1
|
Le Brun AP, Gilbert EP. Advances in sample environments for neutron scattering for colloid and interface science. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 327:103141. [PMID: 38631095 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This review describes recent advances in sample environments across the full complement of applicable neutron scattering techniques to colloid and interface science. Temperature, pressure, flow, tensile testing, ultrasound, chemical reactions, IR/visible/UV light, confinement, humidity and electric and magnetic field application, as well as tandem X-ray methods, are all addressed. Consideration for material choices in sample environments and data acquisition methods are also covered as well as discussion of current and potential future use of machine learning and artificial intelligence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton P Le Brun
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Elliot Paul Gilbert
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Paleti SHK, Kim Y, Kimpel J, Craighero M, Haraguchi S, Müller C. Impact of doping on the mechanical properties of conjugated polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1702-1729. [PMID: 38265833 PMCID: PMC10876084 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00833a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers exhibit a unique portfolio of electrical and electrochemical behavior, which - paired with the mechanical properties that are typical for macromolecules - make them intriguing candidates for a wide range of application areas from wearable electronics to bioelectronics. However, the degree of oxidation or reduction of the polymer can strongly impact the mechanical response and thus must be considered when designing flexible or stretchable devices. This tutorial review first explores how the chain architecture, processing as well as the resulting nano- and microstructure impact the rheological and mechanical properties. In addition, different methods for the mechanical characterization of thin films and bulk materials such as fibers are summarized. Then, the review discusses how chemical and electrochemical doping alter the mechanical properties in terms of stiffness and ductility. Finally, the mechanical response of (doped) conjugated polymers is discussed in the context of (1) organic photovoltaics, representing thin-film devices with a relatively low charge-carrier density, (2) organic thermoelectrics, where chemical doping is used to realize thin films or bulk materials with a high doping level, and (3) organic electrochemical transistors, where electrochemical doping allows high charge-carrier densities to be reached, albeit accompanied by significant swelling. In the future, chemical and electrochemical doping may not only allow modulation and optimization of the electrical and electrochemical behavior of conjugated polymers, but also facilitate the design of materials with a tunable mechanical response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sri Harish Kumar Paleti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Youngseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Joost Kimpel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mariavittoria Craighero
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Shuichi Haraguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xiao Y, Bai P, Zhang Z, Guo Y. Direct measurement and modeling of viscoelastic-viscoplastic properties of freely standing thin polystyrene films. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:214903. [PMID: 38054519 DOI: 10.1063/5.0176115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for applications, such as coatings, separation filters, and electronic packaging, has greatly driven the research of polymer films. At nanometer scale, mechanical properties of thin polymer films can significantly deviate from bulk. Despite outstanding progresses, there still lack deep discussions on nonlinear viscoelastic-viscoplastic response and their interactions under nanoconfinement. In this work, by conducting measurements via the bubble inflation method and modelling using Schapery and Perzyna equations, we demonstrate nonlinear viscoelastic-viscoplastic properties of freely standing thin polystyrene (PS) films. The results show the unchanged glassy compliance and the rubbery stiffening phenomenon for thin PS films, where the lower rubbery plateau in rubbery stiffening may originate from the induced molecular orientation by plastic deformation. With decreasing film thickness, viscosity and yield stress in viscoplasticity increase in an exponential and a linear trend, respectively, indicating the significant role of nanoconfinement effect on viscoplastic properties. These findings may reveal that there are many properties from linear viscoelasticity to nonlinear viscoelasticity-viscoplasticity that need to be explored and unveiled for sufficient understanding of the nanoconfinement effect on altering mechanical behavior of polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Xiao
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Pei Bai
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhengyang Zhang
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yunlong Guo
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu Y, Jia Y, Antonini C, Jin Y, Chen L. Interfacial Nanoblisters Formed in Water Serving as Freestanding Platforms for Measuring Elastic Moduli of Polymeric Nanofilms. Nano Lett 2023; 23:3078-3084. [PMID: 36802649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c05070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric nanofilms have been widely utilized in diverse cutting-edge technologies, yet accurately determining their elastic moduli remains challenging. Here we demonstrate that interfacial nanoblisters, which are produced by simply immersing substrate-supported nanofilms in water, represent natural platforms for assessing the mechanical properties of polymeric nanofilms using the sophisticated nanoindentation method. Nevertheless, high-resolution, quantitative force spectroscopy studies reveal that the indentation test must be performed on an effective freestanding region around the nanoblister apex and meanwhile under an appropriate loading force, to obtain load-independent, linear elastic deformations. The nanoblister stiffness increases with either decreasing its size or increasing its covering film thickness, and such size effects can be adequately rationalized by an energy-based theoretical model. The proposed model also enables an exceptional determination of the film elastic modulus. Given that interfacial blistering is a frequently occurring phenomenon for polymeric nanofilms, we envision that the presented methodology would stimulate broad applications in relevant fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Youquan Jia
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Carlo Antonini
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano, Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Yakang Jin
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Longquan Chen
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong, Dongguan 523808, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Esparza GL, Kodur M, Chen AX, Wang B, Bunch JA, Cramlet J, Runser R, Fenning DP, Lipomi DJ. Solvent-Free Transfer of Freestanding Large-Area Conjugated Polymer Films for Optoelectronic Applications. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2207798. [PMID: 36634339 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Conventional processes for depositing thin films of conjugated polymers are restricted to those based on vapor, liquid, and solution-phase precursors. Each of these methods bear some limitations. For example, low-bandgap polymers with alternating donor-acceptor structures cannot be deposited from the vapor phase, and solution-phase deposition is always subject to issues related to the incompatibility of the substrate with the solvent. Here, a technique to enable deposition of large-area, ultra-thin films (≈20 nm or more), which are transferred from the surface of water, is demonstrated. From the water, these pre-solidified films can then be transferred to a desired substrate, circumventing limitations such as solvent orthogonality. The quality of these films is characterized by a variety of imaging and electrochemical measurements. Mechanical toughness is identified as a limiting property of polymer compatibility, along with some strategies to address this limitation. As a demonstration, the films are used as the hole-transport layer in perovskite solar cells, in which their performance is shown to be comparable to controls formed by spin-coating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo L Esparza
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0448, USA
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0418, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0418, USA
| | - Moses Kodur
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0448, USA
| | - Alexander X Chen
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0448, USA
| | - Benjamin Wang
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0448, USA
| | - Jordan A Bunch
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0448, USA
| | - Jaden Cramlet
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0448, USA
| | - Rory Runser
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0448, USA
| | - David P Fenning
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0448, USA
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0418, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0418, USA
| | - Darren J Lipomi
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0448, USA
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0418, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0418, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Park H, Ma BS, Kim Y, Lee D, Li S, Kim HJ, Kim TS, Kim BJ. Direct Measurement of the Thermomechanical Properties of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Thin Films on Ionic Liquid Surfaces. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hyeong Jun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) is one of the most versatile devices within the bioelectronics toolbox, with its compatibility with aqueous media and the ability to transduce and amplify ionic and biological signals into an electronic output. The OECT operation relies on the mixed (ionic and electronic charge) conduction properties of the material in its channel. With the increased popularity of OECTs in bioelectronics applications and to benchmark mixed conduction properties of channel materials, the characterization methods have broadened somewhat heterogeneously. We intend this review to be a guide for the characterization methods of the OECT and the channel materials used. Our review is composed of two main sections. First, we review techniques to fabricate the OECT, introduce different form factors and configurations, and describe the device operation principle. We then discuss the OECT performance figures of merit and detail the experimental procedures to obtain these characteristics. In the second section, we shed light on the characterization of mixed transport properties of channel materials and describe how to assess films' interactions with aqueous electrolytes. In particular, we introduce experimental methods to monitor ion motion and diffusion, charge carrier mobility, and water uptake in the films. We also discuss a few theoretical models describing ion-polymer interactions. We hope that the guidelines we bring together in this review will help researchers perform a more comprehensive and consistent comparison of new materials and device designs, and they will be used to identify advances and opportunities to improve the device performance, progressing the field of organic bioelectronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Victor Druet
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Varma VA, Kritika, Singh J, Babu SB. Self Assembly of Patchy Anisotropic Particle Forming Free Standing Monolayer Film. Advcd Theory and Sims 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202200666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vikki Anand Varma
- Out of Equilibrium Group Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Kritika
- Out of Equilibrium Group Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Jaskaran Singh
- Out of Equilibrium Group Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Sujin B. Babu
- Out of Equilibrium Group Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi 110016 India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Missale E, Frasconi M, Pantano MF. Ultrathin organic membranes: Can they sustain the quest for mechanically robust device applications? iScience 2023; 26:105924. [PMID: 36866039 PMCID: PMC9971879 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.105924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrathin polymeric films have recently attracted tremendous interest as functional components of coatings, separation membranes, and sensors, with applications spanning from environment-related processes to soft robotics and wearable devices. In order to support the development of robust devices with advanced performances, it is necessary to achieve a deep comprehension of the mechanical properties of ultrathin polymeric films, which can be significantly affected by confinement effects at the nanoscale. In this review paper, we collect the most recent advances in the development of ultrathin organic membranes with emphasis on the relationship between their structure and mechanical properties. We provide the reader with a critical overview of the main approaches for the preparation of ultrathin polymeric films, the methodologies for the investigation of their mechanical properties, and models to understand the primary effects that impact their mechanical response, followed by a discussion on the current trends for designing mechanically robust organic membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Missale
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Marco Frasconi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Corresponding author
| | - Maria F. Pantano
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang T, Wang N, Riggleman RA. Failure and Mechanical Properties of Glassy Diblock Copolymer Thin Films. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianren Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
| | - Robert A. Riggleman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Saito M, Ito K, Yokoyama H. Film thickness and strain rate dependences of the mechanical properties of polystyrene-b-polyisoprene-b-polystyrene block copolymer ultrathin films forming a spherical domain. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
12
|
Bay RK, Zhang T, Shimomura S, Ilton M, Tanaka K, Riggleman RA, Crosby AJ. Decoupling the Impact of Entanglements and Mobility on the Failure Properties of Ultrathin Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Ko̅nane Bay
- Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Tianren Zhang
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Shinichiro Shimomura
- Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mark Ilton
- Department of Physics, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Robert A. Riggleman
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Alfred J. Crosby
- Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pei D, An C, Zhao B, Ge M, Wang Z, Dong W, Wang C, Deng Y, Song D, Ma Z, Han Y, Geng Y. Polyurethane-Based Stretchable Semiconductor Nanofilms with High Intrinsic Recovery Similar to Conventional Elastomers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:33806-33816. [PMID: 35849824 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymer semiconductors with large elastic recovery (ER) under high strain in thin film state are highly desirable for stretchable electronics. Here we report a type of stretchable semiconductor PU(DPP)x, by copolymerization of oligodiketopyrrolopyrrole-based conjugated block and hydrogenated polybutadiene flexible block via urethane linkage for intermolecular hydrogen bonding. By regulating block ratio, PU(DPP)35 with 35 wt % conjugated block exhibits high intrinsic ER > 80% under 175% strain (ε) in pseudo free-standing thin film state, comparable with commercial elastomers, and crack onset strain (COS) > 300% along with maximum hole mobility of 0.19 cm2 V-1 s-1 in organic thin film transistors to bring it to the best performing block copolymer-type stretchable semiconductors. Enhanced mobility is achieved using PU(DPP)35 as the binder for conjugated polymer PDPPT3. The 25 wt %-PDPPT3 blend displays mobility up to 1.28 cm2 V-1 s-1 along with COS ∼120%, and 10 wt %-PDPPT3 blend exhibits ER of 78% at ε = 150%, COS of ∼230%, modulus of 36.5 MPa, maximum mobility of 0.62 cm2 V-1 s-1 and no obvious degradation of mobility at ε = 150% after 100 cycles of strain. Moreover, the structural similarity enables the blend film uniform and stable microstructure against mechanical and thermal deformation. Notably, PU(DPP)35 and the blend are characterized by high mechanical performance similar to that of commercial elastomers in thin film state, and demonstrate their potential for high performance stretchable electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Pei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chuanbin An
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mengke Ge
- Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhongli Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Weijia Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dongpo Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Qiang Y, Pande SS, Lee D, Turner KT. The Interplay of Polymer Bridging and Entanglement in Toughening Polymer-Infiltrated Nanoparticle Films. ACS Nano 2022; 16:6372-6381. [PMID: 35380037 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-nanoparticle composite films (PNCFs) with high loadings of nanoparticles (NPs) (>50 vol %) have applications in multiple areas, and an understanding of their mechanical properties is essential for their broader use. The high-volume fraction and small size of the NPs lead to physical confinement of the polymers that can drastically change the properties of polymers relative to the bulk. We investigate the fracture behavior of a class of highly loaded PNCFs prepared by polymer infiltration into NP packings. These polymer-infiltrated nanoparticle films (PINFs) have applications as multifunctional coatings and membranes and provide a platform to understand the behavior of polymers that are highly confined. Here, the extent of confinement in PINFs is tuned from 0.1 to 44 and the fracture toughness of PINFs is increased by up to a factor of 12 by varying the molecular weight of the polymers over 3 orders of magnitude and using NPs with diameters ranging from 9 to 100 nm. The results show that brittle, low molecular weight (MW) polymers can significantly toughen NP packings, and this toughening effect becomes less pronounced with increasing NP size. In contrast, high MW polymers capable of forming interchain entanglements are more effective in toughening large NP packings. We propose that confinement has competing effects of polymer bridging increasing toughness and chain disentanglement decreasing toughness. These findings provide insight into the fracture behavior of confined polymers and will guide the development of mechanically robust PINFs as well as other highly loaded PNCFs.
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang G, Najafi F, Ho K, Hamidinejad M, Cui T, Walker GC, Singh CV, Filleter T. Mechanical Size Effect of Freestanding Nanoconfined Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Farzin Najafi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Kevin Ho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mahdi Hamidinejad
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Teng Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Gilbert C. Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Chandra Veer Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Operando characterization plays an important role in revealing the structure-property relationships of organic mixed ionic/electronic conductors (OMIECs), enabling the direct observation of dynamic changes during device operation and thus guiding the development of new materials. This review focuses on the application of different operando characterization techniques in the study of OMIECs, highlighting the time-dependent and bias-dependent structure, composition, and morphology information extracted from these techniques. We first illustrate the needs, requirements, and challenges of operando characterization then provide an overview of relevant experimental techniques, including spectroscopy, scattering, microbalance, microprobe, and electron microscopy. We also compare different in silico methods and discuss the interplay of these computational methods with experimental techniques. Finally, we provide an outlook on the future development of operando for OMIEC-based devices and look toward multimodal operando techniques for more comprehensive and accurate description of OMIECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Micaela Matta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Saito M, Ito K, Yokoyama H. Mechanical Properties of Ultrathin Polystyrene- b-Polybutadiene- b-Polystyrene Block Copolymer Films: Film Thickness-Dependent Young’s Modulus. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Saito
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Kohzo Ito
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Luke A. Galuska
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Understanding fracture mechanics of ultrathin polymeric films is crucial for modern technologies, including semiconductor and coating industries. However, up to now, the fracture behavior of sub-100 nm polymeric thin films is rarely explored due to challenges in handling samples and limited testing methods available. In this work, we report a new testing methodology that can not only visualize the evolution of the local stress distribution through wrinkling patterns and crack propagation during the deformation of ultrathin films but also directly measure their fracture energies. Using ultrathin polystyrene films as a model system, we both experimentally and computationally investigate the effect of the film thickness and molecular weight on their fracture behavior, both of which show a ductile-to-brittle transition. Furthermore, we demonstrate the broad applicability of this testing method in semicrystalline semiconducting polymers. We anticipate our methodology described here could provide new ways of studying the fracture behavior of ultrathin films under confinement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials
and Device, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Masato Koizumi
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Cao
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials
and Device, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Keyou S. Mao
- Materials
Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Qian
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials
and Device, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Luke A. Galuska
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials
and Device, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Lihua Jin
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States,
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials
and Device, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States,
| |
Collapse
|