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Furukawa M, Yokoi H, Wang J, Ikuyo Y, Tada H, Yamada M, Shikama Y, Matsushita K. Premature gray hair development in the interbrow region owing to the loss of maxillary first molars in young mice. Genes Cells 2024; 29:417-422. [PMID: 38379251 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The exact sites of premature hair graying and whether tooth loss causes this condition remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of reduced mastication on premature hair graying. Maxillary first molars were extracted from young mice, and the mice were observed for 3 months, along with non-extraction control group mice. After 3 months, gray hair emerged in the interbrow region of mice in the tooth extraction group but not in the control group. The expression of tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2) mRNA was lower in the interbrow tissues of young mice without maxillary molars than in those with maxillary molars. Tooth loss leads to interbrow gray hair growth, possibly because of weakened trigeminal nerve input, suggesting that reduced mastication causes premature graying. Thus, prompt prosthetic treatment after molar loss is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masae Furukawa
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Haruna Yokoi
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
- Department of Geriatric Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jingshu Wang
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Yoriko Ikuyo
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
- Section of Community Oral Health and Epidemiology, Division of Oral Health, Technology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Tada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, Obu, Japan
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Yamada
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yosuke Shikama
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
- Department of Geriatric Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsushita
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
- Department of Geriatric Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Section of Community Oral Health and Epidemiology, Division of Oral Health, Technology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Yokoi H, Wang J, Ikuyo Y, Yamada M, Shikama Y, Furukawa M, Matsushita K. Long-term sorbitol consumption affects the hippocampus and alters cognitive function in aged mice. Genes Cells 2024; 29:432-437. [PMID: 38467515 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The systemic effects of the artificial sweetener sorbitol on older adult individuals have not been elucidated. We assessed the effects of sorbitol consumption on cognitive and gingival health in a mouse model. Aged mice were fed 5% sorbitol for 3 months before their behavior was assessed, and brain and gingival tissues were collected. Long-term sorbitol consumption inhibited gingival tissue aging in aged mice. However, it caused cognitive decline and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus. Sorbitol consumption did not affect homeostatic function; however, it may exert effects within the brain, particularly in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Yokoi
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
- Department of Geriatric Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jingshu Wang
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Yoriko Ikuyo
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
- Section of Community Oral Health and Epidemiology, Division of Oral Health, Technology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Yamada
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yosuke Shikama
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
- Department of Geriatric Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masae Furukawa
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsushita
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
- Department of Geriatric Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Section of Community Oral Health and Epidemiology, Division of Oral Health, Technology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Furukawa M, Tada H, Raju R, Wang J, Yokoi H, Yamada M, Shikama Y, Saito T, Saido TC, Matsushita K. Effects of tooth loss on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in app knock-in mice. J Oral Biosci 2024:S1349-0079(24)00074-4. [PMID: 38521152 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many patients with Alzheimer's disease experience behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), which significantly affect their quality of life. It is known that 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) plays a crucial role in the development of BPSD. However, the relationship between tooth loss and Alzheimer's disease symptoms, particularly aggression, has remained unexplored. Although nutritional status is known to influence the progression of dementia, the specific effect of tooth loss on peripheral symptoms, notably aggression, is not well understood. METHODS In our study, we conducted maxillary molar extractions in aged C57BL6J and AppNL-G-F mice and observed their condition over a 3-month period. During this time, we documented significant behavioral and genetic differences between mice in the control groups and mice that underwent tooth extraction. Notably, mice that underwent tooth extraction exhibited a considerable decline in cognitive function and an increase in aggression at 3 months after tooth extraction compared with the control groups (C57BL6J or AppNL-G-Fmice). RESULTS Our findings suggest that molar loss may lead to reduced 5-HT levels in the hippocampus, possibly mediated by the trigeminal nerve, contributing to the development of aggression and BPSD in Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSION This study sheds light on the intricate relationships between oral health, 5-HT, and Alzheimer's disease symptoms, offering valuable insights into potential therapeutic avenues for managing BPSD in patients with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masae Furukawa
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Hirobumi Tada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, 55 Nadakayama, Yokone-cho, Obu City, Aichi, 474-8651, Japan; Department of Integrative Physiology, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Resmi Raju
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Jingshu Wang
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Haruna Yokoi
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan; Department of Geriatric Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai City, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Mitsuyoshi Yamada
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan; Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumotocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya City, Aichi, 464-0037, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Shikama
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan; Department of Geriatric Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai City, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya City, Aichi, 467-0001, Japan; Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako City, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako City, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Kenji Matsushita
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan; Department of Geriatric Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai City, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan.
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Takahashi T, Hatta K, Ikebe K. Risk factors of cognitive impairment: Impact of decline in oral function. Jpn Dent Sci Rev 2023; 59:203-208. [PMID: 38152385 PMCID: PMC10751745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment and subsequent dementia are the major causes of disability and need for nursing care among older people in worldwide. The purpose is to review well-known risk factors for cognitive impairment and dementia, focusing on the relationship between decline in oral function and current prevention strategies. Various non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors are related to cognitive impairment. Effects of oral function to cognitive impairment is not yet well recognized in the medical community, although masticatory function, occlusal force, and number of teeth have been reported to be related to cognitive function. Furthermore, occlusal force rather than number of teeth was significantly related to the early stages of cognitive impairment, and that a decline in occlusal force seemed to lead to cognitive impairment directly and indirectly through dietary intake. This relationship was significant only for occlusal force, which may be associated with the early stages of cognitive decline. Nutritional change caused by reduced masticatory function is suggested as a possible explanation. Therefore, rehabilitation or maintenance of oral function should be sought to prevent cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihito Takahashi
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kodai Hatta
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ikebe
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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Furukawa M, Tada H, Raju R, Wang J, Yokoi H, Ikuyo Y, Yamada M, Shikama Y, Matsushita K. Long-Term Capsaicin Administration Ameliorates the Dysfunction and Astrogliosis of the Brain in Aged Mice with Missing Maxillary Molars. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112471. [PMID: 37299434 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth loss and decreased masticatory function reportedly affect cognitive function; tooth loss allegedly induces astrogliosis and aging of astrocytes in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, which is a response specific to the central nervous system owing to homeostasis in different brain regions. Capsaicin, a component of red peppers, has positive effects on brain disorders in mice. Decreased expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, a receptor of capsaicin, is associated with the development of dementia. In this study, we investigated the effect of capsaicin administration in aged mice (C57BL/6N mice) with reduced masticatory function owing to the extraction of maxillary molars to investigate preventive/therapeutic methods for cognitive decline attributed to age-related masticatory function loss. The results demonstrated that mice with impaired masticatory function showed decreased motor and cognitive function at the behavioral level. At the genetic level, neuroinflammation, microglial activity, and astrogliosis, such as increased glial fibrillary acidic protein levels, were observed in the mouse brain. The mice with extracted molars fed on a diet containing capsaicin for 3 months demonstrated improved behavioral levels and astrogliosis, which suggest that capsaicin is useful in maintaining brain function in cases of poor oral function and prosthetic difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masae Furukawa
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Tada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, Obu 474-8651, Japan
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan
| | - Resmi Raju
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan
| | - Jingshu Wang
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan
| | - Haruna Yokoi
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan
| | - Yoriko Ikuyo
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Yamada
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan
| | - Yosuke Shikama
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsushita
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan
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Furukawa M, Tada H, Raju R, Wang J, Yokoi H, Yamada M, Shikama Y, Matsushita K. Long-Term Soft-Food Rearing in Young Mice Alters Brain Function and Mood-Related Behavior. Nutrients 2023; 15:2397. [PMID: 37242280 PMCID: PMC10222696 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between caloric and nutrient intake and overall health has been extensively studied. However, little research has focused on the impact of the hardness of staple foods on health. In this study, we investigated the effects of a soft diet on brain function and behavior in mice from an early age. Mice fed a soft diet for six months exhibited increased body weight and total cholesterol levels, along with impaired cognitive and motor function, heightened nocturnal activity, and increased aggression. Interestingly, when these mice were switched back to a solid diet for three months, their weight gain ceased, total cholesterol levels stabilized, cognitive function improved, and aggression decreased, while their nocturnal activity remained high. These findings suggest that long-term consumption of a soft diet during early development can influence various behaviors associated with anxiety and mood regulation, including weight gain, cognitive decline, impaired motor coordination, increased nocturnal activity, and heightened aggression. Therefore, the hardness of food can impact brain function, mental well-being, and motor skills during the developmental stage. Early consumption of hard foods may be crucial for promoting and maintaining healthy brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masae Furukawa
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan; (R.R.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (M.Y.); (Y.S.)
| | - Hirobumi Tada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, Obu 474-8651, Japan;
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan
| | - Resmi Raju
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan; (R.R.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (M.Y.); (Y.S.)
| | - Jingshu Wang
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan; (R.R.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (M.Y.); (Y.S.)
| | - Haruna Yokoi
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan; (R.R.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (M.Y.); (Y.S.)
| | - Mitsuyoshi Yamada
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan; (R.R.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (M.Y.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan
| | - Yosuke Shikama
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan; (R.R.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (M.Y.); (Y.S.)
| | - Kenji Matsushita
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan; (R.R.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (M.Y.); (Y.S.)
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Cunha Feio Leal MD, Amaral Junior FLD, Silva Arruda BFD, Kurosawa JAA, Vieira AA, Maia JCC, Scalfoni VVB, Silveira Junior AMD, Feijó MO, Albuquerque FBAD, Marta MHM, Normando MPN, Silva AGOCD, Trindade FCPD, Siqueira Mendes FDCCD, Sosthenes MCK. The Masticatory Activity Interference in Quantitative Estimation of CA1, CA3 and Dentate Gyrus Hippocampal Astrocytes of Aged Murine Models and under Environmental Stimulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076529. [PMID: 37047502 PMCID: PMC10095286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies indicating the influence of masticatory dysfunction, due to a soft diet or lack of molars, on impairing spatial memory and learning have led to research about neuronal connections between areas and cell populations possibly affected. In this sense, with scarce detailed data on the subfields of hippocampus in dementia neurodegeneration, there is no information about astrocytic responses in its different layers. Thus, considering this context, the present study evaluated the effects of deprivation and rehabilitation of masticatory activity, aging, and environmental enrichment on the stereological quantification of hippocampal astrocytes from layers CA1, CA3, and DG. For this purpose, we examined mature (6-month-old; 6M), and aged (18-month-old; 18M) mice, subjected to distinct masticatory regimens and environments. Three different regimens of masticatory activity were applied: continuous normal mastication with hard pellets (HD); normal mastication followed by deprived mastication with equal periods of pellets followed by soft powder (HD/SD); or rehabilitated masticatory activity with equal periods of HD, followed by powder, followed by pellets (HD/SD/HD). Under each specific regimen, half of the animals were raised in standard cages (impoverished environment (IE)) and the other half in enriched cages (enriched environment (EE)), mimicking sedentary or active lifestyles. Microscopic stereological, systematic, and random sampling approaches with an optical dissector of GFAP-immunolabeled astrocytes were done, allowing for an astrocyte numerical estimate. Stratum moleculare and hilus, from the dentate gyrus (DG) and Strata Lacunosum-Moleculare, Oriens, and Radiatum, similarly to the dentate gyrus, showed no significant change in any of the investigated variables (age, diet, or environment) in these layers. However, in Stratum radiatum, it was possible to observe significant differences associated with diet regimens and age. Therefore, diet-related differences were found when the HD 18M IE group was compared to the HD/SD/HD 18-month-old group in the same environment (IE) (p = 0.007). In the present study, we present modulatory factors (masticatory function, environmental enrichment, and aging) for the differentiated quantitative laminar response in the hippocampal regions, suggesting other studies to read the plasticity and responsiveness of astrocytes, including the molecular background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília da Cunha Feio Leal
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil
| | - Fabio Leite do Amaral Junior
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Freire da Silva Arruda
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Almeida Vieira
- Curso de Medicina, Centro Universitário do Estado do Pará, Belém 66613-903, PA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Antonio Morais da Silveira Junior
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil
| | - Matheus Oliveira Feijó
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Beatriz Araújo de Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alana Gabriele Oliveira Cabeça da Silva
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Catharina Pires da Trindade
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil
| | - Fabíola de Carvalho Chaves de Siqueira Mendes
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina, Centro Universitário do Estado do Pará, Belém 66613-903, PA, Brazil
| | - Marcia Consentino Kronka Sosthenes
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil
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