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Mallard TT, Grotzinger AD, Smoller JW. Examining the shared etiology of psychopathology with genome-wide association studies. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1645-1665. [PMID: 36634217 PMCID: PMC9988537 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00016.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have ushered in a new era of reproducible discovery in psychiatric genetics. The field has now identified hundreds of common genetic variants that are associated with mental disorders, and many of them influence more than one disorder. By advancing the understanding of causal biology underlying psychopathology, GWAS results are poised to inform the development of novel therapeutics, stratification of at-risk patients, and perhaps even the revision of top-down classification systems in psychiatry. Here, we provide a concise review of GWAS findings with an emphasis on findings that have elucidated the shared genetic etiology of psychopathology, summarizing insights at three levels of analysis: 1) genome-wide architecture; 2) networks, pathways, and gene sets; and 3) individual variants/genes. Three themes emerge from these efforts. First, all psychiatric phenotypes are heritable, highly polygenic, and influenced by many pleiotropic variants with incomplete penetrance. Second, GWAS results highlight the broad etiological roles of neuronal biology, system-wide effects over localized effects, and early neurodevelopment as a critical period. Third, many loci that are robustly associated with multiple forms of psychopathology harbor genes that are involved in synaptic structure and function. Finally, we conclude our review by discussing the implications that GWAS results hold for the field of psychiatry, as well as expected challenges and future directions in the next stage of psychiatric genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis T Mallard
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Andrew D Grotzinger
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Lu H, Qiao J, Shao Z, Wang T, Huang S, Zeng P. A comprehensive gene-centric pleiotropic association analysis for 14 psychiatric disorders with GWAS summary statistics. BMC Med 2021; 19:314. [PMID: 34895209 PMCID: PMC8667366 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have revealed the polygenic nature of psychiatric disorders and discovered a few of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with multiple psychiatric disorders. However, the extent and pattern of pleiotropy among distinct psychiatric disorders remain not completely clear. METHODS We analyzed 14 psychiatric disorders using summary statistics available from the largest GWASs by far. We first applied the cross-trait linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) to estimate genetic correlation between disorders. Then, we performed a gene-based pleiotropy analysis by first aggregating a set of SNP-level associations into a single gene-level association signal using MAGMA. From a methodological perspective, we viewed the identification of pleiotropic associations across the entire genome as a high-dimensional problem of composite null hypothesis testing and utilized a novel method called PLACO for pleiotropy mapping. We ultimately implemented functional analysis for identified pleiotropic genes and used Mendelian randomization for detecting causal association between these disorders. RESULTS We confirmed extensive genetic correlation among psychiatric disorders, based on which these disorders can be grouped into three diverse categories. We detected a large number of pleiotropic genes including 5884 associations and 2424 unique genes and found that differentially expressed pleiotropic genes were significantly enriched in pancreas, liver, heart, and brain, and that the biological process of these genes was remarkably enriched in regulating neurodevelopment, neurogenesis, and neuron differentiation, offering substantial evidence supporting the validity of identified pleiotropic loci. We further demonstrated that among all the identified pleiotropic genes there were 342 unique ones linked with 6353 drugs with drug-gene interaction which can be classified into distinct types including inhibitor, agonist, blocker, antagonist, and modulator. We also revealed causal associations among psychiatric disorders, indicating that genetic overlap and causality commonly drove the observed co-existence of these disorders. CONCLUSIONS Our study is among the first large-scale effort to characterize gene-level pleiotropy among a greatly expanded set of psychiatric disorders and provides important insight into shared genetic etiology underlying these disorders. The findings would inform psychiatric nosology, identify potential neurobiological mechanisms predisposing to specific clinical presentations, and pave the way to effective drug targets for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiahao Qiao
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhonghe Shao
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuiping Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- Center for Medical Statistics and Data Analysis, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Zeng
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
- Center for Medical Statistics and Data Analysis, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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Warren D, Tomaskovic-Crook E, Wallace GG, Crook JM. Engineering in vitro human neural tissue analogs by 3D bioprinting and electrostimulation. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:020901. [PMID: 33834152 PMCID: PMC8019355 DOI: 10.1063/5.0032196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a fundamental need for clinically relevant, reproducible, and standardized in vitro human neural tissue models, not least of all to study heterogenic and complex human-specific neurological (such as neuropsychiatric) disorders. Construction of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted neural tissues from native human-derived stem cells (e.g., neural stem cells) and human pluripotent stem cells (e.g., induced pluripotent) in particular is appreciably impacting research and conceivably clinical translation. Given the ability to artificially and favorably regulate a cell's survival and behavior by manipulating its biophysical environment, careful consideration of the printing technique, supporting biomaterial and specific exogenously delivered stimuli, is both required and advantageous. By doing so, there exists an opportunity, more than ever before, to engineer advanced and precise tissue analogs that closely recapitulate the morphological and functional elements of natural tissues (healthy or diseased). Importantly, the application of electrical stimulation as a method of enhancing printed tissue development in vitro, including neuritogenesis, synaptogenesis, and cellular maturation, has the added advantage of modeling both traditional and new stimulation platforms, toward improved understanding of efficacy and innovative electroceutical development and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Warren
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Fairy Meadow, NSW 2519 Australia
| | | | - Gordon G. Wallace
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Fairy Meadow, NSW 2519 Australia
| | - Jeremy M. Crook
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. Tel.: +61 2 4221 3011
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Martínez-Magaña JJ, Genis-Mendoza AD, Villatoro Velázquez JA, Bustos-Gamiño M, Juárez-Rojop IE, Tovilla-Zarate CA, Sarmiento E, Saucedo E, Rodríguez-Mayoral O, Fleiz-Bautista C, Camarena B, Aguilar A, Gonzalez-Castro TB, Medina-Mora ME, Nicolini H. Genome-wide association study of psychiatric and substance use comorbidity in Mexican individuals. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6771. [PMID: 33762635 PMCID: PMC7990941 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85881-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of substance use and psychiatric disorders is one of the most common comorbidities. The objective of this study was to perform a genome-wide association study of this comorbidity (Com), substance use alone (Subs), and psychiatric symptomatology alone (Psych) in the Mexican population. The study included 3914 individuals of Mexican descent. Genotyping was carried out using the PsychArray microarray and genome-wide correlations were calculated. Genome-wide associations were analyzed using multiple logistic models, polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were evaluated using multinomial models, and vertical pleiotropy was evaluated by generalized summary-data-based Mendelian randomization. Brain DNA methylation quantitative loci (brain meQTL) were also evaluated in the prefrontal cortex. Genome-wide correlation and vertical pleiotropy were found between all traits. No genome-wide association signals were found, but 64 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) reached nominal associations (p < 5.00e-05). The SNPs associated with each trait were independent, and the individuals with high PRSs had a higher prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use. In the multinomial models all of the PRSs (Subs-PRS, Com-PRS, and Psych-PRS) were associated with all of the traits. Brain meQTL of the Subs-associated SNPs had an effect on the genes enriched in insulin signaling pathway, and that of the Psych-associated SNPs had an effect on the Fc gamma receptor phagocytosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Jaime Martínez-Magaña
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Psiquiátricas y Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alma Delia Genis-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Psiquiátricas y Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
- Hospital Psiquiátrico Infantil Juan N. Navarro, Servicios de Atención Psiquiátrica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Ameth Villatoro Velázquez
- Unidad de Encuestas y Análisis de Datos, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRFM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Seminario de Estudios Sobre la Globalidad, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marycarmen Bustos-Gamiño
- Unidad de Encuestas y Análisis de Datos, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRFM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isela Esther Juárez-Rojop
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | | | - Emmanuel Sarmiento
- Hospital Psiquiátrico Infantil Juan N. Navarro, Servicios de Atención Psiquiátrica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Erasmo Saucedo
- Centro de Neurociencias Avanzadas, Departamento de Psiquiátrica del Hospital Psiquiátrico, Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | | | - Clara Fleiz-Bautista
- Unidad de Encuestas y Análisis de Datos, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRFM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Seminario de Estudios Sobre la Globalidad, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Camarena
- Laboratorio de Farmacogenética, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRFM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Farmacogenética, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRFM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Thelma Beatriz Gonzalez-Castro
- División Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Jalpa de Méndez, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - María Elena Medina-Mora
- Unidad de Encuestas y Análisis de Datos, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRFM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Seminario de Estudios Sobre la Globalidad, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Humberto Nicolini
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico.
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periférico Sur 4809, Arenal Tepepan, Tlalpan, 14610, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Smit DJA, Cath D, Zilhão NR, Ip HF, Denys D, den Braber A, de Geus EJC, Verweij KJH, Hottenga J, Boomsma DI. Genetic meta-analysis of obsessive-compulsive disorder and self-report compulsive symptoms. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2020; 183:208-216. [PMID: 31891238 PMCID: PMC7317414 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms from a population-based sample could be analyzed to detect genetic variants influencing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We performed a genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on the obsession (rumination and impulsions) and compulsion (checking, washing, and ordering/precision) subscales of an abbreviated version of the Padua Inventory (N = 8,267 with genome-wide genotyping and phenotyping). The compulsion subscale showed a substantial and significant positive genetic correlation with an OCD case-control GWAS (r G = 0.61, p = .017) previously published by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC-OCD). The obsession subscale and the total Padua score showed no significant genetic correlations (r G = -0.02 and r G = 0.42, respectively). A meta-analysis of the compulsive symptoms GWAS with the PGC-OCD revealed no genome-wide significant Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs combined N = 17,992, indicating that the power is still low for individual SNP effects). A gene-based association analysis, however, yielded two novel genes (WDR7 and ADCK1). The top 250 genes in the gene-based test also showed a significant increase in enrichment for psychiatric and brain-expressed genes. S-Predixcan testing showed that for genes expressed in hippocampus, amygdala, and caudate nucleus significance increased in the meta-analysis with compulsive symptoms compared to the original PGC-OCD GWAS. Thus, the inclusion of dimensional symptom data in genome-wide association on clinical case-control GWAS of OCD may be useful to find genes for OCD if the data are based on quantitative indices of compulsive behavior. SNP-level power increases were limited, but aggregate, gene-level analyses showed increased enrichment for brain-expressed genes related to psychiatric disorders, and increased association with gene expression in brain tissues with known emotional, reward processing, memory, and fear-formation functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk J. A. Smit
- Department of PsychiatryAmsterdam UMC Location AMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Danielle Cath
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands,GGZ‐DrentheAssenThe Netherlands
| | - Nuno R. Zilhão
- Icelandic Heart AssociationReykjavikIceland,Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological PsychologyVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Hill F. Ip
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological PsychologyVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Department of PsychiatryAmsterdam UMC Location AMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Anouk den Braber
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological PsychologyVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Eco J. C. de Geus
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological PsychologyVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Jouke‐Jan Hottenga
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological PsychologyVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological PsychologyVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Abstract
Until recently, advances in understanding the genetic architecture of psychiatric disorders have been impeded by a historic, and often mandated, commitment to the use of traditional, and unvalidated, categorical diagnoses in isolation as the relevant phenotype. Such studies typically required lengthy structured interviews to delineate differences in the character and duration of behavioral symptomatology amongst disorders that were thought to be etiologic, and they were often underpowered as a result. Increasing acceptance of the fact that co-morbidity in psychiatric disorders is the rule rather than the exception has led to alternative designs in which shared dimensional symptomatology is analyzed as a quantitative trait and to association analyses in which combined polygenic risk scores are computationally compared across multiple traditional categorical diagnoses to identify both distinct and unique genetic and environmental elements. Increasing evidence that most mental disorders share many common genetic risk variants and environmental risk modifiers suggests that the broad spectrum of psychiatric pathology represents the pleiotropic display of a more limited series of pathologic events in neuronal development than was originally believed, regulated by many common risk variants and a smaller number of rare ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tova Fuller
- Deptartment of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victor Reus
- Deptartment of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
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