang
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Said Azoury
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yi Liu
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shih-Hsin Hsiao
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mary Zhang
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shamus R Carr
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chuong D Hoang
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Haobin Chen
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David S Schrump
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Tseng SC, Hino T, Hatabu H, Park H, Sanford NN, Lin G, Nishino M, Mamon H. Interstitial Lung Abnormalities in Patients With Locally Advanced Esophageal Cancer: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Clinical Implications. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2022; 46:871-877. [PMID: 35995596 PMCID: PMC9675694 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000001366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) represent nondependent abnormalities on chest computed tomography (CT) indicating lung parenchymal damages due to inflammation and fibrosis. Interstitial lung abnormalities have been studied as a predictor of clinical outcome in lung cancer, but not in other thoracic malignancies. The present study investigated the prevalence of ILA in patients with esophageal cancer and identified risk factors and clinical implications of ILA in these patients. METHODS The study included 208 patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer (median age, 65.6 years; 166 males, 42 females). Interstitial lung abnormality was scored on baseline CT scans before treatment using a 3-point scale (0 = no evidence of ILA, 1 = equivocal for ILA, 2 = ILA). Clinical characteristics and overall survival were compared in patients with ILA (score 2) and others. RESULTS An ILA was present in 14 of 208 patients (7%) with esophageal cancer on pretreatment chest CT. Patients with ILA were significantly older (median age, 69 vs 65, respectively; P = 0.011), had a higher number of pack-years of smoking ( P = 0.02), and more commonly had T4 stage disease ( P = 0.026) than patients with ILA score of 1 or 0. Interstitial lung abnormality on baseline scan was associated with a lack of surgical resection after chemoradiotherapy (7/14, 50% vs 39/194, 20% respectively; P = 0.016). Interstitial lung abnormality was not associated with overall survival (log-rank P = 0.75, Cox P = 0.613). CONCLUSIONS An ILA was present in 7% of esophageal cancer patients, which is similar to the prevalence in general population and in smokers. Interstitial lung abnormality was strongly associated with a lack of surgical resection after chemoradiotherapy, indicating an implication of ILA in treatment selection in these patients, which can be further studied in larger cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chi Tseng
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave. Boston MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Takuya Hino
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave. Boston MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hiroto Hatabu
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave. Boston MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hyesun Park
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave. Boston MA, 02215, USA
| | - Nina N. Sanford
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern
| | - Gigin Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Mizuki Nishino
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave. Boston MA, 02215, USA
| | - Harvey Mamon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave. Boston MA, 02215, USA
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Han X, Liang X, Wu M, Zhang L, Jiang H. Association of Genetic Variants in miR-217 Gene with Risk of Coronary Artery Disease: A Case-Control Study. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2021; 14:1081-1086. [PMID: 34483680 PMCID: PMC8409599 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s324767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the associations of genetic variants of the miR-217 gene with coronary artery disease (CAD) risk, as well as plasma level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Methods A case-control study with 498 CAD patients and 499 frequency-matched healthy controls was conducted to evaluate the associations of four tagSNPs of the miR-217 gene, including rs6724872, rs4999828, rs10206823, and rs41291177, with CAD risk and plasma level of VEGF. Results SNP rs6724872 and rs4999828 were significantly associated with increased risk of CAD (P value was smaller than 0.05 even after Bonferroni multiple adjustment). Compared with the G allele, C allele of rs6724872 was significantly associated with 1.73-fold increased risk of CAD (95% CI: 1.25-2.39; P = 0.001). While C allele of rs4999828 was significantly associated with 1.75-fold increased risk of CAD, compared with T allele (95% CI: 1.34-2.29; P = 4 × 10-5). Meanwhile, rs6724872 and rs4999828 were also significantly associated with higher level of VEGF (P < 0.001). Conclusion These findings highlighted the important role of genetic variants of the miR-217 gene in the pathogenesis of CAD and potential targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Han
- Department of Cardiology, Jinan People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Laiwu, 271199, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotang Liang
- Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250000, People's Republic of China
| | - Menghai Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Jinan People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Laiwu, 271199, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Jinan People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Laiwu, 271199, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglei Jiang
- Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250000, People's Republic of China
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Xu T, Xie M, Jing X, Cui J, Wu X, Shu Y. Crosstalk between Environmental Inflammatory Stimuli and Non-Coding RNA in Cancer Occurrence and Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4436. [PMID: 34503246 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Increasing evidence has indicated that chronic inflammatory processes have an influence on tumor occurrence and all stages of tumor development. A dramatic increase of studies into non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) biology has shown that ncRNAs act as oncogenic drivers and tumor suppressors in various inflammation-induced cancers. Thus, this complex network of inflammation-associated cancers and ncRNAs offers targets for prevention from the malignant transformation from inflammation and treatment of malignant diseases. Abstract There is a clear relationship between inflammatory response and different stages of tumor development. Common inflammation-related carcinogens include viruses, bacteria, and environmental mutagens, such as air pollutants, toxic metals, and ultraviolet light. The expression pattern of ncRNA changes in a variety of disease conditions, including inflammation and cancer. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have a causative role in enhancing inflammatory stimulation and evading immune responses, which are particularly important in persistent pathogen infection and inflammation-to-cancer transformation. In this review, we investigated the mechanism of ncRNA expression imbalance in inflammation-related cancers. A better understanding of the function of inflammation-associated ncRNAs may help to reveal the potential of ncRNAs as a new therapeutic strategy.
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Piotrowski I, Zhu X, Saccon TD, Ashiqueali S, Schneider A, de Carvalho Nunes AD, Noureddine S, Sobecka A, Barczak W, Szewczyk M, Golusiński W, Masternak MM, Golusiński P. miRNAs as Biomarkers for Diagnosing and Predicting Survival of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13163980. [PMID: 34439138 PMCID: PMC8392400 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13163980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. It arises from the epithelium of the upper aerodigestive tract. Increasing evidence suggests that there is a significant role of microRNAs in HNSCC formation and progression. The aim of this study was to explore and compare the expression of HNSCC related miRNAs in tumor vs neighboring healthy tissue of HNSCC patients with tumors located in either the oral cavity, oropharynx, or larynx. Our results demonstrated that expression of these miRNAs was significantly different not only between healthy and tumor tissues, but also among tumor locations. Further analysis indicated that microRNA expression could be used to distinguish between tumor and healthy tissues, and prognose the overall survival of patients. Abstract Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. These tumors originate from epithelial cells of the upper aerodigestive tract. HNSCC tumors in different regions can have significantly different molecular characteristics. While many microRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to be involved in the regulation of the carcinogenesis and pathogenesis of HNSCC, new HNSCC related miRNAs are still being discovered. The aim of this study was to explore potential miRNA biomarkers that can be used to diagnose HNSCC and prognose survival of HNSCC patients. For this purpose, we chose a panel of 12 miRNAs: miR-146a-5p, miR-449a, miR-126-5p, miR-34a-5p, miR-34b-5p, miR-34c-5p, miR-217-5p, miR-378c, miR-6510-3p, miR-96-5p, miR-149-5p, and miR-133a-5p. Expression of these miRNAs was measured in tumor tissue and neighboring healthy tissue collected from patients diagnosed with HNSCC (n = 79) in either the oral cavity, oropharynx, or larynx. We observed a pattern of differentially expressed miRNAs at each of these cancer locations. Our study showed that some of these miRNAs, separately or in combination, could serve as biomarkers distinguishing between healthy and tumor tissue, and their expression correlated with patients’ overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Piotrowski
- Radiobiology Lab, Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland; (I.P.); (A.S.); (W.B.)
- Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Garbary 15, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (X.Z.); (S.A.); (A.D.d.C.N.); (S.N.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (X.Z.); (S.A.); (A.D.d.C.N.); (S.N.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Tatiana Dandolini Saccon
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-610, Brazil;
| | - Sarah Ashiqueali
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (X.Z.); (S.A.); (A.D.d.C.N.); (S.N.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Augusto Schneider
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-610, Brazil;
| | - Allancer Divino de Carvalho Nunes
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (X.Z.); (S.A.); (A.D.d.C.N.); (S.N.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Sarah Noureddine
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (X.Z.); (S.A.); (A.D.d.C.N.); (S.N.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Sobecka
- Radiobiology Lab, Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland; (I.P.); (A.S.); (W.B.)
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.); (W.G.)
| | - Wojciech Barczak
- Radiobiology Lab, Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland; (I.P.); (A.S.); (W.B.)
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.); (W.G.)
| | - Mateusz Szewczyk
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.); (W.G.)
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Golusiński
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.); (W.G.)
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal M. Masternak
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (X.Z.); (S.A.); (A.D.d.C.N.); (S.N.); (M.M.M.)
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (M.S.); (W.G.)
| | - Paweł Golusiński
- Department of Otolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Dong S, Wu Y, Liu Y, Weng H, Huang H. N 6 -methyladenosine Steers RNA Metabolism and Regulation in Cancer. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 41:538-559. [PMID: 33955720 PMCID: PMC8286143 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most studied ribonucleic acid (RNA) modifications in eukaryotes, N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A) has been shown to play a predominant role in controlling gene expression and influence physiological and pathological processes such as oncogenesis and tumor progression. Writer and eraser proteins, acting opposite to deposit and remove m6 A epigenetic marks, respectively, shape the cellular m6 A landscape, while reader proteins preferentially recognize m6 A modifications and mediate fate decision of the methylated RNAs, including RNA synthesis, splicing, exportation, translation, and stability. Therefore, RNA metabolism in cells is greatly influenced by these three classes of m6 A regulators. Aberrant expression of m6 A regulators has been widely reported in various types of cancer, leading to cancer initiation, progression, and drug resistance. The close links between m6 A and cancer shed light on the potential use of m6 A methylation and its regulators as prognostic biomarkers and drug targets for cancer therapy. Given the notable effects of m6 A in reversing chemoresistance and enhancing immune therapy, it is a promising target for combined therapy. Herein, we summarize the recent discoveries on m6 A and its regulators, emphasizing their influences on RNA metabolism, their dysregulation and impacts in diverse malignancies, and discuss the clinical implications of m6 A modification in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Dong
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Yutong Wu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Yadi Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Hengyou Weng
- Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, P. R. China
| | - Huilin Huang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
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Zhou S, Zhu C, Pang Q, Liu HC. MicroRNA-217: A regulator of human cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:110943. [PMID: 33254014 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As highly conserved non-coding RNAs of approximately 18-24 nucleotides, microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate the expression of target genes. Multiple studies have demonstrated that miRNAs participate in the regulation of human cancer. MircoRNA-217 (miR-217) participates in the regulation of various tumors by specifically binding target genes and post-transcriptional regulation. In recent years, there have been numerous reports about miR-217 in tumor progression. MiR-217 is known mainly as a tumor suppressor, although some studies have shown that it functions as an oncomiR. Here, we review the current research related to miR-217, including its role in tumor progression and the molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233000, China.
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233000, China.
| | - Qing Pang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233000, China.
| | - Hui Chun Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233000, China.
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Abstract
The adverse developmental effects of exposure to Cigarette Smoke (CS) during pregnancy are documented in this paper. These include low birth weight, congenital anomalies, preterm birth, fetal mortality and morbidity. The current biological thought now recognizes that epigenetics represents a fundamental contributing process in embryogenesis, and that the environment can have a profound effect on shaping the epigenome. It has become increasingly recognized that genes encoding microRNAs (miRNAs) might be potential loci for congenital disabilities. One means by which CS can cause developmental anomalies may be through epigenetic mechanisms involving altered miRNA expression. While several studies have focused on genes affected by CS during embryonic/ fetal development, there is a paucity of knowledge on the involvement of miRNAs in this process. This brief review summarizes the current state of knowledge in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnam S. Seelan
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies,
University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY40202, USA
| | - Robert M. Greene
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies,
University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY40202, USA
| | - Michele M. Pisano
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies,
University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY40202, USA
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Birkett N, Al-Zoughool M, Bird M, Baan RA, Zielinski J, Krewski D. Overview of biological mechanisms of human carcinogens. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2019; 22:288-359. [PMID: 31631808 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1643539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the carcinogenic mechanisms for 109 Group 1 human carcinogens identified as causes of human cancer through Volume 106 of the IARC Monographs. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluates human, experimental and mechanistic evidence on agents suspected of inducing cancer in humans, using a well-established weight of evidence approach. The monographs provide detailed mechanistic information about all carcinogens. Carcinogens with closely similar mechanisms of action (e.g. agents emitting alpha particles) were combined into groups for the review. A narrative synopsis of the mechanistic profiles for the 86 carcinogens or carcinogen groups is presented, based primarily on information in the IARC monographs, supplemented with a non-systematic review. Most carcinogens included a genotoxic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Birkett
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mustafa Al-Zoughool
- Department of Community and Environmental Health, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Bird
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Robert A Baan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Jan Zielinski
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada
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11
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Xiao Y, Su M, Ou W, Wang H, Tian B, Ma J, Tang J, Wu J, Wu Z, Wang W, Zhou Y. Involvement of noncoding RNAs in epigenetic modifications of esophageal cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109192. [PMID: 31387188 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is a serious digestive malignancy and is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Apart from genetic mutations, many epigenetic alterations including DNA methylation and histone modifications associated with chromatin remodeling have been identified in the regulation of gene expression in EC. Recently, noncoding RNAs, and mainly lncRNAs and miRNAs, have been revealed to be involved in the epigenetic regulation of EC. In this review, we focus on describing new insights on epigenetic processes associated with noncoding RNAs, which have been characterized to be responsible for the development and progression of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Min Su
- Department of the 2nd Thoracic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Wei Ou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Yue Yang, Yue Yang, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Bo Tian
- Department of the 2nd Thoracic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Junliang Ma
- Department of the 2nd Thoracic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Jinming Tang
- Department of the 2nd Thoracic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of the 2nd Thoracic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Zhining Wu
- Department of the 2nd Thoracic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- Department of the 2nd Thoracic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of the 2nd Thoracic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.
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12
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Di Meo A, Wang C, Cheng Y, Diamandis EP, Yousef GM. The miRNA-kallikrein interaction: a mosaic of epigenetic regulation in cancer. Biol Chem 2019; 399:973-982. [PMID: 29604203 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) constitute a family of 15 highly conserved serine proteases with trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like activities. Dysregulated expression and/or aberrant activation of KLKs has been linked to various pathophysiological processes, including cancer. Many KLKs have been identified as potential cancer biomarkers. microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by pairing to the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of complimentary mRNA targets. miRNAs are dysregulated in many cancers, including prostate, kidney and ovarian cancers. Several studies have shown that miRNAs are involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of KLKs. However, recent evidence suggests that miRNAs can also act as downstream effectors of KLKs. In this review, we provide an update on the epigenetic regulation of KLKs by miRNAs. We also present recent experimental evidence that supports the regulatory role of KLKs on miRNA networks. The potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications of miRNA-kallikrein interactions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Di Meo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, and the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, and the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yufeng Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - George M Yousef
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, and the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
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13
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Zhang J, Bai R, Li M, Ye H, Wu C, Wang C, Li S, Tan L, Mai D, Li G, Pan L, Zheng Y, Su J, Ye Y, Fu Z, Zheng S, Zuo Z, Liu Z, Zhao Q, Che X, Xie D, Jia W, Zeng MS, Tan W, Chen R, Xu RH, Zheng J, Lin D. Excessive miR-25-3p maturation via N 6-methyladenosine stimulated by cigarette smoke promotes pancreatic cancer progression. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1858. [PMID: 31015415 PMCID: PMC6478927 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is an important mechanism in miRNA processing and maturation, but the role of its aberrant regulation in human diseases remained unclear. Here, we demonstrate that oncogenic primary microRNA-25 (miR-25) in pancreatic duct epithelial cells can be excessively maturated by cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) via enhanced m6A modification that is mediated by NF-κB associated protein (NKAP). This modification is catalyzed by overexpressed methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) due to hypomethylation of the METTL3 promoter also caused by CSC. Mature miR-25, miR-25-3p, suppresses PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2), resulting in the activation of oncogenic AKT-p70S6K signaling, which provokes malignant phenotypes of pancreatic cancer cells. High levels of miR-25-3p are detected in smokers and in pancreatic cancers tissues that are correlated with poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients. These results collectively indicate that cigarette smoke-induced miR-25-3p excessive maturation via m6A modification promotes the development and progression of pancreatic cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenosine/metabolism
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/blood
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/etiology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/mortality
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Co-Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- DNA Methylation
- Disease Progression
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Male
- Methyltransferases/genetics
- Methyltransferases/metabolism
- MicroRNAs/blood
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Pancreatic Ducts/cytology
- Pancreatic Ducts/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/blood
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/etiology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/mortality
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/genetics
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa/metabolism
- Smoke/adverse effects
- Smoking/adverse effects
- Smoking/blood
- Nicotiana/toxicity
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruihong Bai
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huilin Ye
- Department of Pancreaticobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Wu
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Genetics and Genomic Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chengfeng Wang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shengping Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liping Tan
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Mai
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guolin Li
- Department of Pancreaticobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Pan
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanfen Zheng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiachun Su
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Department of Pancreaticobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shangyou Zheng
- Department of Pancreaticobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhixiang Zuo
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zexian Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Che
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Xie
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihua Jia
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Tan
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Genetics and Genomic Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rufu Chen
- Department of Pancreaticobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Rui-Hua Xu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jian Zheng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Dongxin Lin
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Genetics and Genomic Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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14
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Farooqi AA, Fuentes-Mattei E, Fayyaz S, Raj P, Goblirsch M, Poltronieri P, Calin GA. Interplay between epigenetic abnormalities and deregulated expression of microRNAs in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 58:47-55. [PMID: 30742906 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic abnormalities and aberrant expression of non-coding RNAs are two emerging features of cancer cells, both of which are responsible for deregulated gene expression. In this review, we describe the interplay between the two. Specific themes include epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor miRNAs, epigenetic activation of oncogenic miRNAs, epigenetic aberrations caused by miRNAs, and naturally occurring compounds which modulate miRNA expression through epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrique Fuentes-Mattei
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Priyank Raj
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew Goblirsch
- College of Science, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Palmiro Poltronieri
- National Research Council Italy Institute of Sciences of Food Productions (CNR-ISPA), Via Lecce-Monteroni km 7, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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15
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Talukdar FR, di Pietro M, Secrier M, Moehler M, Goepfert K, Lima SSC, Pinto LFR, Hendricks D, Parker MI, Herceg Z. Molecular landscape of esophageal cancer: implications for early detection and personalized therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1434:342-359. [PMID: 29917250 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most lethal cancers and a public health concern worldwide, owing to late diagnosis and lack of efficient treatment. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) are main histopathological subtypes of EC that show striking differences in geographical distribution, possibly due to differences in exposure to risk factors and lifestyles. ESCC and EAC are distinct diseases in terms of cell of origin, epidemiology, and molecular architecture of tumor cells. Past efforts aimed at translating potential molecular candidates into clinical practice proved to be challenging, underscoring the need for identifying novel candidates for early diagnosis and therapy of EC. Several major international efforts have brought about important advances in identifying molecular landscapes of ESCC and EAC toward understanding molecular mechanisms and critical molecular events driving the progression and pathological features of the disease. In our review, we summarize recent advances in the areas of genomics and epigenomics of ESCC and EAC, their mutational signatures and immunotherapy. We also discuss implications of recent advances in characterizing the genome and epigenome of EC for the discovery of diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers and development of new targets for personalized treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlur Rahman Talukdar
- Section of Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO), Lyon, France
| | | | - Maria Secrier
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Markus Moehler
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katrin Goepfert
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Denver Hendricks
- Division of Medical Biochemistry & Structural Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mohamed Iqbal Parker
- Division of Medical Biochemistry & Structural Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- Section of Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO), Lyon, France
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16
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Klingenberg M, Groß M, Goyal A, Polycarpou-Schwarz M, Miersch T, Ernst AS, Leupold J, Patil N, Warnken U, Allgayer H, Longerich T, Schirmacher P, Boutros M, Diederichs S. The Long Noncoding RNA Cancer Susceptibility 9 and RNA Binding Protein Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein L Form a Complex and Coregulate Genes Linked to AKT Signaling. Hepatology 2018; 68:1817-1832. [PMID: 29790588 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The identification of viability-associated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) might be a promising rationale for new therapeutic approaches in liver cancer. Here, we applied an RNA interference screening approach in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines to find viability-associated lncRNAs. Among the multiple identified lncRNAs with a significant impact on HCC cell viability, we selected cancer susceptibility 9 (CASC9) due to the strength of its phenotype, expression, and up-regulation in HCC versus normal liver. CASC9 regulated viability across multiple HCC cell lines as shown by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats interference and single small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated and siRNA pool-mediated depletion of CASC9. Further, CASC9 depletion caused an increase in apoptosis and a decrease of proliferation. We identified the RNA binding protein heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (HNRNPL) as a CASC9 interacting protein by RNA affinity purification and validated it by native RNA immunoprecipitation. Knockdown of HNRNPL mimicked the loss-of-viability phenotype observed upon CASC9 depletion. Analysis of the proteome (stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture) of CASC9-depleted and HNRNPL-depleted cells revealed a set of coregulated genes which implied a role of the CASC9:HNRNPL complex in AKT signaling and DNA damage sensing. CASC9 expression levels were elevated in patient-derived tumor samples compared to normal control tissue and had a significant association with overall survival of HCC patients. In a xenograft chicken chorioallantoic membrane model, we measured decreased tumor size after knockdown of CASC9. Conclusion: Taken together, we provide a comprehensive list of viability-associated lncRNAs in HCC; we identified the CASC9:HNRNPL complex as a clinically relevant viability-associated lncRNA/protein complex which affects AKT signaling and DNA damage sensing in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Klingenberg
- Division of RNA Biology & Cancer, German Cancer Research Center.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg.,Hartmut Hoffmann-Berling International Graduate School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Heidelberg
| | - Matthias Groß
- Division of RNA Biology & Cancer, German Cancer Research Center.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg
| | - Ashish Goyal
- Division of RNA Biology & Cancer, German Cancer Research Center
| | | | - Thilo Miersch
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center
| | - Anne-Sophie Ernst
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University.,Hartmut Hoffmann-Berling International Graduate School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Heidelberg.,Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg
| | - Jörg Leupold
- Department of Experimental Surgery-Cancer Metastasis, Medical Faculty Mannheim, and Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, University of Heidelberg
| | - Nitin Patil
- Department of Experimental Surgery-Cancer Metastasis, Medical Faculty Mannheim, and Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, University of Heidelberg
| | - Uwe Warnken
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heike Allgayer
- Department of Experimental Surgery-Cancer Metastasis, Medical Faculty Mannheim, and Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, University of Heidelberg
| | | | | | - Michael Boutros
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center
| | - Sven Diederichs
- Division of RNA Biology & Cancer, German Cancer Research Center.,Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg.,German Cancer Consortium, Freiburg, Germany
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17
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Adamopoulos PG, Tsiakanikas P, Scorilas A. Kallikrein-related peptidases and associated microRNAs as promising prognostic biomarkers in gastrointestinal malignancies. Biol Chem 2018; 399:821-836. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies represent a wide spectrum of diseases of the GI tract and its accessory digestive organs, including esophageal (EC), gastric (GC), hepatocellular, pancreatic (PC) and colorectal cancers (CRC). Malignancies of the GI system are responsible for nearly 30% of cancer-related morbidity and approximately 40% of cancer-related mortality, worldwide. For this reason, the discovery of novel prognostic biomarkers that can efficiently provide a better prognosis, risk assessment and prediction of treatment response is an imperative need. Human kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are a subgroup of trypsin and chymotrypsin-like serine peptidases that have emerged as promising prognosticators for many human types of cancer, being aberrantly expressed in cancerous tissues. The aberrant expression of KLKs in human malignancies is often regulated by KLK/microRNAs (miRNAs) interactions, as many miRNAs have been found to target KLKs and therefore alter their expression levels. The biomarker utility of KLKs has been elucidated not only in endocrine-related human malignancies, including those of the prostate and breast, but also in GI malignancies. The main purpose of this review is to summarize the existing information regarding the prognostic significance of KLKs in major types of GI malignancies and highlight the regulatory role of miRNAs on the expression levels of KLKs in these types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G. Adamopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis , Athens GR-15701 , Greece
| | - Panagiotis Tsiakanikas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis , Athens GR-15701 , Greece
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis , Athens GR-15701 , Greece
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18
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Sun L, Zhai R, Zhang L, Zhao S. MicroRNA-149 suppresses the proliferation and increases the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin by targeting X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7328-7334. [PMID: 29731888 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, ovarian cancer is identified as one of the leading causes of cancer-associated mortality in females. Despite numerous efforts that were made on developing novel treatments for ovarian cancer, the survival rate remains unsatisfactory. Considering the important regulatory role of miRNAs in different types of cancer, the present study aims to identify a novel therapeutic target for treatment of ovarian cancer. The expression of miR-149 was detected using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in cancerous and normal cells. Furthermore, the effects of miR-149 on ovarian cancer cell activities were investigated using MTT assay, colony formation, flow cytometry and western blotting analysis. In the present study, it was revealed that microRNA (miR)-149 was significantly downregulated in ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines, and that the miR-149 expression was correlated with the patient prognosis. In addition, it was observed that forced expression of miR-149 increased the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cell to cisplatin. Based on bioinformatics analysis and luciferase assay, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) was identified as a direct target gene of miR-149 in ovarian cancer cells. It was also demonstrated that XIAP expression was upregulated in the ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines, while it was negatively correlated with miR-149 in these tissues and cells. Furthermore, results revealed that ectopic expression of XIAP was able to abolish the miR-149-enhanced cell sensitivity to cisplatin. In conclusion, the present study revealed that miR-149 functioned as a tumor suppressor in the progression of ovarian cancer, increasing the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China.,Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272100, P.R. China
| | - Ruixia Zhai
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272100, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272100, P.R. China
| | - Shuping Zhao
- Department of Gynecology, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266034, P.R. China
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19
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Wu SY, Wu ATH, Liu SH. MicroRNA-17-5p regulated apoptosis-related protein expression and radiosensitivity in oral squamous cell carcinoma caused by betel nut chewing. Oncotarget 2018; 7:51482-51493. [PMID: 27285985 PMCID: PMC5239490 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Betel nut chewing is associated with oral cavity cancer. Radiotherapy is one of the therapeutic approaches. Here, we used miR-17-5p antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ODNs) and human apoptosis protein array to clarify which apoptosis-related proteins are increased or decreased by miR-17-5p in betel nut chewing- oral squamous cell carcinoma OC3 cells. Furthermore, miR-17-5p AS-ODN was used to evaluate the radio-sensitization effects both in vitro and in vivo. An OC3 xenograft tumor model in severe combined immunodeficiency mice was used to determine the effect of miR-17-5p AS ODN on tumor irradiation. We simultaneously detected the relative expressions of 35 apoptosis-related proteins in irradiated OC3 cells that were treated with miR-17-5p AS-ODN or a control ODN. Several proteins, including p21, p53, TNF RI, FADD, cIAP-1, HIF-1α, and TRAIL R1, were found to be up- or downregulated by miR-17-5p in OC3 cells; their expression patterns were also confirmed by Western blotting. We further clarified the role of p53 in irradiated OC3 cells, using a p53 overexpression strategy. The results revealed that the enhancement of p53 expression significantly enhanced radiation-induced G2/M arrest of the OC3 cells. In the in vivo study, treatment of miR-17-5p AS-ODN before irradiation significantly enhanced p53 expression and reduced tumor growth. These results suggest that miR-17-5p increases or decreases apoptosis-related proteins in irradiated OC3 cells; its effect on p53 protein expression contributes to the modulation of the radiosensitivity of the OC3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Yuan Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Alexander T H Wu
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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20
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Xu Y, Feingold PL, Surman DR, Brown K, Xi S, Davis JL, Hernandez J, Schrump DS, Ripley RT. Bile acid and cigarette smoke enhance the aggressive phenotype of esophageal adenocarcinoma cells by downregulation of the mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2. Oncotarget 2017; 8:101057-101071. [PMID: 29254145 PMCID: PMC5731855 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited information is available regarding mechanisms that link the known carcinogenic risk factors of gastro-esophageal reflux and cigarette smoking to metabolic alterations in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). In the present study, we utilized a novel in-vitro model to examine whether bile acid and cigarette smoke increase the aggressiveness of EAC and whether these changes are associated with metabolic changes. EAC cells (EACC) were exposed to 10 μg/ml cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and/or 100 μM of the oncogenic bile acid, deoxycholic acid (DCA), for 5 days. These exposure conditions were chosen given their lack of effect on proliferation or viability. DCA and CSC increased invasion, migration, and clonogenicity in EAC cells. These changes were associated with concomitant increases in ATP, ROS, and lactate production indicative of increased mitochondrial respiration as well as glycolytic activity. DCA and CSC exposure significantly decreased expression of uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), a mitochondrial inner membrane protein implicated in regulation of the proton gradient. Knockdown of UCP2 in EACC phenocopied DCA and CSC exposure as evidenced by increased cell migration, invasion, and clonogenicity, whereas over-expression of UCP2 had an inverse effect. Furthermore, over-expression of UCP2 abrogated DCA and CSC-mediated increases in lactate and ATP production in EACC. DCA and CSC promote the aggressive phenotype of EACC with concomitant metabolic changes occurring via downregulation of UCP2. These results indicate that UCP2 is integral to the aggressive phenotype of EACC. This mechanism suggests that targeting alterations in cellular energetics may be a novel strategy for EAC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Paul L. Feingold
- Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Deborah R. Surman
- Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Kate Brown
- Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Sichuan Xi
- Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Jeremy L. Davis
- Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Jonathan Hernandez
- Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - David S. Schrump
- Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - R. Taylor Ripley
- Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA
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21
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Duan H, Li Y, Yan L, Yang H, Wu J, Qian P, Li B, Wang S. MicroRNA-217 suppresses homocysteine-induced proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells via N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor inhibition. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 43:967-75. [PMID: 27333430 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteine has become a critical risk for atherosclerosis and can stimulate proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a receptor of homocysteine and mediates the effects of homocysteine on VSMCs. Bioinformatics analysis has shown NMDAR is a potential target of microRNA-217 (miR-217), which exerts multiple functions in cancer tumorigenesis and carotid plaque progression. In this study, we sought to investigate the role of miR-217 in VSMCs phenotype transition under homocysteine exposure and elucidate its effect on atherosclerotic plaque formation. After treating with several doses of homocysteine (0-8 × 10(-4) mol/L) for 24 hours, the expression of miR-217 in HA-VSMCs and rat aortic VSMCs was not altered. Intriguingly, the expression of NMDAR mRNA and protein was reduced by homocysteine in a dose-dependent manner. Transfection of miR-217 mimic significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of VSMCs with homocysteine treatment, while transfection of miR-217 inhibitor promoted VSMCs migration. Moreover, miR-217 mimic down-regulated while miR-217 inhibitor up-regulated NMDAR protein expression but not NMDAR mRNA expression. Through luciferase reporter assay, we showed that miR-217 could directly bind to the 3'-UTR of NMDAR. MiR-217 mimic transfection also released the inhibition of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB)-PGC-1α signalling induced by homocysteine. Additionally, restoration of PGC-1α expression via AdPGC-1α infection markedly suppressed VSMCs proliferation through the degradation of NADPH oxidase (NOX1) and reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Collectively, our study identified the role of miR-217 in regulating VSMCs proliferation and migration, which might serve as a target for atherosclerosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Duan
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lijie Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jintao Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peng Qian
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shanling Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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22
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Hashimoto Y, Shiina M, Kato T, Yamamura S, Tanaka Y, Majid S, Saini S, Shahryari V, Kulkarni P, Dasgupta P, Mitsui Y, Sumida M, Deng G, Tabatabai L, Kumar D, Dahiya R. The role of miR-24 as a race related genetic factor in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:16581-16593. [PMID: 28157714 PMCID: PMC5369986 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) among African-Americans (AfA) is significantly higher than Caucasian-Americans (CaA) but the genetic basis for this disparity is not known. To address this problem, we analyzed miRNA expression in AfA (n = 81) and CaA (n = 51) PCa patients. Here, we found that miR-24 is differentially expressed in AfA and CaA PCa patients and attempt to clarify its role in AfA patients. Also, the public sequencing data of the miR-24 promoter confirmed that it was highly methylated and down-regulated in PCa patients. Utilizing a VAMCSF and NDRI patient cohorts, we discovered that miR-24 expression was linked to a racial difference between AfA/CaA PCa patients. Interestingly, miR-24 was restored after treatment of PCa cells with 5Aza-CdR in an AfA cell line (MDA-PCa-2b), while restoration of miR-24 was not observed in CaA cells, DU-145. Ectopic expression of miR-24 showed decreased growth and induced apoptosis, though the effect was less in the CaA cell line compared to the AfA cell line. Finally, we found unique changes in biological pathways and processes associated with miR-24 transfected AfA cells by quantitative PCR-based gene expression array. Evaluation of the altered pathways showed that AR, IGF1, IGFBP5 and ETV1 were markedly decreased in the AfA derived cell line compared with CaA cells, and there was a reciprocal regulatory relationship of miR-24/target expression in prostate cancer patients. These results demonstrate that miR-24 may be a central regulator of key events that contribute to race-related tumorigenesis and has potential to be a therapeutic agent for PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Hashimoto
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Marisa Shiina
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Taku Kato
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Soichiro Yamamura
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Yuichiro Tanaka
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Shahana Majid
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Sharanjot Saini
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Varahram Shahryari
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Priyanka Kulkarni
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Pritha Dasgupta
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Yozo Mitsui
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Mitsuho Sumida
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Guoren Deng
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Laura Tabatabai
- Department of Pathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute (BBRI), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Rajvir Dahiya
- Department of Urology, VA Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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23
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Delaunay T, Deschamps L, Haddada M, Walker F, Soosaipillai A, Soualmia F, El Amri C, Diamandis EP, Brattsand M, Magdolen V, Darmoul D. Aberrant expression of kallikrein-related peptidase 7 is correlated with human melanoma aggressiveness by stimulating cell migration and invasion. Mol Oncol 2017. [PMID: 28636767 PMCID: PMC5623816 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the tissue kallikrein‐related peptidase (KLK) family not only regulate several important physiological functions, but aberrant expression has also been associated with various malignancies. Clinically, KLKs have been suggested as promising biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in many types of cancer. As of yet, expression of KLKs and their role in skin cancers are, however, poorly addressed. Malignant melanoma is an aggressive disease associated with poor prognosis. Hence, diagnostic biomarkers to monitor melanoma progression are needed. Herein, we demonstrate that although mRNA of several KLKs are aberrantly expressed in melanoma cell lines, only the KLK7 protein is highly secreted in vitro. In line with these findings, ectopic expression of KLK7 in human melanomas and its absence in benign nevi were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in vivo. Interestingly, overexpression of KLK7 induced a significant reduction in melanoma cell proliferation and colony formation. Moreover, KLK7 overexpression triggered an increase in cell motility and invasion associated with decreased expression of E‐cadherin and an upregulation of MCAM/CD146. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that aberrant KLK7 expression leads to a switch from proliferative to invasive phenotype, suggesting a potential role of KLK7 in melanoma progression. Thus, we hypothesize that KLK7 may represent a potential biomarker for melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Delaunay
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS-S976, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Lydia Deschamps
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Meriem Haddada
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS-S976, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Francine Walker
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | | | - Feryel Soualmia
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS, UMR 8256 CNRS-UPMC, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Chahrazade El Amri
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS, UMR 8256 CNRS-UPMC, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | | | - Maria Brattsand
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Dalila Darmoul
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS-S976, Université Paris Diderot, France
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24
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Wang TH, Hsia SM, Shih YH, Shieh TM. Association of Smoking, Alcohol Use, and Betel Quid Chewing with Epigenetic Aberrations in Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1210. [PMID: 28587272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous environmental factors such as diet, alcohol use, stress, and environmental chemicals are known to elicit epigenetic changes, leading to increased rates of cancers and other diseases. The incidence of head and neck cancer, one of the most common cancers in Taiwanese males, is increasing: oral cancer and nasopharyngeal carcinoma are ranked fourth and tenth respectively, among the top ten cancers in this group, and a major cause of cancer-related deaths in Taiwanese males. Previous studies have identified smoking, alcohol use, and betel quid chewing as the three major causes of head and neck cancers; these three social habits are commonly observed in Taiwanese males, resulting in an increasing morbidity rate of head and neck cancers in this population. In this literature review, we discuss the association between specific components of betel quid, alcohol, and tobacco, and the occurrence of head and neck cancers, lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancers, and urethral cancer. We focus on regulatory mechanisms at the epigenetic level and their oncogenic effects. The review further discusses the application of FDA-approved epigenetic drugs as therapeutic strategies against cancer.
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25
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Idichi T, Seki N, Kurahara H, Yonemori K, Osako Y, Arai T, Okato A, Kita Y, Arigami T, Mataki Y, Kijima Y, Maemura K, Natsugoe S. Regulation of actin-binding protein ANLN by antitumor miR-217 inhibits cancer cell aggressiveness in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:53180-53193. [PMID: 28881803 PMCID: PMC5581102 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of our microRNA (miRNA) expression signature of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) revealed that microRNA-217 (miR-217) was significantly reduced in cancer tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the antitumor roles of miR-217 in PDAC cells and to identify miR-217-mediated molecular pathways involved in PDAC aggressiveness. The expression levels of miR-217 were significantly reduced in PDAC clinical specimens. Ectopic expression of miR-217 significantly suppressed cancer cell migration and invasion. Transcription of actin-binding protein Anillin (coded by ANLN) was detected by our in silico and gene expression analyses. Moreover, luciferase reporter assays showed that ANLN was a direct target of miR-217 in PDAC cells. Overexpression of ANLN was detected in PDAC clinical specimens by real-time PCR methods and immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that high expression of ANLN predicted shorter survival in patients with PDAC by TCGA database analysis. Silencing ANLN expression markedly inhibited cancer cell migration and invasion capabilities of PDAC cell lines. We further investigated ANLN-mediated downstream pathways in PDAC cells. "Focal adhesion" and "Regulation of actin binding protein" were identified as ANLN-modulated downstream pathways in PDAC cells. Identification of antitumor miR-217/ANLN-mediated PDAC pathways will provide new insights into the potential mechanisms underlying the aggressive course of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Idichi
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Naohiko Seki
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kurahara
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yonemori
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yusaku Osako
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Arai
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okato
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kita
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takaaki Arigami
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuko Mataki
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuko Kijima
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kosei Maemura
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shoji Natsugoe
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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26
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Zhou W, Song F, Wu Q, Liu R, Wang L, Liu C, Peng Y, Mao S, Feng J, Chen C. miR-217 inhibits triple-negative breast cancer cell growth, migration, and invasion through targeting KLF5. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176395. [PMID: 28437471 PMCID: PMC5402967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive breast cancers without effective targeted therapies. Numerous studies have implied that KLF5 plays an important roles in TNBC. How is KLF5 regulated by microRNAs has not been well studied. Here, we demonstrated that miR-217 down-regulates the expression of KLF5 and KLF5's downstream target gene FGF-BP and Cyclin D1 in TNBC cell lines HCC1806 and HCC1937. Consequently, miR-217 suppresses TNBC cell growth, migration, and invasion. MiR-217 suppresses TNBC, at least partially, through down-regulating the KLF5 expression. These results suggest that the miR-217-KLF5 axis might serve as a potential target for treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhou
- Third Clinical College, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Fangfang Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Central Laboratory, Jinzhou Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuju Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Central Laboratory, Jinzhou Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - You Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuqin Mao
- Hubei University of Medicine Affiliated Taihe Hospital, Hubei Province, Shiyan, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Third Clinical College, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (CC);
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- * E-mail: (CC);
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27
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Soares do Amaral N, Cruz E Melo N, de Melo Maia B, Malagoli Rocha R. Noncoding RNA Profiles in Tobacco- and Alcohol-Associated Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2016; 8:genes8010006. [PMID: 28025544 PMCID: PMC5295001 DOI: 10.3390/genes8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco and alcohol are the leading environmental risk factors in the development of human diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and liver injury. Despite the copious amount of research on this topic, by 2030, 8.3 million deaths are projected to occur worldwide due to tobacco use. The expression of noncoding RNAs, primarily microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), is modulated by tobacco and alcohol consumption. Drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes can modulate the expression of miRNAs and lncRNAs through various signaling pathways, such as apoptosis, angiogenesis, and inflammatory pathways—primarily interleukin 6 (IL-6)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), which seems to play a major role in the development of diseases associated with these risk factors. Since they may be predictive and prognostic biomarkers, they can be used both as predictors of the response to therapy and as a targeted therapy. Further, circulating miRNAs might be valuable noninvasive tools that can be used to examine diseases that are related to the use of tobacco and alcohol. This review discusses the function of noncoding RNAs in cancer and other human tobacco- and alcohol-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Cruz E Melo
- Molecular Gynecology Laboratory, Gynecologic Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Beatriz de Melo Maia
- Molecular Morphology Laboratory, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Malagoli Rocha
- Molecular Gynecology Laboratory, Gynecologic Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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28
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Bansal A, Gupta V, Wang K. MicroRNA Expression Signatures During Malignant Progression From Barrett's Esophagus. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:1288-95. [PMID: 26808728 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rapid increase and poor survival of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) have led to significant efforts to promote early detection. Given that the premalignant lesion of Barrett's esophagus (BE) is the major known risk factor for EAC, multiple investigators have studied biomarker signatures that can predict malignant progression of BE to EAC. MicroRNAs, a novel class of gene regulators, are small non-coding RNAs and have been associated with carcinogenesis. MicroRNAs are ideal biomarkers because of their remarkable stability in fixed tissues, a common method for collection of clinical specimens, and in blood either within exosomes or as microRNA-protein complexes. Multiple studies show potential of microRNAs as tissue and blood biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of EAC but the results need confirmation in prospective studies. Although head-to-head comparisons are lacking, microRNA panels require less genes than messenger RNA panels for diagnosis of EAC in BE. MicroRNA diagnostic panels will need to be compared for accuracy against global measures of genome instability that were recently shown to be good predictors of progression but require sophisticated analytic techniques. Early studies on blood microRNA panels are promising but have found microRNA markers to be inconsistent among studies. MicroRNA expression in blood is different between various microRNA sub-compartments such as exosomes and microRNA-protein complexes and could affect blood microRNA measurements. Further standardization is needed to yield consistent results. We have summarized the current understanding of the tissue and blood microRNA signatures that may predict the development and progression of EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Bansal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri.,University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Vijayalaxmi Gupta
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Kenneth Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Lu L, Luo F, Liu Y, Liu X, Shi L, Lu X, Liu Q. Posttranscriptional silencing of the lncRNA MALAT1 by miR-217 inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition via enhancer of zeste homolog 2 in the malignant transformation of HBE cells induced by cigarette smoke extract. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 289:276-85. [PMID: 26415832 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is regarded as the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, and cigarette smoking is one of the strongest risk factors for the development of lung cancer. However, the mechanisms for cigarette smoke-induced lung carcinogenesis remain unclear. The present study investigated the effects of an miRNA (miR-217) on levels of an lncRNA (MALAT1) and examined the role of these factors in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells. In these cells, CSE caused decreases of miR-217 levels and increases in lncRNA MALAT1 levels. Over-expression of miR-217 with a mimic attenuated the CSE-induced increase of MALAT1 levels, and reduction of miR-217 levels by an inhibitor enhanced expression of MALAT1. Moreover, the CSE-induced increase of MALAT1 expression was blocked by an miR-217 mimic, indicating that miR-217 negatively regulates MALAT1 expression. Knockdown of MALAT1 reversed CSE-induced increases of EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) and H3K27me3 levels. In addition to the alteration from epithelial to spindle-like mesenchymal morphology, chronic exposure of HBE cells to CSE increased the levels of EZH2, H3K27me3, vimentin, and N-cadherin and decreased E-cadherin levels, effects that were reversed by MALAT1 siRNA or EZH2 siRNA. The results indicate that miR-217 regulation of EZH2/H3K27me3 via MALAT1 is involved in CSE-induced EMT and malignant transformation of HBE cells. The posttranscriptional silencing of MALAT1 by miR-217 provides a link, through EZH2, between ncRNAs and the EMT and establishes a mechanism for CSE-induced lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Luo
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlu Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Shi
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Lu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qizhan Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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