1
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Sapnik AF, Thorne MF, Castillo-Blas C, Keenan L, Johnson T, Bennett TD. Transient intermediate in the formation of an amorphous metal-organic framework. Soft Matter 2024; 20:2338-2347. [PMID: 38372182 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01658g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Amorphous metal-organic frameworks are rarely formed via direct synthesis. Our limited understanding of their atomic assembly in solution prevents full exploitation of their unique structural complexity. Here, we use in situ synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy with sub-second time resolution to probe the formation of the amorphous Fe-BTC framework. Using a combination of spectral fingerprinting, linear combination analysis, and principal component analysis coupled with kinetic analyses, we reveal a multi-stage formation mechanism that, crucially, proceeds via the generation of a transient intermediate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F Sapnik
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Michael F Thorne
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Celia Castillo-Blas
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Luke Keenan
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Timothy Johnson
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blount's Court, Sonning Common, RG4 9NH, UK
| | - Thomas D Bennett
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
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2
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Thaggard GC, Park KC, Lim J, Maldeni Kankanamalage BKP, Haimerl J, Wilson GR, McBride MK, Forrester KL, Adelson ER, Arnold VS, Wetthasinghe ST, Rassolov VA, Smith MD, Sosnin D, Aprahamian I, Karmakar M, Bag SK, Thakur A, Zhang M, Tang BZ, Castaño JA, Chaur MN, Lerch MM, Fischer RA, Aizenberg J, Herges R, Lehn JM, Shustova NB. Breaking the photoswitch speed limit. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7556. [PMID: 37985777 PMCID: PMC10660956 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43405-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The forthcoming generation of materials, including artificial muscles, recyclable and healable systems, photochromic heterogeneous catalysts, or tailorable supercapacitors, relies on the fundamental concept of rapid switching between two or more discrete forms in the solid state. Herein, we report a breakthrough in the "speed limit" of photochromic molecules on the example of sterically-demanding spiropyran derivatives through their integration within solvent-free confined space, allowing for engineering of the photoresponsive moiety environment and tailoring their photoisomerization rates. The presented conceptual approach realized through construction of the spiropyran environment results in ~1000 times switching enhancement even in the solid state compared to its behavior in solution, setting a record in the field of photochromic compounds. Moreover, integration of two distinct photochromic moieties in the same framework provided access to a dynamic range of rates as well as complementary switching in the material's optical profile, uncovering a previously inaccessible pathway for interstate rapid photoisomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C Thaggard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Kyoung Chul Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Jaewoong Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | | | - Johanna Haimerl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Gina R Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Margaret K McBride
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Kelly L Forrester
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Esther R Adelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Virginia S Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Shehani T Wetthasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Vitaly A Rassolov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Mark D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Daniil Sosnin
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Ivan Aprahamian
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Manisha Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, 700032, Kolkata, India
| | - Sayan Kumar Bag
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, 700032, Kolkata, India
| | - Arunabha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, 700032, Kolkata, India
| | - Minjie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- AIE Institute, Guangzhou Development District, Huangpu, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Jorge A Castaño
- Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, AA 25360, Cali, Colombia
| | - Manuel N Chaur
- Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, AA 25360, Cali, Colombia
- Centro de Excelencia en Neuvos Materiales (CENM), Universidad del Valle, AA 25360, Cali, Colombia
| | - Michael M Lerch
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Natalia B Shustova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA.
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3
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Chester AM, Castillo-Blas C, Sajzew R, Rodrigues BP, Mas-Balleste R, Moya A, Snelson JE, Collins SM, Sapnik AF, Robertson GP, Irving DJM, Wondraczek L, Keen DA, Bennett TD. Structural insights into hybrid immiscible blends of metal-organic framework and sodium ultraphosphate glasses. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11737-11748. [PMID: 37920351 PMCID: PMC10619634 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02305b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, increased attention has been focused on amorphous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and, more specifically, MOF glasses, the first new glass category discovered since the 1970s. In this work, we explore the fabrication of a compositional series of hybrid blends, the first example of blending a MOF and inorganic glass. We combine ZIF-62(Zn) glass and an inorganic glass, 30Na2O-70P2O5, to combine the chemical versatility of the MOF glass with the mechanical properties of the inorganic glass. We investigate the interfacial interactions between the two components using pair distribution function analysis and solid state NMR spectroscopy, and suggest potential interactions between the two phases. Thermal analysis of the blend samples indicated that they were less thermally stable than the starting materials and had a Tg shifted relative to the pristine materials. Annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy tomography, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), nanoindentation and 31P NMR all indicated close mixing of the two phases, suggesting the formation of immiscible blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh M Chester
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Celia Castillo-Blas
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Roman Sajzew
- Otto Schott Institute Materials Research, University of Jena Fraunhoferstrasse 6 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Bruno P Rodrigues
- Otto Schott Institute Materials Research, University of Jena Fraunhoferstrasse 6 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ruben Mas-Balleste
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Alicia Moya
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Jessica E Snelson
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, School of Chemistry, Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane LS2 9JT UK
| | - Sean M Collins
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, School of Chemistry, Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane LS2 9JT UK
| | - Adam F Sapnik
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Georgina P Robertson
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
- Diamond Light Source Ltd Diamond House, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE UK
| | - Daniel J M Irving
- Diamond Light Source Ltd Diamond House, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE UK
| | - Lothar Wondraczek
- Otto Schott Institute Materials Research, University of Jena Fraunhoferstrasse 6 07743 Jena Germany
| | - David A Keen
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX UK
| | - Thomas D Bennett
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
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4
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Castillo-Blas C, Chester AM, Cosquer RP, Sapnik AF, Corti L, Sajzew R, Poletto-Rodrigues B, Robertson GP, Irving DJ, McHugh LN, Wondraczek L, Blanc F, Keen DA, Bennett TD. Interfacial Bonding between a Crystalline Metal-Organic Framework and an Inorganic Glass. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22913-22924. [PMID: 37819708 PMCID: PMC10603780 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The interface within a composite is critically important for the chemical and physical properties of these materials. However, experimental structural studies of the interfacial regions within metal-organic framework (MOF) composites are extremely challenging. Here, we provide the first example of a new MOF composite family, i.e., using an inorganic glass matrix host in place of the commonly used organic polymers. Crucially, we also decipher atom-atom interactions at the interface. In particular, we dispersed a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) within a phosphate glass matrix and identified interactions at the interface using several different analysis methods of pair distribution function and multinuclear multidimensional magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These demonstrated glass-ZIF atom-atom correlations. Additionally, carbon dioxide uptake and stability tests were also performed to check the increment of the surface area and the stability and durability of the material in different media. This opens up possibilities for creating new composites that include the intrinsic chemical properties of the constituent MOFs and inorganic glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Castillo-Blas
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Ashleigh M. Chester
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Ronan P. Cosquer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Adam F. Sapnik
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Lucia Corti
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
- Leverhulme
Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation
Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
| | - Roman Sajzew
- Otto
Schott Institute of Materials Research, University of Jena, Fraunhoferstrasse 6, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Bruno Poletto-Rodrigues
- Otto
Schott Institute of Materials Research, University of Jena, Fraunhoferstrasse 6, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Georgina P. Robertson
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Daniel J.M. Irving
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Lauren N. McHugh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Lothar Wondraczek
- Otto
Schott Institute of Materials Research, University of Jena, Fraunhoferstrasse 6, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
- Leverhulme
Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation
Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K.
| | - David A. Keen
- ISIS
Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Thomas D. Bennett
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
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5
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Lin R, Chai M, Zhou Y, Chen V, Bennett TD, Hou J. Metal-organic framework glass composites. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37335141 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00315e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The melting phenomenon in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has been recognised as one of the fourth generation MOF paradigm behaviours. Molten MOFs have high processibility for producing mechanically robust glassy MOF macrostructures, and they also offer highly tunable interfacial characteristics when combined with other types of functional materials, such as crystalline MOFs, inorganic glass and metal halide perovskites. As a result, MOF glass composites have emerged as a family of functional materials with dynamic properties and hierarchical structural control. These nanocomposites allow for sophisticated materials science studies as well as the fabrication of next-generation separation, catalysis, optical, and biomedical devices. Here, we review the approaches for designing, fabricating, and characterising MOF glass composites. We determine the key application opportunities enabled by these composites and explore the remaining hurdles, such as improving thermal and chemical compatibility, regulating interfacial properties, and scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rijia Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Milton Chai
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Yinghong Zhou
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Vicki Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Thomas D Bennett
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Cambridge University, CB3 0FS, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jingwei Hou
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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6
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Sapnik AF, Sun C, Laulainen JEM, Johnstone DN, Brydson R, Johnson T, Midgley PA, Bennett TD, Collins SM. Mapping nanocrystalline disorder within an amorphous metal-organic framework. Commun Chem 2023; 6:92. [PMID: 37169838 PMCID: PMC10175482 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00891-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Intentionally disordered metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) display rich functional behaviour. However, the characterisation of their atomic structures remains incredibly challenging. X-ray pair distribution function techniques have been pivotal in determining their average local structure but are largely insensitive to spatial variations in the structure. Fe-BTC (BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate) is a nanocomposite MOF, known for its catalytic properties, comprising crystalline nanoparticles and an amorphous matrix. Here, we use scanning electron diffraction to first map the crystalline and amorphous components to evaluate domain size and then to carry out electron pair distribution function analysis to probe the spatially separated atomic structure of the amorphous matrix. Further Bragg scattering analysis reveals systematic orientational disorder within Fe-BTC's nanocrystallites, showing over 10° of continuous lattice rotation across single particles. Finally, we identify candidate unit cells for the crystalline component. These independent structural analyses quantify disorder in Fe-BTC at the critical length scale for engineering composite MOF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F Sapnik
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chao Sun
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Duncan N Johnstone
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rik Brydson
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Timothy Johnson
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blount's Court, Sonning Common, Reading, UK
| | - Paul A Midgley
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas D Bennett
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sean M Collins
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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7
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Abstract
Computational modeling is increasingly used to assist in the discovery of supramolecular materials. Supramolecular materials are typically primarily built from organic components that are self-assembled through noncovalent bonding and have potential applications, including in selective binding, sorption, molecular separations, catalysis, optoelectronics, sensing, and as molecular machines. In this review, the key areas where computational prediction can assist in the discovery of supramolecular materials, including in structure prediction, property prediction, and the prediction of how to synthesize a hypothetical material are discussed, before exploring the potential impact of artificial intelligence techniques on the field. Throughout, the importance of close integration with experimental materials discovery programs will be highlighted. A series of case studies from the author's work across some different supramolecular material classes will be discussed, before finishing with a discussion of the outlook for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK
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8
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Bechis I, Sapnik AF, Tarzia A, Wolpert EH, Addicoat MA, Keen DA, Bennett TD, Jelfs KE. Modeling the Effect of Defects and Disorder in Amorphous Metal-Organic Frameworks. Chem Mater 2022; 34:9042-9054. [PMID: 36313398 PMCID: PMC9609304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous metal-organic frameworks (aMOFs) are a class of disordered framework materials with a defined local order given by the connectivity between inorganic nodes and organic linkers, but absent long-range order. The rational development of function for aMOFs is hindered by our limited understanding of the underlying structure-property relationships in these systems, a consequence of the absence of long-range order, which makes experimental characterization particularly challenging. Here, we use a versatile modeling approach to generate in silico structural models for an aMOF based on Fe trimers and 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate (BTC) linkers, Fe-BTC. We build a phase space for this material that includes nine amorphous phases with different degrees of defects and local order. These models are analyzed through a combination of structural analysis, pore analysis, and pair distribution functions. Therefore, we are able to systematically explore the effects of the variation of each of these features, both in isolation and combined, for a disordered MOF system, something that would not be possible through experiment alone. We find that the degree of local order has a greater impact on structure and properties than the degree of defects. The approach presented here is versatile and allows for the study of different structural features and MOF chemistries, enabling the derivation of design rules for the rational development of aMOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bechis
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Adam F. Sapnik
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Andrew Tarzia
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Emma H. Wolpert
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Matthew A. Addicoat
- School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, U.K.
| | - David A. Keen
- ISIS
Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Thomas D. Bennett
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
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