Loss of IRF7 accelerates acute myeloid leukemia progression and induces VCAM1-VLA-4 mediated intracerebral invasion

Revolutionizing Neurocare: Biomimetic Nanodelivery Via Cell Membranes

Brain disorders represent a significant challenge in medical science due to the formidable blood-brain barrier (BBB), which severely limits the penetration of conventional therapeutics, hindering effective treatment strategies. This review delves into the innovative realm of biomimetic nanodelivery systems, including stem cell-derived nanoghosts, tumor cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, and erythrocyte membrane-based carriers, highlighting their potential to circumvent the BBB's restrictions. By mimicking native cell properties, these nanocarriers emerge as a promising solution for enhancing drug delivery to the brain, offering a strategic advantage in overcoming the barrier's selective permeability. The unique benefits of leveraging cell membranes from various sources is evaluated and advanced technologies for fabricating cell membrane-encapsulated nanoparticles capable of masquerading as endogenous cells are examined. This enables the targeted delivery of a broad spectrum of therapeutic agents, ranging from small molecule drugs to proteins, thereby providing an innovative approach to neurocare. Further, the review contrasts the capabilities and limitations of these biomimetic nanocarriers with traditional delivery methods, underlining their potential to enable targeted, sustained, and minimally invasive treatment modalities. This review is concluded with a perspective on the clinical translation of these biomimetic systems, underscoring their transformative impact on the therapeutic landscape for intractable brain diseases.

Iron overload promotes the progression of MLL-AF9 induced acute myeloid leukemia by upregulation of FOS

Systemic iron overload is a common clinical challenge leading to significantly serious complications in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which affects both the quality of life and the overall survival of patients. Symptoms can be relieved after iron chelation therapy in clinical practice. However, the roles and mechanisms of iron overload on the initiation and progression of leukemia remain elusive. Here we studied the correlation between iron overload and AML clinical outcome, and further explored the role and pathophysiologic mechanism of iron overload in AML by using two mouse models: an iron overload MLL-AF9-induced AML mouse model and a nude xenograft mouse model. Patients with AML had an increased ferritin level, particularly in the myelomonocytic (M4) or monocytic (M5) subtypes. High level of iron expression correlated with a worsened prognosis in AML patients and a shortened survival time in AML mice. Furthermore, iron overload increased the tumor load in the bone marrow (BM) and extramedullary tissues by promoting the proliferation of leukemia cells through the upregulation of FOS. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the roles of iron overload in AML. Additionally, this study may provide a potential therapeutic target to improve the outcome of AML patients and a rationale for the prospective evaluation of iron chelation therapy in AML.

The unique interplay of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and immunity and its potential implication for the sex- and age-related morbidity of severe COVID-19 patients

Aged male patients are more vulnerable to severe or critical symptoms of COVID-19, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we analyzed previously published scRNA-seq data from a large cohort of COVID-19 patients, castrated and regenerated mice, and bulk RNA-seq of a RNAi library of 400 genes, and revealed that both immunity and OXPHOS displayed cell-type-, sex-, and age-related variation in the severe or critical COVID-19 patients during disease progression, with a more prominent increase in immunity and decrease in OXPHOS in myeloid cells in the males relative to the females (60-69 years old). Male severe or critical patients above 70 years old were an exception in that the compromised negative correlation between OXPHOS and immunity in these patients was associated with its disordered transcriptional regulation. Finally, the expression levels of OXPHOS and androgens were revealed to be positively correlated, and the responses of macrophages to android fluctuation were more striking than other types of detected immune cells in the castrated mice model. Therefore, the interplay of OXPHOS and immunity displayed a cell-type-specific, age-related, and sex-biased pattern, and the underlying potential regulatory role of the hormonal milieu should not be neglected.

T-cell lymphoma patient harboring BCL11B mutations had favorable overall survival

BACKGROUND

Molecular genetics serve a critical role in constructing risk stratification for hematological malignancies, but T-cell lymphoma (TCL) still lacks molecular genetic information for supplement risk stratification in predicting the prognosis of TCL patients. In the present study, we characterized the mutation patterns of B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 11B gene (BCL11B) and its prognostic importance in TCL patients.

METHODS

BCL11B mutations were characterized based on the data from two datasets, one is from our clinical center (GDPH dataset, n = 79) and the other is from COSMIC dataset (n = 154).

RESULTS

The overall mutation rate of BCL11B was 6.4% (15/233) in TCL, and there were no hotspot mutation sites in TCL. Among these mutations, the missense and splice site mutation were significantly prominent. Moreover, TCL patients harboring BCL11B mutations had a favorable overall survival (OS) in our center (GDPH dataset) (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = .001, p = 0.109), although there were not yet significantly statistical at this point. In addition, TCL patients harboring BCL11B mutation had a longer 5-year restricted mean survival time (RMST) than those without a BCL11B mutation (60 vs. 32 months). Notably, BCL11B mutations were not associated with TCL entities having better prognosis.

CONCLUSIONS

BCL11B mutations were associated with favorable clinical outcome for TCL patients; it might be considered as a novel biomarker for TCL prognostic stratification.

Diagnosis and management of adult central nervous system leukemia

Central nervous system leukemia (CNSL) is a prominent infiltration reason for therapy failing in acute leukemia. Recurrence rates and the prognosis have alleviated with current prophylactic regimens. However, the accurate stratification of relapse risk and treatment regimens for relapsed or refractory patients remain clinical challenges yet to be solved. Recently, with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cellular therapy showing encouraging effects in some CNSL patients, advances in treating CNSL have already been reported. The development of molecular targeted agents as well as antibody-based drugs will provide patients with more personalized treatment. This article summarized recent research developments about risk factors, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment in adults with CNSL.

Sox13 and M2-like leukemia-associated macrophages contribute to endogenous IL-34 caused accelerated progression of acute myeloid leukemia

Interleukin 34 (IL-34) mainly plays physiologic and pathologic roles through the sophisticated multi-ligand signaling system, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, CSF-1)/IL-34-CSF-1R axis, which exhibits functional redundancy, tissue-restriction and diversity. This axis is vital for the survival, differentiation and function of monocytic lineage cells and plays pathologic roles in a broad range of diseases. However, the role of IL-34 in leukemia has not been established. Here MLL-AF9 induced mouse acute myeloid leukemia (AML) model overexpressing IL-34 (MA9-IL-34) was used to explore its role in AML. MA9-IL-34 mice exhibited accelerated disease progression and short survival time with significant subcutaneous infiltration of AML cells. MA9-IL-34 cells showed increased proliferation. In vitro colony forming assays and limiting dilution transplantation experiments demonstrated that MA9-IL-34 cells had elevated leukemia stem cell (LSC) levels. Gene expression microarray analysis revealed a panel of differential expressed genes including Sex-determining region Y (SRY)-box 13 (Sox13). Furthermore, a positive correlation between the expressions of IL-34 and Sox13 was detected human datasets. Knockdown of Sox13 rescued the enhanced proliferation, high LSC level and subcutaneous infiltration in MA9-IL-34 cells. Moreover, more leukemia-associated macrophages (LAMs) were detected in MA9-IL-34 microenvironment. Additionally, those LAMs showed M2-like phenotype since they expressed high level of M2-associated genes and had attenuated phagocytic potential, suggesting that LAMs should also contribute to IL-34 caused adverse phenotypes. Therefore, our findings uncover the intrinsic and microenvironmental mechanisms of IL-34 in AML and broadens the knowledge of M-CSF/IL-34-CSF-1R axis in malignancies.

BCL7A is silenced by hypermethylation to promote acute myeloid leukemia

BACKGROUND

Recent massive sequencing studies have revealed that SWI/SNF complexes are among the most frequently altered functional entities in solid tumors. However, the role of SWI/SNF in acute myeloid leukemia is poorly understood. To date, SWI/SNF complexes are thought to be oncogenic in AML or, at least, necessary to support leukemogenesis. However, mutation patterns in SWI/SNF genes in AML are consistent with a tumor suppressor role. Here, we study the SWI/SNF subunit BCL7A, which has been found to be recurrently mutated in lymphomas, but whose role in acute myeloid malignancies is currently unknown.

METHODS

Data mining and bioinformatic approaches were used to study the mutational status of BCL7A and the correlation between BCL7A expression and promoter hypermethylation. Methylation-specific PCR, bisulfite sequencing, and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment assays were used to determine if BCL7A expression was silenced due to promoter hypermethylation. Cell competition assays after BCL7A expression restoration were used to assess the role of BCL7A in AML cell line models. Differential expression analysis was performed to determine pathways and genes altered after BCL7A expression restoration. To establish the role of BCL7A in tumor development in vivo, tumor growth was compared between BCL7A-expressing and non-expressing mouse xenografts using in vivo fluorescence imaging.

RESULTS

BCL7A expression was inversely correlated with promoter methylation in three external cohorts: TCGA-LAML (N = 160), TARGET-AML (N = 188), and Glass et al. (2017) (N = 111). The AML-derived cell line NB4 silenced the BCL7A expression via promoter hypermethylation. Ectopic BCL7A expression in AML cells decreased their competitive ability compared to control cells. Additionally, restoration of BCL7A expression reduced tumor growth in an NB4 mouse xenograft model. Also, differential expression analysis found that BCL7A restoration altered cell cycle pathways and modified significantly the expression of genes like HMGCS1, H1-0, and IRF7 which can help to explain its tumor suppressor role in AML.

CONCLUSIONS

BCL7A expression is silenced in AML by promoter methylation. In addition, restoration of BCL7A expression exerts tumor suppressor activity in AML cell lines and xenograft models.

High expression of LOC541471, GDAP1, SOD1, and STK25 is associated with poor overall survival of patients with acute myeloid leukemia

BACKGROUND

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive heterogeneous hematological malignancy with remarkably heterogeneous outcomes. This study aimed to identify potential biomarkers for AML risk stratification via analysis of gene expression profiles.

METHODS

RNA sequencing data from 167 adult AML patients in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were obtained for overall survival (OS) analysis, and 52 bone marrow (BM) samples from our clinical center were used for validation. Additionally, siRNA was used to investigate the role of prognostic genes in the apoptosis and proliferation of AML cells.

RESULTS

Co-expression of 103 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs in the red module that were positively correlated with European Leukemia Network (ELN) risk stratification and age was identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). After screening by uni- and multivariate Cox regression, Kaplan-Meier survival, and protein-protein interaction analysis, four genes including the lncRNA LOC541471, GDAP1, SOD1, and STK25 were incorporated into calculating a risk score from coefficients of the multivariate Cox regression model. Notably, GDAP1 expression was the greatest contributor to OS among the four genes. Interestingly, the risk score, ELN risk stratification, and age were independent prognostic factors for AML patients, and a nomogram model constructed with these factors could illustrate and personalize the 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates of AML patients. The calibration and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves (ROCs) suggested that the nomogram had a good predictive performance. Furthermore, new risk stratification was developed for AML patients based on the nomogram model. Importantly, knockdown of LOC541471, GDPA1, SOD1, or STK25 promoted apoptosis and inhibited the proliferation of THP-1 cells compared to controls.

CONCLUSIONS

High expression of LOC541471, GDAP1, SOD1, and STK25 may be biomarkers for risk stratification of AML patients, which may provide novel insight into evaluating prognosis, monitoring progression, and designing combinational targeted therapies.