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Inoue T, Yamamoto Y, Sato K, Okemoto-Nakamura Y, Shimizu Y, Ogawa M, Onodera T, Takahashi Y, Wakita T, Kaneko MK, Fukasawa M, Kato Y, Noguchi K. Overcoming antibody-resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants with bispecific antibodies constructed using non-neutralizing antibodies. iScience 2024; 27:109363. [PMID: 38500835 PMCID: PMC10946335 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
A current challenge is the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5, that can evade immune defenses, thereby limiting antibody drug effectiveness. Emergency-use antibody drugs, including the widely effective bebtelovimab, are losing their benefits. One potential approach to address this issue are bispecific antibodies which combine the targeting abilities of two antibodies with distinct epitopes. We engineered neutralizing bispecific antibodies in the IgG-scFv format from two initially non-neutralizing antibodies, CvMab-6 (which binds to the receptor-binding domain [RBD]) and CvMab-62 (targeting a spike protein S2 subunit epitope adjacent to the known anti-S2 antibody epitope). Furthermore, we created a bispecific antibody by incorporating the scFv of bebtelovimab with our anti-S2 antibody, demonstrating significant restoration of effectiveness against bebtelovimab-resistant BQ.1.1 variants. This study highlights the potential of neutralizing bispecific antibodies, which combine existing less effective anti-RBD antibodies with anti-S2 antibodies, to revive the effectiveness of antibody therapeutics compromised by immune-evading variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuko Okemoto-Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Shimizu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-21-2 Nakano, Nakano-ku 164-8530, Japan
| | - Motohiko Ogawa
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Taishi Onodera
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Mika K. Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fukasawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kohji Noguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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2
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Mader K, Dustin LB. Beyond bNAbs: Uses, Risks, and Opportunities for Therapeutic Application of Non-Neutralising Antibodies in Viral Infection. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:28. [PMID: 38651408 PMCID: PMC11036282 DOI: 10.3390/antib13020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of antibodies generated against a virus will be non-neutralising. However, this does not denote an absence of protective capacity. Yet, within the field, there is typically a large focus on antibodies capable of directly blocking infection (neutralising antibodies, NAbs) of either specific viral strains or multiple viral strains (broadly-neutralising antibodies, bNAbs). More recently, a focus on non-neutralising antibodies (nNAbs), or neutralisation-independent effects of NAbs, has emerged. These can have additive effects on protection or, in some cases, be a major correlate of protection. As their name suggests, nNAbs do not directly neutralise infection but instead, through their Fc domains, may mediate interaction with other immune effectors to induce clearance of viral particles or virally infected cells. nNAbs may also interrupt viral replication within infected cells. Developing technologies of antibody modification and functionalisation may lead to innovative biologics that harness the activities of nNAbs for antiviral prophylaxis and therapeutics. In this review, we discuss specific examples of nNAb actions in viral infections where they have known importance. We also discuss the potential detrimental effects of such responses. Finally, we explore new technologies for nNAb functionalisation to increase efficacy or introduce favourable characteristics for their therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynn B. Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK;
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3
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Li Z, Zhang Z, Rosen ST, Feng M. Function and mechanism of bispecific antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2. Cell Insight 2024; 3:100150. [PMID: 38374826 PMCID: PMC10875118 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2024.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
As the dynamic evolution of SARS-CoV-2 led to reduced efficacy in monoclonal neutralizing antibodies and emergence of immune escape, the role of bispecific antibodies becomes crucial in bolstering antiviral activity and suppressing immune evasion. This review extensively assesses a spectrum of representative bispecific antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2, delving into their characteristics, design formats, mechanisms of action, and associated advantages and limitations. The analysis encompasses factors influencing the selection of parental antibodies and strategies for incorporating added benefits in bispecific antibody design. Furthermore, how different classes of parental antibodies contribute to augmenting the broad-spectrum neutralization capability within bispecific antibodies is discussed. In summary, this review presents analyses and discussions aimed at offering valuable insights for shaping future strategies in bispecific antibody design to effectively confront the challenges posed by SARS-CoV-2 and propel advancements in antiviral therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Li
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Zengyuan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, CA, USA
| | - Steven T. Rosen
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Mingye Feng
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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4
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Ou BS, Saouaf OM, Yan J, Bruun TUJ, Baillet J, Zhou X, King NP, Appel EA. Broad and Durable Humoral Responses Following Single Hydrogel Immunization of SARS-CoV-2 Subunit Vaccine. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301495. [PMID: 37278391 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Most vaccines require several immunizations to induce robust immunity, and indeed, most SARS-CoV-2 vaccines require an initial two-shot regimen followed by several boosters to maintain efficacy. Such a complex series of immunizations unfortunately increases the cost and complexity of populations-scale vaccination and reduces overall compliance and vaccination rate. In a rapidly evolving pandemic affected by the spread of immune-escaping variants, there is an urgent need to develop vaccines capable of providing robust and durable immunity. In this work, a single immunization SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine is developed that can rapidly generate potent, broad, and durable humoral immunity. Injectable polymer-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogels are leveraged as a depot technology for the sustained delivery of a nanoparticle antigen (RND-NP) displaying multiple copies of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) and potent adjuvants including CpG and 3M-052. Compared to a clinically relevant prime-boost regimen with soluble vaccines formulated with CpG/alum or 3M-052/alum adjuvants, PNP hydrogel vaccines more rapidly generated higher, broader, and more durable antibody responses. Additionally, these single-immunization hydrogel-based vaccines elicit potent and consistent neutralizing responses. Overall, it is shown that PNP hydrogels elicit improved anti-COVID immune responses with only a single administration, demonstrating their potential as critical technologies to enhance overall pandemic readiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben S Ou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Olivia M Saouaf
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jerry Yan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Theodora U J Bruun
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Julie Baillet
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, 33600, France
| | - Xueting Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Eric A Appel
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics-Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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5
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Hernández-Bello J, Sierra-García-de-Quevedo JJ, Morales-Núñez JJ, Santoscoy-Ascencio G, Díaz-Pérez SA, Gutiérrez-Brito JA, Muñoz-Valle JF. BNT162b2 Vaccination after SARS-CoV-2 Infection Changes the Dynamics of Total and Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2: A 6-Month Prospective Cohort Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1127. [PMID: 37376516 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the dynamics, duration, and production of total and neutralizing antibodies induced by the BNT162b2 vaccine and the possible effect of gender and prior SARS-CoV-2 infection on the generation of these antibodies. Total antibodies were quantified via chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA), and neutralizing antibodies were quantified using the cPass SARS-CoV-2 kit. Individuals with a history of COVID-19 produced twice as many antibodies than vaccinated individuals without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, with an exponential increase observed in just six days. In those without a COVID-19 history, similar antibody production was reached 45 days after vaccination. Although total antibodies decline considerably in the first two months, the neutralizing antibodies and their inhibitory capacity (>96%) persist up to 6 months after the first dose. There was a tendency for higher total antibodies in women than men, but not at the inhibition capacity level. We suggest that the decline in total antibodies should not be considered as an indicator of loss of protective immunity because most antibodies decay two months after the second dose, but neutralizing antibodies remain constant for at least six months. Therefore, these latter antibodies could be better indicators for estimating the time-dependent vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Hernández-Bello
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - José Javier Morales-Núñez
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Saúl Alberto Díaz-Pérez
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jesús Alberto Gutiérrez-Brito
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
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6
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Ren Z, Shen C, Peng J. Status and Developing Strategies for Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Therapy in the Omicron Era of COVID-19. Viruses 2023; 15:1297. [PMID: 37376597 DOI: 10.3390/v15061297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based treatment is a highly valued therapy against COVID-19, especially for individuals who may not have strong immune responses to the vaccine. However, with the arrival of the Omicron variant and its evolving subvariants, along with the occurrence of remarkable resistance of these SARS-CoV-2 variants to the neutralizing antibodies, mAbs are facing tough challenges. Future strategies for developing mAbs with improved resistance to viral evasion will involve optimizing the targeting epitopes on SARS-CoV-2, enhancing the affinity and potency of mAbs, exploring the use of non-neutralizing antibodies that bind to conserved epitopes on the S protein, as well as optimizing immunization regimens. These approaches can improve the viability of mAb therapy in the fight against the evolving threat of the coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuning Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chenguang Shen
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jie Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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7
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Affonso de Oliveira JF, Zhao Z, Xiang Y, Shin MD, Villaseñor KE, Deng X, Shukla S, Chen S, Steinmetz NF. COVID-19 vaccines based on viral nanoparticles displaying a conserved B-cell epitope show potent immunogenicity and a long-lasting antibody response. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1117494. [PMID: 37152732 PMCID: PMC10157238 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1117494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 sparked intensive research into the development of effective vaccines, 50 of which have been approved thus far, including the novel mRNA-based vaccines developed by Pfizer and Moderna. Although limiting the severity of the disease, the mRNA-based vaccines presented drawbacks, such as the cold chain requirement. Moreover, antibody levels generated by these vaccines decline significantly after 6 months. These vaccines deliver mRNA encoding the full-length spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2, but must be updated as new strains and variants of concern emerge, creating a demand for adjusted formulations and booster campaigns. To overcome these challenges, we have developed COVID-19 vaccine candidates based on the highly conserved SARS CoV-2, 809-826 B-cell peptide epitope (denoted 826) conjugated to cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) nanoparticles and bacteriophage Qβ virus-like particles, both platforms have exceptional thermal stability and facilitate epitope delivery with inbuilt adjuvant activity. We evaluated two administration methods: subcutaneous injection and an implantable polymeric scaffold. Mice received a prime-boost regimen of 100 μg per dose (2 weeks apart) or a single dose of 200 μg administered as a liquid formulation, or a polymer implant. Antibody titers were evaluated longitudinally over 50 weeks. The vaccine candidates generally elicited an early Th2-biased immune response, which stimulates the production of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, followed by a switch to a Th1-biased response for most formulations. Exceptionally, vaccine candidate 826-CPMV (administered as prime-boost, soluble injection) elicited a balanced Th1/Th2 immune response, which is necessary to prevent pulmonary immunopathology associated with Th2 bias extremes. While the Qβ-based vaccine elicited overall higher antibody titers, the CPMV-induced antibodies had higher avidity. Regardless of the administration route and formulation, our vaccine candidates maintained high antibody titers for more than 50 weeks, confirming a potent and durable immune response against SARS-CoV-2 even after a single dose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhongchao Zhao
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yi Xiang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Matthew D. Shin
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Xinyi Deng
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sourabh Shukla
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shaochen Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Engineering in Cancer, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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8
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Lu Y, Li Q, Fan H, Liao C, Zhang J, Hu H, Yi H, Peng Y, Lu J, Chen Z. A Multivalent and Thermostable Nanobody Neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529). Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:353-367. [PMID: 36700149 PMCID: PMC9869787 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s387160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variants have risen to dominance, which contains far more mutations in the spike protein in comparison to previously reported variants, compromising the efficacy of most existing vaccines or therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Nanobody screened from high-throughput naïve libraries is a potential candidate for developing preventive and therapeutic antibodies. Methods Four nanobodies specific to the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type receptor-binding domain (RBD) were screened from a naïve phage display library. Their affinity and neutralizing activity were evaluated by surface plasmon resonance assays, surrogate virus neutralization tests, and pseudovirus neutralization assays. Preliminary identification of the binding epitopes of nanobodies by peptide-based ELISA and competition assay. Then four multivalent nanobodies were engineered by attaching the monovalent nanobodies to an antibody-binding nanoplatform constructed based on the lumazine synthase protein cage nanoparticles isolated from the Aquifex aeolicus (AaLS). Finally, the differences in potency between the monovalent and multivalent nanobodies were compared using the same methods. Results Three of the four specific nanobodies could maintain substantial inhibitory activity against the Omicron (B.1.1.529), of them, B-B2 had the best neutralizing activity against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) pseudovirus (IC50 = 1.658 μg/mL). The antiviral ability of multivalent nanobody LS-B-B2 was improved in the Omicron (B.1.1.529) pseudovirus assays (IC50 = 0.653 μg/mL). The results of peptide-based ELISA indicated that LS-B-B2 might react with the linear epitopes in the SARS-CoV-2 RBD conserved regions, which would clarify the mechanisms for the maintenance of potent neutralization of Omicron (B.1.1.529) preliminary. Conclusion Our study indicated that the AaLS could be used as an antibody-binding nanoplatform to present nanobodies on its surface and improve the potency of nanobodies. The multivalent nanobody LS-B-B2 may serve as a potential agent for the neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Lu
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,Hainan Key Novel Thinktank “Hainan Medical University ‘One Health’ Research Center”, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianlin Li
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,Hainan Key Novel Thinktank “Hainan Medical University ‘One Health’ Research Center”, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Conghui Liao
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,Hainan Key Novel Thinktank “Hainan Medical University ‘One Health’ Research Center”, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,Hainan Key Novel Thinktank “Hainan Medical University ‘One Health’ Research Center”, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Hu
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,Hainan Key Novel Thinktank “Hainan Medical University ‘One Health’ Research Center”, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaimin Yi
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,Hainan Key Novel Thinktank “Hainan Medical University ‘One Health’ Research Center”, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanli Peng
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,Hainan Key Novel Thinktank “Hainan Medical University ‘One Health’ Research Center”, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahai Lu
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,Hainan Key Novel Thinktank “Hainan Medical University ‘One Health’ Research Center”, Haikou, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Jiahai Lu; Zeliang Chen, One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
| | - Zeliang Chen
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, People’s Republic of China
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Abdullahi A, Oladele D, Owusu M, Kemp SA, Ayorinde J, Salako A, Fink D, Ige F, Ferreira IATM, Meng B, Sylverken AA, Onwuamah C, Boadu KO, Osuolale K, Frimpong JO, Abubakar R, Okuruawe A, Abdullahi HW, Liboro G, Agyemang LD, Ayisi-Boateng NK, Odubela O, Ohihoin G, Ezechi O, Kamasah JS, Ameyaw E, Arthur J, Kyei DB, Owusu DO, Usman O, Mogaji S, Dada A, Agyei G, Ebrahimi S, Gutierrez LC, Aliyu SH, Doffinger R, Audu R, Adegbola R, Mlcochova P, Phillips RO, Solako BL, Gupta RK. SARS-COV-2 antibody responses to AZD1222 vaccination in West Africa. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6131. [PMID: 36253377 PMCID: PMC9574797 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-world data on vaccine-elicited neutralising antibody responses for two-dose AZD1222 in African populations are limited. We assessed baseline SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and levels of protective neutralizing antibodies prior to vaccination rollout using binding antibodies analysis coupled with pseudotyped virus neutralisation assays in two cohorts from West Africa: Nigerian healthcare workers (n = 140) and a Ghanaian community cohort (n = 527) pre and post vaccination. We found 44 and 28% of pre-vaccination participants showed IgG anti-N positivity, increasing to 59 and 39% respectively with anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG-specific antibodies. Previous IgG anti-N positivity significantly increased post two-dose neutralizing antibody titres in both populations. Serological evidence of breakthrough infection was observed in 8/49 (16%). Neutralising antibodies were observed to wane in both populations, especially in anti-N negative participants with an observed waning rate of 20% highlighting the need for a combination of additional markers to characterise previous infection. We conclude that AZD1222 is immunogenic in two independent West African cohorts with high background seroprevalence and incidence of breakthrough infection in 2021. Waning titres post second dose indicates the need for booster dosing after AZD1222 in the African setting despite hybrid immunity from previous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Abdullahi
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Institute of Human Virology, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - David Oladele
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Michael Owusu
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Steven A Kemp
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Ayorinde
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Abideen Salako
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Douglas Fink
- Faculty of Infection and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fehintola Ige
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Isabella A T M Ferreira
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bo Meng
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Augustina Angelina Sylverken
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Chika Onwuamah
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Kazeem Osuolale
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Rufai Abubakar
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Azuka Okuruawe
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Gideon Liboro
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Gregory Ohihoin
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Oliver Ezechi
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Emmanuel Ameyaw
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Derrick Boakye Kyei
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Olagoke Usman
- Federal Medical Centre, Ebutte Metta, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Sunday Mogaji
- Federal Medical Centre, Ebutte Metta, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - George Agyei
- Kwadaso Seventh Day Adventist Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Soraya Ebrahimi
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lourdes Ceron Gutierrez
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sani H Aliyu
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rainer Doffinger
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rosemary Audu
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Richard Adegbola
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Petra Mlcochova
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK. .,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Richard Odame Phillips
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. .,Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | | | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK. .,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.
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