1
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Guo J, Shao Y. Actin pushes open a leaky lumen. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:587-588. [PMID: 38701753 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Using a human stem cell-based model to understand how the human epiblast forms at the very beginning of implantation, Indana et al.1 establish a role for pushing forces that are generated by apical actin polymerization and reveal a two-stage, biomechanics-driven lumen growth process underlying epiblast cavity morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yue Shao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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2
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Tajvidi Safa B, Huang C, Kabla A, Yang R. Active viscoelastic models for cell and tissue mechanics. R Soc Open Sci 2024; 11:231074. [PMID: 38660600 PMCID: PMC11040246 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Living cells are out of equilibrium active materials. Cell-generated forces are transmitted across the cytoskeleton network and to the extracellular environment. These active force interactions shape cellular mechanical behaviour, trigger mechano-sensing, regulate cell adaptation to the microenvironment and can affect disease outcomes. In recent years, the mechanobiology community has witnessed the emergence of many experimental and theoretical approaches to study cells as mechanically active materials. In this review, we highlight recent advancements in incorporating active characteristics of cellular behaviour at different length scales into classic viscoelastic models by either adding an active tension-generating element or adjusting the resting length of an elastic element in the model. Summarizing the two groups of approaches, we will review the formulation and application of these models to understand cellular adaptation mechanisms in response to various types of mechanical stimuli, such as the effect of extracellular matrix properties and external loadings or deformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Tajvidi Safa
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE68588, USA
| | - Changjin Huang
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore639798, Singapore
| | - Alexandre Kabla
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Ruiguo Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE68588, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI48824, USA
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3
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Sun X, Decker J, Sanchez-Luege N, Rebay I. Inter-plane feedback coordinates cell morphogenesis and maintains 3D tissue organization in the Drosophila pupal retina. Development 2024; 151:dev201757. [PMID: 38533736 PMCID: PMC11006395 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
How complex organs coordinate cellular morphogenetic events to achieve three-dimensional (3D) form is a central question in development. The question is uniquely tractable in the late Drosophila pupal retina, where cells maintain stereotyped contacts as they elaborate the specialized cytoskeletal structures that pattern the apical, basal and longitudinal planes of the epithelium. In this study, we combined cell type-specific genetic manipulation of the cytoskeletal regulator Abelson (Abl) with 3D imaging to explore how the distinct cellular morphogenetic programs of photoreceptors and interommatidial pigment cells (IOPCs) organize tissue pattern to support retinal integrity. Our experiments show that photoreceptor and IOPC terminal differentiation is unexpectedly interdependent, connected by an intercellular feedback mechanism that coordinates and promotes morphogenetic change across orthogonal tissue planes to ensure correct 3D retinal pattern. We propose that genetic regulation of specialized cellular differentiation programs combined with inter-plane mechanical feedback confers spatial coordination to achieve robust 3D tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sun
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jacob Decker
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nicelio Sanchez-Luege
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ilaria Rebay
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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4
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Popkova A, Andrenšek U, Pagnotta S, Ziherl P, Krajnc M, Rauzi M. A mechanical wave travels along a genetic guide to drive the formation of an epithelial furrow during Drosophila gastrulation. Dev Cell 2024; 59:400-414.e5. [PMID: 38228140 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial furrowing is a fundamental morphogenetic process during gastrulation, neurulation, and body shaping. A furrow often results from a fold that propagates along a line. How fold formation and propagation are controlled and driven is poorly understood. To shed light on this, we study the formation of the cephalic furrow, a fold that runs along the embryo dorsal-ventral axis during Drosophila gastrulation and the developmental role of which is still unknown. We provide evidence of its function and show that epithelial furrowing is initiated by a group of cells. This cellular cluster works as a pacemaker, triggering a bidirectional morphogenetic wave powered by actomyosin contractions and sustained by de novo medial apex-to-apex cell adhesion. The pacemaker's Cartesian position is under the crossed control of the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral gene patterning systems. Thus, furrow formation is driven by a mechanical trigger wave that travels under the control of a multidimensional genetic guide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Popkova
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France.
| | - Urška Andrenšek
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sophie Pagnotta
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée, Nice, France
| | - Primož Ziherl
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Krajnc
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matteo Rauzi
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France.
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5
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Caballero-Mancebo S, Shinde R, Bolger-Munro M, Peruzzo M, Szep G, Steccari I, Labrousse-Arias D, Zheden V, Merrin J, Callan-Jones A, Voituriez R, Heisenberg CP. Friction forces determine cytoplasmic reorganization and shape changes of ascidian oocytes upon fertilization. Nat Phys 2024; 20:310-321. [PMID: 38370025 PMCID: PMC10866705 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-023-02302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Contraction and flow of the actin cell cortex have emerged as a common principle by which cells reorganize their cytoplasm and take shape. However, how these cortical flows interact with adjacent cytoplasmic components, changing their form and localization, and how this affects cytoplasmic organization and cell shape remains unclear. Here we show that in ascidian oocytes, the cooperative activities of cortical actomyosin flows and deformation of the adjacent mitochondria-rich myoplasm drive oocyte cytoplasmic reorganization and shape changes following fertilization. We show that vegetal-directed cortical actomyosin flows, established upon oocyte fertilization, lead to both the accumulation of cortical actin at the vegetal pole of the zygote and compression and local buckling of the adjacent elastic solid-like myoplasm layer due to friction forces generated at their interface. Once cortical flows have ceased, the multiple myoplasm buckles resolve into one larger buckle, which again drives the formation of the contraction pole-a protuberance of the zygote's vegetal pole where maternal mRNAs accumulate. Thus, our findings reveal a mechanism where cortical actomyosin network flows determine cytoplasmic reorganization and cell shape by deforming adjacent cytoplasmic components through friction forces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rushikesh Shinde
- Laboratoire de Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris Cité and CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Matilda Peruzzo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Irene Steccari
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Vanessa Zheden
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jack Merrin
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Andrew Callan-Jones
- Laboratoire de Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris Cité and CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Voituriez
- Laboratoire Jean Perrin, Sorbonne Université and CNRS, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée, Sorbonne Université and CNRS, Paris, France
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6
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Gupta P, Kayal S, Pothapragada SP, Senapati HK, Devendran P, Bi D, Das T. Mechanical imbalance between normal and cancer cells drives epithelial defense against cancer. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.27.559723. [PMID: 37961252 PMCID: PMC10635021 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.27.559723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell competition enables normal wildtype cells of epithelial tissue to eliminate mutant cells expressing activated oncoproteins such as HRasV12. However, the driving force behind this fundamental epithelial defense against cancer remains enigmatic. Here, we employ tissue stress microscopy and theoretical modeling and invent a new collective compressibility measurement technique called gel compression microscopy to unveil the mechanism governing cell competition. Stress microscopy reveals unique compressive stress experienced by the mutant cells, contrasting with predominantly tensile stress experienced by normal cells. A cell-based computer simulation then predicts that this compressive stress arises out of a mechanical imbalance between two competing populations due to a difference in their collective compressibility and rigidity. Gel compression microscopy empirically confirms the prediction and elucidates a three-fold higher compressibility of the mutant population than the normal population. Mechanistically, this difference stems from the reduced abundance and coupling of junctional E-cadherin molecules in the mutant cells, which weakens cell-cell adhesions and renders the mutant population more compressible. Taken together, our study elucidates both the physical principle and the underlying molecular mechanism driving cell competition in epithelial defense against cancer and opens new directions for mechanomedicine in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praver Gupta
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad (TIFR-H), Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Sayantani Kayal
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shilpa P. Pothapragada
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad (TIFR-H), Hyderabad 500046, India
- Present address: Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115. USA
| | - Harish K. Senapati
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad (TIFR-H), Hyderabad 500046, India
- Present address: Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Padmashree Devendran
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad (TIFR-H), Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Dapeng Bi
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tamal Das
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad (TIFR-H), Hyderabad 500046, India
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7
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Li Y, Kučera O, Cuvelier D, Rutkowski DM, Deygas M, Rai D, Pavlovič T, Vicente FN, Piel M, Giannone G, Vavylonis D, Akhmanova A, Blanchoin L, Théry M. Compressive forces stabilize microtubules in living cells. Nat Mater 2023; 22:913-924. [PMID: 37386067 PMCID: PMC10569437 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeleton components with unique mechanical and dynamic properties. They are rigid polymers that alternate phases of growth and shrinkage. Nonetheless, the cells can display a subset of stable microtubules, but it is unclear whether microtubule dynamics and mechanical properties are related. Recent in vitro studies suggest that microtubules have mechano-responsive properties, being able to stabilize their lattice by self-repair on physical damage. Here we study how microtubules respond to cycles of compressive forces in living cells and find that microtubules become distorted, less dynamic and more stable. This mechano-stabilization depends on CLASP2, which relocates from the end to the deformed shaft of microtubules. This process seems to be instrumental for cell migration in confined spaces. Overall, these results demonstrate that microtubules in living cells have mechano-responsive properties that allow them to resist and even counteract the forces to which they are subjected, being a central mediator of cellular mechano-responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Li
- Univ. Paris, INSERM, CEA, UMRS1160, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, CytoMorpho Lab, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Phyiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, CytoMorpho Lab, Grenoble, France
| | - Ondřej Kučera
- Univ. Paris, INSERM, CEA, UMRS1160, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, CytoMorpho Lab, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Phyiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, CytoMorpho Lab, Grenoble, France
- Department of Engineering Technology, South East Technological University, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Damien Cuvelier
- Institut Curie, UMR144, Paris, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Mathieu Deygas
- Institut Curie, UMR144, Paris, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Paris, France
| | - Dipti Rai
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tonja Pavlovič
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Filipe Nunes Vicente
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie, UMR144, Paris, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Paris, France
| | - Grégory Giannone
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- Univ. Paris, INSERM, CEA, UMRS1160, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, CytoMorpho Lab, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Phyiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, CytoMorpho Lab, Grenoble, France.
| | - Manuel Théry
- Univ. Paris, INSERM, CEA, UMRS1160, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, CytoMorpho Lab, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Phyiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, CytoMorpho Lab, Grenoble, France.
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8
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Dow LP, Parmar T, Marchetti MC, Pruitt BL. Engineering tools for quantifying and manipulating forces in epithelia. Biophys Rev (Melville) 2023; 4:021303. [PMID: 38510344 PMCID: PMC10903508 DOI: 10.1063/5.0142537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The integrity of epithelia is maintained within dynamic mechanical environments during tissue development and homeostasis. Understanding how epithelial cells mechanosignal and respond collectively or individually is critical to providing insight into developmental and (patho)physiological processes. Yet, inferring or mimicking mechanical forces and downstream mechanical signaling as they occur in epithelia presents unique challenges. A variety of in vitro approaches have been used to dissect the role of mechanics in regulating epithelia organization. Here, we review approaches and results from research into how epithelial cells communicate through mechanical cues to maintain tissue organization and integrity. We summarize the unique advantages and disadvantages of various reduced-order model systems to guide researchers in choosing appropriate experimental systems. These model systems include 3D, 2D, and 1D micromanipulation methods, single cell studies, and noninvasive force inference and measurement techniques. We also highlight a number of in silico biophysical models that are informed by in vitro and in vivo observations. Together, a combination of theoretical and experimental models will aid future experiment designs and provide predictive insight into mechanically driven behaviors of epithelial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshi Parmar
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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9
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Andrenšek U, Ziherl P, Krajnc M. Wrinkling Instability in Unsupported Epithelial Sheets. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:198401. [PMID: 37243634 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.198401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the elasticity of an unsupported epithelial monolayer and we discover that unlike a thin solid plate, which wrinkles if geometrically incompatible with the underlying substrate, the epithelium may do so even in the absence of the substrate. From a cell-based model, we derive an exact elasticity theory and discover wrinkling driven by the differential apico-basal surface tension. Our theory is mapped onto that for supported plates by introducing a phantom substrate whose stiffness is finite beyond a critical differential tension. This suggests a new mechanism for an autonomous control of tissues over the length scale of their surface patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urška Andrenšek
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Ziherl
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Krajnc
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Sun X, Decker J, Sanchez-Luege N, Rebay I. Orthogonal coupling of a 3D cytoskeletal scaffold coordinates cell morphogenesis and maintains tissue organization in the Drosophila pupal retina. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.06.531386. [PMID: 36945525 PMCID: PMC10028844 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.06.531386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
How complex three-dimensional (3D) organs coordinate cellular morphogenetic events to achieve the correct final form is a central question in development. The question is uniquely tractable in the late Drosophila pupal retina where cells maintain stereotyped contacts as they elaborate the specialized cytoskeletal structures that pattern the apical, basal and longitudinal planes of the epithelium. In this study, we combined cell type-specific genetic manipulation of the cytoskeletal regulator Abelson (Abl) with 3D imaging to explore how the distinct cellular morphogenetic programs of photoreceptors and interommatidial pigment cells coordinately organize tissue pattern to support retinal integrity. Our experiments revealed an unanticipated intercellular feedback mechanism whereby correct cellular differentiation of either cell type can non-autonomously induce cytoskeletal remodeling in the other Abl mutant cell type, restoring retinal pattern and integrity. We propose that genetic regulation of specialized cellular differentiation programs combined with inter-plane mechanical feedback confers spatial coordination to achieve robust 3D tissue morphogenesis.
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11
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Andersen T, Wörthmüller D, Probst D, Wang I, Moreau P, Fitzpatrick V, Boudou T, Schwarz US, Balland M. Cell size and actin architecture determine force generation in optogenetically activated cells. Biophys J 2023; 122:684-696. [PMID: 36635962 PMCID: PMC9989885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherent cells use actomyosin contractility to generate mechanical force and to sense the physical properties of their environment, with dramatic consequences for migration, division, differentiation, and fate. However, the organization of the actomyosin system within cells is highly variable, with its assembly and function being controlled by small GTPases from the Rho family. To understand better how activation of these regulators translates into cell-scale force generation in the context of different physical environments, here we combine recent advances in non-neuronal optogenetics with micropatterning and traction force microscopy on soft elastic substrates. We find that, after whole-cell RhoA activation by the CRY2/CIBN optogenetic system with a short pulse of 100 ms, single cells contract on a minute timescale in proportion to their original traction force, before returning to their original tension setpoint with near perfect precision, on a longer timescale of several minutes. To decouple the biochemical and mechanical elements of this response, we introduce a mathematical model that is parametrized by fits to the dynamics of the substrate deformation energy. We find that the RhoA response builds up quickly on a timescale of 20 s, but decays slowly on a timescale of 50 s. The larger the cells and the more polarized their actin cytoskeleton, the more substrate deformation energy is generated. RhoA activation starts to saturate if optogenetic pulse length exceeds 50 ms, revealing the intrinsic limits of biochemical activation. Together our results suggest that adherent cells establish tensional homeostasis by the RhoA system, but that the setpoint and the dynamics around it are strongly determined by cell size and the architecture of the actin cytoskeleton, which both are controlled by the extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Andersen
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - D Wörthmüller
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Probst
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - I Wang
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - P Moreau
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - V Fitzpatrick
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - T Boudou
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - U S Schwarz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - M Balland
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
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12
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Matejčić M, Trepat X. Mechanobiological approaches to synthetic morphogenesis: learning by building. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:95-111. [PMID: 35879149 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis occurs in a complex physicochemical microenvironment with limited experimental accessibility. This often prevents a clear identification of the processes that govern the formation of a given functional shape. By applying state-of-the-art methods to minimal tissue systems, synthetic morphogenesis aims to engineer the discrete events that are necessary and sufficient to build specific tissue shapes. Here, we review recent advances in synthetic morphogenesis, highlighting how a combination of microfabrication and mechanobiology is fostering our understanding of how tissues are built.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Matejčić
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Erlich A, Étienne J, Fouchard J, Wyatt T. How dynamic prestress governs the shape of living systems, from the subcellular to tissue scale. Interface Focus 2022; 12:20220038. [PMID: 36330322 PMCID: PMC9560792 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2022.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells and tissues change shape both to carry out their function and during pathology. In most cases, these deformations are driven from within the systems themselves. This is permitted by a range of molecular actors, such as active crosslinkers and ion pumps, whose activity is biologically controlled in space and time. The resulting stresses are propagated within complex and dynamical architectures like networks or cell aggregates. From a mechanical point of view, these effects can be seen as the generation of prestress or prestrain, resulting from either a contractile or growth activity. In this review, we present this concept of prestress and the theoretical tools available to conceptualize the statics and dynamics of living systems. We then describe a range of phenomena where prestress controls shape changes in biopolymer networks (especially the actomyosin cytoskeleton and fibrous tissues) and cellularized tissues. Despite the diversity of scale and organization, we demonstrate that these phenomena stem from a limited number of spatial distributions of prestress, which can be categorized as heterogeneous, anisotropic or differential. We suggest that in addition to growth and contraction, a third type of prestress-topological prestress-can result from active processes altering the microstructure of tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jocelyn Étienne
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPHY, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jonathan Fouchard
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, CNRS (UMR 7622), INSERM (URL 1156), 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tom Wyatt
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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14
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Schaefer C, McKinley GH, McLeish TCB. Editorial: theme issue on complex rheology in biological systems. Interface Focus 2022. [PMCID: PMC9560783 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2022.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charley Schaefer
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Gareth H. McKinley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Tom C. B. McLeish
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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15
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Boquet-Pujadas A, Feaugas T, Petracchini A, Grassart A, Mary H, Manich M, Gobaa S, Olivo-Marin JC, Sauvonnet N, Labruyère E. 4D live imaging and computational modeling of a functional gut-on-a-chip evaluate how peristalsis facilitates enteric pathogen invasion. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabo5767. [PMID: 36269830 PMCID: PMC9586479 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo5767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Physical forces are essential to biological function, but their impact at the tissue level is not fully understood. The gut is under continuous mechanical stress because of peristalsis. To assess the influence of mechanical cues on enteropathogen invasion, we combine computational imaging with a mechanically active gut-on-a-chip. After infecting the device with either of two microbes, we image their behavior in real time while mapping the mechanical stress within the tissue. This is achieved by reconstructing three-dimensional videos of the ongoing invasion and leveraging on-manifold inverse problems together with viscoelastic rheology. Our results show that peristalsis accelerates the destruction and invasion of intestinal tissue by Entamoeba histolytica and colonization by Shigella flexneri. Local tension facilitates parasite penetration and activates virulence genes in the bacteria. Overall, our work highlights the fundamental role of physical cues during host-pathogen interactions and introduces a framework that opens the door to study mechanobiology on deformable tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Boquet-Pujadas
- Bioimage Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Biomedical Imaging Group, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Feaugas
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alba Petracchini
- Bioimage Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Grassart
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Unit of Bioengineering and Microbiology, Center for Microbes, Development and Health (CMDH), Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Héloïse Mary
- Biomaterials and Microfluidics Core Facility, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maria Manich
- Bioimage Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Samy Gobaa
- Biomaterials and Microfluidics Core Facility, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Olivo-Marin
- Bioimage Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Sauvonnet
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Labruyère
- Bioimage Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Intracellular Trafficking and Tissue Homeostasis Group, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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16
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Moisdon É, Seez P, Molino F, Marcq P, Gay C. Mapping cell cortex rheology to tissue rheology and vice versa. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:034403. [PMID: 36266852 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.034403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The mechanics of biological tissues mainly proceeds from the cell cortex rheology. A direct, explicit link between cortex rheology and tissue rheology remains lacking, yet would be instrumental in understanding how modulations of cortical mechanics may impact tissue mechanical behavior. Using an ordered geometry built on 3D hexagonal, incompressible cells, we build a mapping relating the cortical rheology to the monolayer tissue rheology. Our approach shows that the tissue low-frequency elastic modulus is proportional to the rest tension of the cortex, as expected from the physics of liquid foams as well as of tensegrity structures. A fractional visco-contractile cortex rheology is predicted to yield a high-frequency fractional visco-elastic monolayer rheology, where such a fractional behavior has been recently observed experimentally at each scale separately. In particular cases, the mapping may be inverted, allowing to derive from a given tissue rheology the underlying cortex rheology. Interestingly, applying the same approach to a 2D hexagonal tiling fails, which suggests that the 2D character of planar cell cortex-based models may be unsuitable to account for realistic monolayer rheologies. We provide quantitative predictions, amenable to experimental tests through standard perturbation assays of cortex constituents, and hope to foster new, challenging mechanical experiments on cell monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Étienne Moisdon
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, CNRS and Université Paris Cité, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - Pierre Seez
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, CNRS and Université Paris Cité, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - François Molino
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR 5221, CNRS and Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Marcq
- PMMH, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Cyprien Gay
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, CNRS and Université Paris Cité, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France
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17
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Peussa H, Kreutzer J, Mäntylä E, Mäki AJ, Nymark S, Kallio P, Ihalainen TO. Pneumatic equiaxial compression device for mechanical manipulation of epithelial cell packing and physiology. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268570. [PMID: 35657824 PMCID: PMC9165817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that mechanical cues, e.g., tensile- compressive- or shear forces, are important co-regulators of cell and tissue physiology. To understand the mechanistic effects these cues have on cells, technologies allowing precise mechanical manipulation of the studied cells are required. As the significance of cell density i.e., packing on cellular behavior is beginning to unravel, we sought to design an equiaxial cell compression device based on our previously published cell stretching system. We focused on improving the suitability for microscopy and the user-friendliness of the system. By introducing a hinge structure to the substrate stretch generating vacuum chamber, we managed to decrease the z-displacement of the cell culture substrate, thus reducing the focal plane drift. The vacuum battery, the mini-incubator, as well as the custom-made vacuum pressure controller make the experimental setup more flexible and portable. Furthermore, we improved the efficiency and repeatability of manufacture of the device by designing a mold that can be used to cast the body of the device. We also compared several different silicone membranes, and chose SILPURAN® due to its best microscopy imaging properties. Here, we show that the device can produce a maximum 8.5% radial pre-strain which leads to a 15% equiaxial areal compression as the pre-strain is released. When tested with epithelial cells, upon compression, we saw a decrease in cell cross-sectional area and an increase in cell layer height. Additionally, before compression the cells had two distinct cell populations with different cross-sectional areas that merged into a more uniform population due to compression. In addition to these morphological changes, we detected an alteration in the nucleo-cytoplasmic distribution of YAP1, suggesting that the cellular packing is enough to induce mechanical signaling in the epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Peussa
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Joose Kreutzer
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Elina Mäntylä
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Antti-Juhana Mäki
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Soile Nymark
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pasi Kallio
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu O. Ihalainen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- * E-mail:
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18
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Tomba C, Luchnikov V, Barberi L, Blanch-Mercader C, Roux A. Epithelial cells adapt to curvature induction via transient active osmotic swelling. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1257-1270.e5. [PMID: 35568030 PMCID: PMC9165930 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Generation of tissue curvature is essential to morphogenesis. However, how cells adapt to changing curvature is still unknown because tools to dynamically control curvature in vitro are lacking. Here, we developed self-rolling substrates to study how flat epithelial cell monolayers adapt to a rapid anisotropic change of curvature. We show that the primary response is an active and transient osmotic swelling of cells. This cell volume increase is not observed on inducible wrinkled substrates, where concave and convex regions alternate each other over short distances; and this finding identifies swelling as a collective response to changes of curvature with a persistent sign over large distances. It is triggered by a drop in membrane tension and actin depolymerization, which is perceived by cells as a hypertonic shock. Osmotic swelling restores tension while actin reorganizes, probably to comply with curvature. Thus, epithelia are unique materials that transiently and actively swell while adapting to large curvature induction. Rapid inward and outward epithelial rolling triggers cell volume increase Epithelial folding induces a mechano-osmotic feedback loop that involvs ion channels Cell volume regulation in curved tissues involves actin, membrane tension, and mTORC2
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Tomba
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
| | - Valeriy Luchnikov
- Université de Haute Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, 15, rue Jean Starcky, Mulhouse 68100, France
| | - Luca Barberi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Carles Blanch-Mercader
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Roux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, Geneva 1211, Switzerland; National Center of Competence in Research Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
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19
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Tong S, Singh NK, Sknepnek R, Košmrlj A. Linear viscoelastic properties of the vertex model for epithelial tissues. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010135. [PMID: 35587514 PMCID: PMC9159552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues act as barriers and, therefore, must repair themselves, respond to environmental changes and grow without compromising their integrity. Consequently, they exhibit complex viscoelastic rheological behavior where constituent cells actively tune their mechanical properties to change the overall response of the tissue, e.g., from solid-like to fluid-like. Mesoscopic mechanical properties of epithelia are commonly modeled with the vertex model. While previous studies have predominantly focused on the rheological properties of the vertex model at long time scales, we systematically studied the full dynamic range by applying small oscillatory shear and bulk deformations in both solid-like and fluid-like phases for regular hexagonal and disordered cell configurations. We found that the shear and bulk responses in the fluid and solid phases can be described by standard spring-dashpot viscoelastic models. Furthermore, the solid-fluid transition can be tuned by applying pre-deformation to the system. Our study provides insights into the mechanisms by which epithelia can regulate their rich rheological behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Tong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Navreeta K. Singh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Rastko Sknepnek
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Andrej Košmrlj
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Princeton Institute of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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20
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DeOre BJ, Baldwin-LeClair A, Tran KA, DaSilva A, Byfield FJ, Janmey PA, Galie PA. Microindentation of Fluid-Filled Cellular Domes Reveals the Contribution of RhoA-ROCK Signaling to Multicellular Mechanics. Small 2022; 18:e2200883. [PMID: 35451204 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cellular mechanics encompass both mechanical properties that resist forces applied by the external environment and internally generated forces applied at the location of cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions. Here, the authors demonstrate that microindentation of cellular domes formed by cell monolayers that locally lift off the substrate provides insight into both aspects of cellular mechanics in multicellular structures. Using a modified Hertz contact equation, the force-displacement curves generated by a micro-tensiometer are used to measure an effective dome stiffness. The results indicate the domes are consistent with the Laplace-Young relationship for elastic membranes, regardless of biochemical modulation of the RhoA-ROCK signaling axis. In contrast, activating RhoA, and inhibiting ROCK both alter the relaxation dynamics of the domes deformed by the micro-tensiometer, revealing an approach to interrogate the role of RhoA-ROCK signaling in multicellular mechanics. A finite element model incorporating a Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic constitutive equation to describe monolayer mechanics predicts effective stiffness values that are consistent with the micro-tensiometer measurements, verifying previous measurements of the response of cell monolayers to tension. Overall, these studies establish microindentation of fluid-filled domes as an avenue to investigate the contribution of cell-generated forces to the mechanics of multicellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J DeOre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, 08028, USA
| | | | - Kiet A Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, 08028, USA
| | - Angelica DaSilva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, 08028, USA
| | - Fitzroy J Byfield
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Peter A Galie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, 08028, USA
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21
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Abstract
Growing experimental evidence indicates that topological defects could serve as organizing centers in the morphogenesis of tissues. Here, we provide a quantitative explanation for this phenomenon, rooted in the buckling theory of deformable active polar liquid crystals. Using a combination of linear stability analysis and computational fluid dynamics, we demonstrate that active layers, such as confined cell monolayers, are unstable to the formation of protrusions in the presence of disclinations. The instability originates from an interplay between the focusing of the elastic forces, mediated by defects, and the renormalization of the system's surface tension by the active flow. The posttransitional regime is also characterized by several complex morphodynamical processes, such as oscillatory deformations, droplet nucleation, and active turbulence. Our findings offer an explanation of recent observations on tissue morphogenesis and shed light on the dynamics of active surfaces in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig A. Hoffmann
- Instituut-Lorentz, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9506, 2300 RA, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Livio Nicola Carenza
- Instituut-Lorentz, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9506, 2300 RA, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Julia Eckert
- Physics of Life Processes, Leiden Institute of Physics, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9506, 2300 RA, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Luca Giomi
- Instituut-Lorentz, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9506, 2300 RA, Leiden, Netherlands
- Corresponding author.
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22
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Brás MM, Sousa SR, Carneiro F, Radmacher M, Granja PL. Mechanobiology of Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1945. [PMID: 35454852 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary It is well documented that colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer type, responsible for high mortality in developed countries, resulting in a high socio-economic impact. Several biochemical and gene expression pathways explaining the manifestation of this cancer in humans have already been identified. However, explanations for some of the related biophysical mechanisms and their influence on CRC remain elusive. In CRC, biophysics and medical research have already revealed the importance of studying the effects of the stiffness and viscoelasticity of the substrate on cells, as well as the effect of the shear stress of blood and lymphatic vessels on the behavior of cells and tissues. A deeper understanding of the relationship between the biophysical cues and biochemical signals could be advantageous to develop new diagnostic techniques and therapeutic strategies. Being a disease with a high mortality rate, it becomes crucial to dedicate efforts to finding effective, alternative therapeutic strategies. Abstract In this review, the mechanobiology of colorectal cancer (CRC) are discussed. Mechanotransduction of CRC is addressed considering the relationship of several biophysical cues and biochemical pathways. Mechanobiology is focused on considering how it may influence epithelial cells in terms of motility, morphometric changes, intravasation, circulation, extravasation, and metastization in CRC development. The roles of the tumor microenvironment, ECM, and stroma are also discussed, taking into account the influence of alterations and surface modifications on mechanical properties and their impact on epithelial cells and CRC progression. The role of cancer-associated fibroblasts and the impact of flow shear stress is addressed in terms of how it affects CRC metastization. Finally, some insights concerning how the knowledge of biophysical mechanisms may contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies and targeting molecules and how mechanical changes of the microenvironment play a role in CRC disease are presented.
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23
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Fleury V, Abourachid A. A biaxial tensional model for early vertebrate morphogenesis. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 2022; 45:31. [PMID: 35394228 PMCID: PMC8993754 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-022-00184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose a simple biaxial tensional model which is able to reproduce at a qualitative level several aspects of early stages of vertebrate morphogenesis. The model is based on subsequent excitable contractions of an orthoradial and periclinal (radial) set of contracting lines, which generate first the basic embryonic pattern (a motile tube), and second the lateral orifices such as ears, eyes, mouth, gills, etc. An important aspect of the model is the self-arresting character of the process, akin to wound healing. At later stages, the biaxial lines may also work in extension, and this generates a developmental feedback which is quadratic with respect to curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Fleury
- Laboratoire MSC, CNRS/Universit é de Paris Cité, UMR 7057, 10 rue Alice Domont et Ĺeonie Duquet, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Anick Abourachid
- Laboratoire Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, UMR 7179 MNHN/CNRS, CP 55, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
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24
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Kai Y. Mechanical regulation of tissues that reproduces wrinkle patterns of gastrointestinal tracts. Phys Biol 2022; 19. [PMID: 35320785 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ac6042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal tracts exhibit a number of surface morphologies including zigzags, labyrinths, protrusions, and invaginations which are associated with digestive functions and are suggested to be formed by mechanical mechanisms. In this study, we investigate loading conditions and mechanical properties of tissues that reproduce different wrinkle patterning of gastrointestinal tracts on cell culture platforms. Numerical simulations of wrinkling dynamics are performed for a layered model consisting of an anisotropic epithelial layer resting on a bimodular soft substrate, which in turn adheres to a rigid foundation. Motivated by the patterning of intestinal villi of chicks and mice, we examine two-step compression, where the epithelial layer is subjected to uniaxial compression followed by biaxial compression, and one-step compression, where the epithelial layer is compressed in biaxial directions. Under different mechanical conditions of tissues, a wide variety of surface patterns are displayed that reproduce luminal patterns of digestive tracts. These results suggest possible conditions for mechanical regulation of tissues to duplicate gastrointestinal surface patterns in vitro and provide insight into mechanistic understandings of biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Kai
- Kyushu Daigaku Igakubu Daigakuin Igakukei Gakufu, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, JAPAN
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25
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Rofaani E, He Y, Peng J, Chen Y. Epithelial folding of alveolar cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells on artificial basement membrane. Acta Biomater 2022; 163:170-181. [PMID: 35306184 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial folding depends on mechanical properties of both epithelial cells and underlying basement membrane (BM). While folding is essential for tissue morphogenesis and functions, it is difficult to recapitulate features of a growing epithelial monolayer for in vitro modeling due to lack of in vivo like BM. Herein, we report a method to overcome this difficulty by culturing on an artificial basement membrane (ABM) the primordial lung progenitors (PLPs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). The ABM was achieved by self-assembling collagen IV and laminin, the two principal natural BM proteins, in the pores of a monolayer of crosslinked gelatin nanofibers deposited on a honeycomb micro-frame. The hiPSC-PLPs were seeded on the ABM for alveolar differentiation under submerged and air-liquid interface culture conditions. As results, the forces generated by the growing epithelial monolayer led to a geometry-dependent folding. Analysis of strain distribution in a clamped membrane provided instrumental insights into some of the observed phenomena. Moreover, the forces generated by the growing epithelial layer led to a high-level expression of surfactant protein C and a high percentage of aquaporin 5 positive cells compared with the results obtained with a nanofiber-covered bulk substrate. Thus, this work demonstrated the importance of recapitulating natural BM for advanced epithelial modeling. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The effort to develop in vitro epithelial models has not been entirely successful to date, due to lack of in vivo like basement membrane (BM). This lack has been overcome by using a microfabricated dense thin and pliable sheet like structure made of natural BM proteins. With such an artificial BM, alveolar epithelial deformation and folding could be studied and date could be correlated to numerical analyses of a plate theory. This method is simple and effective, enabling further developments in epithelial tissue modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elrade Rofaani
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France; National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
| | - Yong He
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France
| | - Juan Peng
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France.
| | - Yong Chen
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France.
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26
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Esfahani AM, Minnick G, Rosenbohm J, Zhai H, Jin X, Tajvidi Safa B, Brooks J, Yang R. Microfabricated platforms to investigate cell mechanical properties. Medicine in Novel Technology and Devices 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2021.100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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27
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Chen Y, Gao Q, Li J, Mao F, Tang R, Jiang H. Activation of Topological Defects Induces a Brittle-to-Ductile Transition in Epithelial Monolayers. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:018101. [PMID: 35061486 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.018101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial monolayers are subjected to various mechanical forces, such as stretching, shearing, and compression. Thus, its mechanical response to external loadings is essential for its biological functions. However, the mechanism of the fracture failure of the epithelial monolayer remains poorly understood. Here, by introducing a new type of topological transition, i.e., detach transition or T4 transition, we develop a modified cellular vertex model to investigate the rupture of the cell monolayer. Interestingly, we find a brittle-to-ductile transition in epithelial monolayers, which is controlled by the mechanical properties of single cells and cell-cell contacts. We reveal that the external loadings can activate cell rearrangement in ductile cell monolayers. The plastic deformation results from the nucleation and propagation of "pentagon-heptagon defects" in analogy with the topological defects commonly seen in 2D materials. By using a simplified four-cell model, we further demonstrate that the brittle-to-ductile transition is induced by the competition between cell rearrangement and cell detachment. Our work provides a new theoretical framework to study the rupture of living tissues and may have important implications for many other biological processes, such as wound healing and tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixia Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qigan Gao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jingchen Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Fangtao Mao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ruowen Tang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Blonski S, Aureille J, Badawi S, Zaremba D, Pernet L, Grichine A, Fraboulet S, Korczyk PM, Recho P, Guilluy C, Dolega ME. Direction of epithelial folding defines impact of mechanical forces on epithelial state. Dev Cell 2021; 56:3222-3234.e6. [PMID: 34875225 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell shape dynamics during development is tightly regulated and coordinated with cell fate determination. Triggered by an interplay between biochemical and mechanical signals, epithelia form complex tissues by undergoing coordinated cell shape changes, but how such spatiotemporal coordination is controlled remains an open question. To dissect biochemical signaling from purely mechanical cues, we developed a microfluidic system that experimentally triggers epithelial folding to recapitulate stereotypic deformations observed in vivo. Using this system, we observe that the apical or basal direction of folding results in strikingly different mechanical states at the fold boundary, where the balance between tissue tension and torque (arising from the imposed curvature) controls the spread of folding-induced calcium waves at a short timescale and induces spatial patterns of gene expression at longer timescales. Our work uncovers that folding-associated gradients of cell shape and their resulting mechanical stresses direct spatially distinct biochemical responses within the monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Blonski
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, IPPT, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, 02106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julien Aureille
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Department of Microenvironment, Cell Plasticity and Signaling, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sara Badawi
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Department of Microenvironment, Cell Plasticity and Signaling, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Damian Zaremba
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, IPPT, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, 02106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lydia Pernet
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Department of Microenvironment, Cell Plasticity and Signaling, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Alexei Grichine
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Department of Microenvironment, Cell Plasticity and Signaling, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Fraboulet
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Department of Microenvironment, Cell Plasticity and Signaling, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Piotr M Korczyk
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, IPPT, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, 02106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pierre Recho
- LIPhy, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR 5588, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Guilluy
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Department of Microenvironment, Cell Plasticity and Signaling, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Monika E Dolega
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Department of Microenvironment, Cell Plasticity and Signaling, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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Abstract
Cellular forces, mechanics and other physical factors are important co-regulators of normal cell and tissue physiology. These cues are often misregulated in diseases such as cancer, where altered tissue mechanics contribute to the disease progression. Furthermore, intercellular tensile and compressive force-related signaling is highlighted in collective cell behavior during development. However, the mechanistic understanding on the role of physical forces in regulation of cellular physiology, including gene expression and signaling, is still lacking. This is partly because studies on the molecular mechanisms of force transmission require easily controllable experimental designs. These approaches should enable both easy mechanical manipulation of cells and, importantly, readouts ranging from microscopy imaging to biochemical assays. To achieve a robust solution for mechanical manipulation of cells, we developed devices built of LEGO bricks allowing manual, motorized and/or cyclic cell stretching and compression studies. By using these devices, we show that [Formula: see text]-catenin responds differentially to epithelial monolayer stretching and lateral compression, either localizing more to the cell nuclei or cell-cell junctions, respectively. In addition, we show that epithelial compression drives cytoplasmic retention and phosphorylation of transcription coregulator YAP1. We provide a complete part listing and video assembly instructions, allowing other researchers to build and use the devices in cellular mechanics-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Mäntylä
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu O. Ihalainen
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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30
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Efremov YM, Zurina IM, Presniakova VS, Kosheleva NV, Butnaru DV, Svistunov AA, Rochev YA, Timashev PS. Mechanical properties of cell sheets and spheroids: the link between single cells and complex tissues. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:541-561. [PMID: 34471438 PMCID: PMC8355304 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00821-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell aggregates, including sheets and spheroids, represent a simple yet powerful model system to study both biochemical and biophysical intercellular interactions. However, it is becoming evident that, although the mechanical properties and behavior of multicellular structures share some similarities with individual cells, yet distinct differences are observed in some principal aspects. The description of mechanical phenomena at the level of multicellular model systems is a necessary step for understanding tissue mechanics and its fundamental principles in health and disease. Both cell sheets and spheroids are used in tissue engineering, and the modulation of mechanical properties of cell constructs is a promising tool for regenerative medicine. Here, we review the data on mechanical characterization of cell sheets and spheroids, focusing both on advances in the measurement techniques and current understanding of the subject. The reviewed material suggest that interplay between the ECM, intercellular junctions, and cellular contractility determines the behavior and mechanical properties of the cell aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri M. Efremov
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - Irina M. Zurina
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
- FSBSI Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315, 8 Baltiyskaya St, Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktoria S. Presniakova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nastasia V. Kosheleva
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
- FSBSI Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315, 8 Baltiyskaya St, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis V. Butnaru
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Svistunov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991, 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury A. Rochev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Peter S. Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 8-2 Trubetskaya St, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
- Department of Polymers and Composites, N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, 119991 4 Kosygin St, Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1–3, Moscow, 119991 Russia
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31
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Dobrowolski C, Paunovska K, Hatit MZC, Lokugamage MP, Dahlman JE. Therapeutic RNA Delivery for COVID and Other Diseases. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2002022. [PMID: 33661555 PMCID: PMC7995096 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202002022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RNA can alter the expression of endogenous genes and can be used to express therapeutic proteins. As a result, RNA-based therapies have recently mitigated disease in patients. Yet most potential RNA therapies cannot currently be developed, in large part because delivering therapeutic quantities of RNA drugs to diseased cells remains difficult. Here, recent studies focused on the biological hurdles that make in vivo drug delivery challenging are described. Then RNA drugs that have overcome these challenges in humans, focusing on siRNA to treat liver disease and mRNA to vaccinate against COVID, are discussed. Finally, research centered on improving drug delivery to new tissues is highlighted, including the development of high-throughput in vivo nanoparticle DNA barcoding assays capable of testing over 100 distinct nanoparticles in a single animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Dobrowolski
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Kalina Paunovska
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Marine Z. C. Hatit
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Melissa P. Lokugamage
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - James E. Dahlman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA30332USA
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32
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Püllen R, Konrad J, Merkel R, Hoffmann B. Skin under Strain: From Epithelial Model Tissues to Adult Epithelia. Cells 2021; 10:1834. [PMID: 34360001 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of a barrier capable of protecting tissue from external damage, chemical factors, and pathogens is one of the main functions of the epidermis. Furthermore, upon development and during aging, mechanoprotective epidermal functions change dramatically. However, comparative studies between embryonic and adult skin in comparison to skin equivalents are still scarce which is especially due to the lack of appropriate measurement systems with sufficient accuracy and long-term tissue compatibility. Our studies fill this gap by developing a combined bioreactor and tensile testing machine for biomechanical analysis of living epithelia. Based on this tissue stretcher, our data clearly show that viscoelastic and plastic deformation behavior of embryonic and adult skin differ significantly. Tissue responses to static strain compared to cyclic strain also show a clear dependence on differentiation stage. Multilayered unkeratinized epidermis equivalents, on the other hand, respond very similar to mechanical stretch as adult tissue. This mechanical similarity is even more evident after a single cycle of mechanical preconditioning. Our studies therefore suggest that skin equivalents are well suited model systems to analyze cellular interactions of epidermal cells in natural tissues.
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33
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Al-Izzi SC, Morris RG. Active flows and deformable surfaces in development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:44-52. [PMID: 34266757 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We review progress in active hydrodynamic descriptions of flowing media on curved and deformable manifolds: the state-of-the-art in continuum descriptions of single-layers of epithelial and/or other tissues during development. First, after a brief overview of activity, flows and hydrodynamic descriptions, we highlight the generic challenge of identifying the dependence on dynamical variables of so-called active kinetic coefficients- active counterparts to dissipative Onsager coefficients. We go on to describe some of the subtleties concerning how curvature and active flows interact, and the issues that arise when surfaces are deformable. We finish with a broad discussion around the utility of such theories in developmental biology. This includes limitations to analytical techniques, challenges associated with numerical integration, fitting-to-data and inference, and potential tools for the future, such as discrete differential geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami C Al-Izzi
- School of Physics and EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales - Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Richard G Morris
- School of Physics and EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales - Sydney, 2052, Australia.
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34
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Liu Y, Dabrowska C, Mavousian A, Strauss B, Meng F, Mazzaglia C, Ouaras K, Macintosh C, Terentjev E, Lee J, Huang YYS. Bio-assembling Macro-Scale, Lumenized Airway Tubes of Defined Shape via Multi-Organoid Patterning and Fusion. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:2003332. [PMID: 33977046 PMCID: PMC8097322 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial, stem-cell derived organoids are ideal building blocks for tissue engineering, however, scalable and shape-controlled bio-assembly of epithelial organoids into larger and anatomical structures is yet to be achieved. Here, a robust organoid engineering approach, Multi-Organoid Patterning and Fusion (MOrPF), is presented to assemble individual airway organoids of different sizes into upscaled, scaffold-free airway tubes with predefined shapes. Multi-Organoid Aggregates (MOAs) undergo accelerated fusion in a matrix-depleted, free-floating environment, possess a continuous lumen, and maintain prescribed shapes without an exogenous scaffold interface. MOAs in the floating culture exhibit a well-defined three-stage process of inter-organoid surface integration, luminal material clearance, and lumina connection. The observed shape stability of patterned MOAs is confirmed by theoretical modelling based on organoid morphology and the physical forces involved in organoid fusion. Immunofluorescent characterization shows that fused MOA tubes possess an unstratified epithelium consisting mainly of tracheal basal stem cells. By generating large, shape-controllable organ tubes, MOrPF enables upscaled organoid engineering towards integrated organoid devices and structurally complex organ tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Department of EngineeringUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1PZUK
| | - Catherine Dabrowska
- Wellcome – MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AWUK
- Department of PhysiologyDevelopment and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3EGUK
| | - Antranik Mavousian
- Wellcome – MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AWUK
| | - Bernhard Strauss
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1QWUK
| | - Fanlong Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical PhysicsInstitute of Theoretical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Corrado Mazzaglia
- Department of EngineeringUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1PZUK
- MRC Cancer UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0XZUK
| | - Karim Ouaras
- Department of EngineeringUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1PZUK
- The Nanoscience CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB30FFUK
| | - Callum Macintosh
- Department of EngineeringUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1PZUK
| | | | - Joo‐Hyeon Lee
- Wellcome – MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AWUK
- Department of PhysiologyDevelopment and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3EGUK
| | - Yan Yan Shery Huang
- Department of EngineeringUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1PZUK
- The Nanoscience CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB30FFUK
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35
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Matejčić M, Trepat X. Buckling Up from the Bottom. Dev Cell 2021; 54:569-571. [PMID: 32931748 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Developmental Cell, Trushko et al. (2020) develop a bottom-up approach to understand the physics underlying confined epithelial monolayer folding. Investigating this process is currently unattainable in vivo but is essential to our understanding of tissue formation from the gastrulating blastula to the developing nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Matejčić
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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36
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Blanch-Mercader C, Guillamat P, Roux A, Kruse K. Quantifying Material Properties of Cell Monolayers by Analyzing Integer Topological Defects. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:028101. [PMID: 33512187 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.028101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In developing organisms, internal cellular processes generate mechanical stresses at the tissue scale. The resulting deformations depend on the material properties of the tissue, which can exhibit long-ranged orientational order and topological defects. It remains a challenge to determine these properties on the time scales relevant for developmental processes. Here, we build on the physics of liquid crystals to determine material parameters of cell monolayers. Specifically, we use a hydrodynamic description to characterize the stationary states of compressible active polar fluids around defects. We illustrate our approach by analyzing monolayers of C2C12 cells in small circular confinements, where they form a single topological defect with integer charge. We find that such monolayers exert compressive stresses at the defect centers, where localized cell differentiation and formation of three-dimensional shapes is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Blanch-Mercader
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pau Guillamat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Roux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karsten Kruse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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37
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Atieh Y, Wyatt T, Zaske AM, Eisenhoffer GT. Pulsatile contractions promote apoptotic cell extrusion in epithelial tissues. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1129-1140.e4. [PMID: 33400921 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extrusion is a mechanism used to eliminate unfit, excess, or dying cells from epithelial tissues. The initial events guiding which cells will be selectively extruded from the epithelium are not well understood. Here, we induced damage in a subset of epithelial cells in the developing zebrafish and used time-lapse imaging to examine cell and cytoskeletal dynamics leading to extrusion. We show that cell extrusion is preceded by actomyosin contractions that are pulsatile. Our data show that pulsatile contractions are induced by a junctional to medial re-localization of myosin. Analysis of cell area during contractions revealed that cells pulsing with the longest duration and highest amplitude undergo progressive area loss and extrude. Although pulses were driven by local increases in tension, damage to many cells promoted an overall decrease in the tensile state of the epithelium. We demonstrate that caspase activation leads to sphingosine-1-phosphate enrichment that controls both tissue tension and pulses to dictate areas of extrusion. These data suggest that the kinetics of pulsatile contractions define a key behavioral difference between extruding and non-extruding cells and are predictive of extrusion. Altogether, our study provides mechanistic insight into how localized changes in physical forces are coordinated to remove defective cells for homeostatic maintenance of living epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youmna Atieh
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas Wyatt
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Ana Maria Zaske
- Atomic Force Microscopy Service Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - George T Eisenhoffer
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Genetics and Epigenetics Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
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38
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Recho P, Fouchard J, Wyatt T, Khalilgharibi N, Charras G, Kabla A. Tug-of-war between stretching and bending in living cell sheets. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:012401. [PMID: 32795061 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.012401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The balance between stretching and bending deformations characterizes shape transitions of thin elastic sheets. While stretching dominates the mechanical response in tension, bending dominates in compression after an abrupt buckling transition. Recently, experimental results in suspended living epithelial monolayers have shown that, due to the asymmetry in surface stresses generated by molecular motors across the thickness e of the epithelium, the free edges of such tissues spontaneously curl out-of-plane, stretching the sheet in-plane as a result. This suggests that a competition between bending and stretching sets the morphology of the tissue margin. In this paper, we use the framework of non-Euclidean plates to incorporate active pre-strain and spontaneous curvature to the theory of thin elastic shells. We show that, when the spontaneous curvature of the sheet scales like 1/e, stretching and bending energies have the same scaling in the limit of a vanishingly small thickness and therefore both compete, in a way that is continuously altered by an external tension, to define the three-dimensional shape of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Recho
- LIPhy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5588, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | - J Fouchard
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - T Wyatt
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom.,Centre for Computation, Mathematics, and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - N Khalilgharibi
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom.,Centre for Computation, Mathematics, and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - G Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom.,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - A Kabla
- Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
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Trushko A, Di Meglio I, Merzouki A, Blanch-Mercader C, Abuhattum S, Guck J, Alessandri K, Nassoy P, Kruse K, Chopard B, Roux A. Buckling of an Epithelium Growing under Spherical Confinement. Dev Cell 2020; 54:655-668.e6. [PMID: 32800097 PMCID: PMC7497624 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many organs are formed through folding of an epithelium. This change in shape is usually attributed to tissue heterogeneities, for example, local apical contraction. In contrast, compressive stresses have been proposed to fold a homogeneous epithelium by buckling. While buckling is an appealing mechanism, demonstrating that it underlies folding requires measurement of the stress field and the material properties of the tissue, which are currently inaccessible in vivo. Here, we show that monolayers of identical cells proliferating on the inner surface of elastic spherical shells can spontaneously fold. By measuring the elastic deformation of the shell, we infer the forces acting within the monolayer and its elastic modulus. Using analytical and numerical theories linking forces to shape, we find that buckling quantitatively accounts for the shape changes of our monolayers. Our study shows that forces arising from epithelial growth in three-dimensional confinement are sufficient to drive folding by buckling. A proliferating epithelium encapsulated in a hollow sphere spontaneously invaginates Epithelial proliferation generates compressive stresses that deform the elastic shell Coupling between stress and folding shape shows that folding arises from buckling Epithelial elastic moduli are inferred from buckling theory and experiments
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Trushko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Di Meglio
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aziza Merzouki
- Department of Computer Science, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carles Blanch-Mercader
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Shada Abuhattum
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; JPK Instruments AG, 12099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Staudtstr. 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kevin Alessandri
- Laboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences, CNRS UMR 5298, Université de Bordeaux and Institut d'Optique, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Pierre Nassoy
- Laboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences, CNRS UMR 5298, Université de Bordeaux and Institut d'Optique, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Karsten Kruse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; National Center of Competence in Research Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Chopard
- Department of Computer Science, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Roux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; National Center of Competence in Research Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Greig J, Bulgakova NA. Interplay between actomyosin and E-cadherin dynamics regulates cell shape in the Drosophila embryonic epidermis. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs242321. [PMID: 32665321 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.242321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise regulation of cell shape is vital for building functional tissues. Here, we study the mechanisms that lead to the formation of highly elongated anisotropic epithelial cells in the Drosophila epidermis. We demonstrate that this cell shape is the result of two counteracting mechanisms at the cell surface that regulate the degree of elongation: actomyosin, which inhibits cell elongation downstream of RhoA (Rho1 in Drosophila) and intercellular adhesion, modulated via clathrin-mediated endocytosis of E-cadherin (encoded by shotgun in flies), which promotes cell elongation downstream of the GTPase Arf1 (Arf79F in Drosophila). We show that these two mechanisms do not act independently but are interconnected, with RhoA signalling reducing Arf1 recruitment to the plasma membrane. Additionally, cell adhesion itself regulates both mechanisms - p120-catenin, a regulator of intercellular adhesion, promotes the activity of both Arf1 and RhoA. Altogether, we uncover a complex network of interactions between cell-cell adhesion, the endocytic machinery and the actomyosin cortex, and demonstrate how this network regulates cell shape in an epithelial tissue in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Greig
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Natalia A Bulgakova
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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41
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Mosaffa P, Tetley RJ, Rodríguez-Ferran A, Mao Y, Muñoz JJ. Junctional and cytoplasmic contributions in wound healing. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200264. [PMID: 32752998 PMCID: PMC7482570 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is characterized by the re-epitheliation of a tissue through the activation of contractile forces concentrated mainly at the wound edge. While the formation of an actin purse string has been identified as one of the main mechanisms, far less is known about the effects of the viscoelastic properties of the surrounding cells, and the different contribution of the junctional and cytoplasmic contractilities. In this paper, we simulate the wound healing process, resorting to a hybrid vertex model that includes cell boundary and cytoplasmic contractilities explicitly, together with a differentiated viscoelastic rheology based on an adaptive rest-length. From experimental measurements of the recoil and closure phases of wounds in the Drosophila wing disc epithelium, we fit tissue viscoelastic properties. We then analyse in terms of closure rate and energy requirements the contributions of junctional and cytoplasmic contractilities. Our results suggest that reduction of junctional stiffness rather than cytoplasmic stiffness has a more pronounced effect on shortening closure times, and that intercalation rate has a minor effect on the stored energy, but contributes significantly to shortening the healing duration, mostly in the later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payman Mosaffa
- Laboratori de Càlcul Numèric (LaCàN), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona–Tech, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert J. Tetley
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Ferran
- Laboratori de Càlcul Numèric (LaCàN), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona–Tech, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yanlan Mao
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK
- College of Information and Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, People’s Republic of China
| | - José J. Muñoz
- Laboratori de Càlcul Numèric (LaCàN), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona–Tech, Barcelona, Spain
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42
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Yu SM, Li B, Granick S, Cho YK. Mechanical Adaptations of Epithelial Cells on Various Protruded Convex Geometries. Cells 2020; 9:E1434. [PMID: 32527037 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape of epithelial tissue supports physiological functions of organs such as intestinal villi and corneal epithelium. Despite the mounting evidence showing the importance of geometry in tissue microenvironments, the current understanding on how it affects biophysical behaviors of cells is still elusive. Here, we cultured cells on various protruded convex structure such as triangle, square, and circle shape fabricated using two-photon laser lithography and quantitatively analyzed individual cells. Morphological data indicates that epithelial cells can sense the sharpness of the corner by showing the characteristic cell alignments, which was caused by actin contractility. Cell area was mainly influenced by surface convexity, and Rho-activation increased cell area on circle shape. Moreover, we found that intermediate filaments, vimentin, and cytokeratin 8/18, play important roles in growth and adaptation of epithelial cells by enhancing expression level on convex structure depending on the shape. In addition, microtubule building blocks, α-tubulin, was also responded on geometric structure, which indicates that intermediate filaments and microtubule can cooperatively secure mechanical stability of epithelial cells on convex surface. Altogether, the current study will expand our understanding of mechanical adaptations of cells on out-of-plane geometry.
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43
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Ioannou F, Dawi MA, Tetley RJ, Mao Y, Muñoz JJ. Development of a New 3D Hybrid Model for Epithelia Morphogenesis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:405. [PMID: 32432102 PMCID: PMC7214536 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many epithelial developmental processes like cell migration and spreading, cell sorting, or T1 transitions can be described as planar deformations. As such, they can be studied using two-dimensional tools and vertex models that can properly predict collective dynamics. However, many other epithelial shape changes are characterized by out-of-plane mechanics and three-dimensional effects, such as bending, cell extrusion, delamination, or invagination. Furthermore, during planar cell dynamics or tissue repair in monolayers, spatial intercalation between the apical and basal sides has even been detected. Motivated by this lack of symmetry with respect to the midsurface, we here present a 3D hybrid model that allows us to model differential contractility at the apical, basal or lateral sides. We use the model to study the effects on wound closure of solely apical or lateral contractile contributions and show that an apical purse-string can be sufficient for full closure when it is accompanied by volume preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Ioannou
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malik A. Dawi
- Laboratori de Càlcul Numèric (LaCàN), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona–Tech, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert J. Tetley
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yanlan Mao
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- College of Information and Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - José J. Muñoz
- Laboratori de Càlcul Numèric (LaCàN), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona–Tech, Barcelona, Spain
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Fouchard J, Wyatt TPJ, Proag A, Lisica A, Khalilgharibi N, Recho P, Suzanne M, Kabla A, Charras G. Curling of epithelial monolayers reveals coupling between active bending and tissue tension. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9377-9383. [PMID: 32284424 PMCID: PMC7196817 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917838117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial monolayers are two-dimensional cell sheets which compartmentalize the body and organs of multicellular organisms. Their morphogenesis during development or pathology results from patterned endogenous and exogenous forces and their interplay with tissue mechanical properties. In particular, bending of epithelia is thought to result from active torques generated by the polarization of myosin motors along their apicobasal axis. However, the contribution of these out-of-plane forces to morphogenesis remains challenging to evaluate because of the lack of direct mechanical measurement. Here we use epithelial curling to characterize the out-of-plane mechanics of epithelial monolayers. We find that curls of high curvature form spontaneously at the free edge of epithelial monolayers devoid of substrate in vivo and in vitro. Curling originates from an enrichment of myosin in the basal domain that generates an active spontaneous curvature. By measuring the force necessary to flatten curls, we can then estimate the active torques and the bending modulus of the tissue. Finally, we show that the extent of curling is controlled by the interplay between in-plane and out-of-plane stresses in the monolayer. Such mechanical coupling emphasizes a possible role for in-plane stresses in shaping epithelia during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Fouchard
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Tom P J Wyatt
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Amsha Proag
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire du Controle de la Prolifération, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Ana Lisica
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Nargess Khalilgharibi
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Recho
- Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Magali Suzanne
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire du Controle de la Prolifération, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandre Kabla
- Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom;
| | - Guillaume Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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45
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Dow LP, Khankhel AH, Abram J, Valentine MT. 3D-printable cell crowding device enables imaging of live cells in compression. Biotechniques 2020; 68:275-278. [PMID: 32096656 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2019-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed and fabricated, using low-cost 3D printing technologies, a device that enables direct control of cell density in epithelial monolayers. The device operates by varying the tension of a silicone substrate upon which the cells are adhered. Multiple devices can be manufactured easily and placed in any standard incubator. This allows long-term culturing of cells on pretensioned substrates until the user decreases the tension, thereby inducing compressive forces in plane and subsequent instantaneous cell crowding. Moreover, the low-profile device is completely portable and can be mounted directly onto an inverted optical microscope. This enables visualization of the morphology and dynamics of living cells in stretched or compressed conditions using a wide range of high-resolution microscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam P Dow
- Biomolecular Science & Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Aimal H Khankhel
- Biomolecular Science & Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - John Abram
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Megan T Valentine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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46
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Schwarz US. To buckle or not to buckle. Nat Mater 2020; 19:8-9. [PMID: 31853032 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0543-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich S Schwarz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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